Long-term effectiveness of add-on perampanel in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study.

This retrospective study assessed long-term effectiveness of add-on perampanel (PER) in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). Outcomes included time to PER failure and time to seizure relapse in responders. PER failure was defined as either discontinuation of PER or initiation of another treatment. Seizure relapse in responders was defined as occurrence of a seizure in seizure-free patients and increase of at least 50% in average monthly seizure frequency for those who were responders. Eighty-seven patients were included. Treatment failure occurred in 52 (59.8%) subjects at a median time of 12 months. Treatment failure was due to lack of efficacy in 27 (52.0%) patients, lack of tolerability in 14 (27.0%), and both reasons in 11 (21.0%). A slower titration was associated with a lower risk of PER failure compared to faster titration schedules, and the occurrence of adverse events increased the risk of treatment failure. Thirty-six patients (41.4%) were responders during a median follow-up of 11 months. Seizure relapse occurred in 13 of 36 (36.1%) patients after a median time of 21 months. The overall rate of seizure responders was 23 of 87 (26.4%) at the end of follow-up. This study provides real-world evidence on the effectiveness of PER as adjunctive treatment in LGS patients.

Perampanel as precision therapy in rare genetic epilepsies.

OBJECTIVE: Perampanel, an antiseizure drug with α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist properties, may have a targeted effect in genetic epilepsies with overwhelming glutamate receptor activation. Epilepsies with loss of γ-aminobutyric acid inhibition (e.g., SCN1A), overactive excitatory neurons (e.g., SCN2A, SCN8A), and variants in glutamate receptors (e.g., GRIN2A) hold special interest. We aimed to collect data from a large rare genetic epilepsy cohort treated with perampanel, to detect possible subgroups with high efficacy. METHODS: This multicenter project was based on the framework of NETRE (Network for Therapy in Rare Epilepsies), a web of pediatric neurologists treating rare epilepsies. Retrospective data from patients with genetic epilepsies treated with perampanel were collected. Outcome measures were responder rate (50% seizure reduction), and percentage of seizure reduction after 3 months of treatment. Subgroups of etiologies with high efficacy were identified. RESULTS: A total of 137 patients with 79 different etiologies, aged 2 months to 61 years (mean = 15.48 ± 9.9 years), were enrolled. The mean dosage was 6.45 ± 2.47 mg, and treatment period was 2.0 ± 1.78 years (1.5 months-8 years). Sixty-two patients (44.9%) were treated for >2 years. Ninety-eight patients (71%) were responders, and 93 (67.4%) chose to continue therapy. The mean reduction in seizure frequency was 56.61% ± 34.36%. Sixty patients (43.5%) sustained >75% reduction in seizure frequency, including 38 (27.5%) with >90% reduction in seizure frequency. The following genes showed high treatment efficacy: SCN1A, GNAO1, PIGA, PCDH19, SYNGAP1, POLG1, POLG2, and NEU1. Eleven of 17 (64.7%) patients with Dravet syndrome due to an SCN1A pathogenic variant were responders to perampanel treatment; 35.3% of them had >90% seizure reduction. Other etiologies remarkable for >90% reduction in seizures were GNAO1 and PIGA. Fourteen patients had a continuous spike and wave during sleep electroencephalographic pattern, and in six subjects perampanel reduced epileptiform activity. SIGNIFICANCE: Perampanel demonstrated high safety and efficacy in patients with rare genetic epilepsies, especially in SCN1A, GNAO1, PIGA, PCDH19, SYNGAP1, CDKL5, NEU1, and POLG, suggesting a targeted effect related to glutamate transmission.

Clinical and Functional Study of a De Novo Variant in the PVP Motif of Kv1.1 Channel Associated with Epilepsy, Developmental Delay and Ataxia.

