Patient disclosure of medical errors in paediatrics: A systematic literature review.

Medical errors are common within paediatrics; however, little research has examined the process of disclosing medical errors in paediatric settings. The present systematic review of current research and policy initiatives examined evidence regarding the disclosure of medical errors involving paediatric patients. Peer-reviewed research from a range of scientific journals from the past 10 years is presented, and an overview of Canadian and international policies regarding disclosure in paediatric settings are provided. The purpose of the present review was to scope the existing literature and policy, and to synthesize findings into an integrated and accessible report. Future research priorities and policy implications are then identified.

Les erreurs médicales sont courantes en pédiatrie. Cependant, peu de recherches abordent leur processus de divulgation en milieu pédiatrique. La présente analyse systématique des projets de recherche et de politique les plus récents a porté sur les données probantes relatives à la divulgation des erreurs médicales auprès de patients d'âge pédiatrique. Les recherches révisées par les pairs tirées d'une série de revues scientifiques des dix dernières années sont présentées, de même qu'un aperçu des politiques canadiennes et internationales sur la divulgation en milieu pédiatrique. La présente analyse visait à évaluer les publications et les politiques existantes et à synthétiser les résultats dans un rapport intégré et accessible. Les prochaines priorités de la recherche et leurs conséquences sur les politiques sont ensuite exposées.

Perceived ethnic discrimination and social exclusion: newcomer immigrant children in Canada.

This article examines relationships between perceived ethnic discrimination, social exclusion, psychosocial functioning, and academic performance among newcomer immigrant children from the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, and the Philippines using a subsample from the New Canadian Children and Youth Study of children aged 11-13 years (1,053) living in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, and the Prairies. Bivariate analysis showed that 25% of children reported being treated unfairly by peers and 14% by teachers because of who they are. Regression analyses revealed that perceived ethnic discrimination by peers and teachers was negatively related to children's sense of social competence in peer relationships. Children's self-esteem and sense of academic competence were negatively related to perceived discrimination by teachers. One in 5 children reported feeling like an outsider, with boys revealing higher levels of psychological isolation than girls. More than 1 in 10 were socially isolated and reported never participating in organized activities. This may reflect economic exclusion, as over one third of respondents belonged to families living below the Canadian Income Adequacy Measure. Psychological isolation, social isolation, and economic exclusion were significant predictors of children's sense of academic competence and actual academic grades. Variations exist across age, sex, ethnicity, family structure, parental education, region of settlement, and length of time since arrival in Canada.