Mutations in the KCNA1 gene, encoding the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.1, have been associated with a spectrum of neurological phenotypes, including episodic ataxia type 1 and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. We have recently identified a de novo variant in KCNA1 in the highly conserved Pro-Val-Pro motif within the pore of the Kv1.1 channel in a girl affected by early onset epilepsy, ataxia and developmental delay. Other mutations causing severe epilepsy are located in Kv1.1 pore domain. The patient was initially treated with a combination of antiepileptic drugs with limited benefit. Finally, seizures and ataxia control were achieved with lacosamide and acetazolamide. The aim of this study was to functionally characterize Kv1.1 mutant channel to provide a genotype-phenotype correlation and discuss therapeutic options for KCNA1-related epilepsy. To this aim, we transfected HEK 293 cells with Kv1.1 or P403A cDNAs and recorded potassium currents through whole-cell patch-clamp. P403A channels showed smaller potassium currents, voltage-dependent activation shifted by +30 mV towards positive potentials and slower kinetics of activation compared with Kv1.1 wild-type. Heteromeric Kv1.1+P403A channels, resembling the condition of the heterozygous patient, confirmed a loss-of-function biophysical phenotype. Overall, the functional characterization of P403A channels correlates with the clinical symptoms of the patient and supports the observation that mutations associated with severe epileptic phenotype cluster in a highly conserved stretch of residues in Kv1.1 pore domain. This study also strengthens the beneficial effect of acetazolamide and sodium channel blockers in KCNA1 channelopathies.

Epilepsy in isolated parenchymal neurocutaneous melanosis: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM) is a rare congenital syndrome characterized by giant melanocytic cutaneous nevi and melanosis within the central nervous system (CNS), often sparing leptomeninges and concentrated in the brain parenchyma. Epilepsy and neurodevelopmental abnormalities are the only complications reported in children with isolated parenchymal melanosis. A minority of patients experience drug-resistant epilepsy, and up to now, no predictors of epilepsy prognosis have been identified. METHODS: In this systematic review, according to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we aggregated clinical cases of patients with isolated parenchymal melanosis affected by epilepsy, in order to recognize predictors of clinical outcome and to clarify indications of available therapeutic approaches. RESULTS: Sixteen articles (19 patients) were included in the final analysis from initial database research; 4 articles (4 patients) were selected from reference lists and 1 from conference abstracts (1 patient). In our series, distribution of parenchymal melanosis was the best predictor of epilepsy outcome: frequencies of seizure-free patients were different between cases of isolated/bilateral amygdale melanosis and those of multiple localizations (p = 0.037). Failure of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and/or surgical epilepsy therapy were associated with poor cognitive outcome (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Antiepileptic drugs were effective in the majority of patients with epilepsy with parenchymal melanosis. In case of multifocal distribution, more than one-third of patients presented a drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy surgery is the best choice in patients with isolated amygdala localization. We propose the recognition of a multifactorial nature of cognitive impairment in neuromelanosis, emphasizing the role of drug-resistant epilepsy.

Prognostic factors in epileptic encephalopathies at onset in the first 2 years of life: The experience of a tertiary healthcare center in Italy.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to identify some prognostic factors in anamnestic/clinical/instrumental data at the onset of epileptic encephalopathy (EE), for multiple outcome measures. METHODS: We recruited patients diagnosed as affected by EE at Sant'Anna University Hospital, with onset in the first 24 months of life, with follow-up lasting longer than 3 years. RESULTS: At the end of the follow-up, 6 patients (14%) died within 2 years of age; 20 patient (49%) had a drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE); 9 patients (22%) had a language development delay (LDD); 12 patients (30%) had an autism spectrum disorder (ASD); 20 patients (49%) had a global psychomotor impairment (GPI); 9 patients (22%) needed palliative care; and nobody had a normal psychomotor development. Preexisting developmental delay predicts death (p = 0.009), and in survivors, it is associated with a GPI (p < 0.001); patients with normal neurological examination at the onset of EE only develop a LDD (p = 0.020). Neuroimaging structural alterations are associated with DRE (p = 0.012) and with a GPI (p = 0.013). The history of perinatal risk factors predicts the worst prognosis (death: p = 0.035, GPI: p = 0.015, and access to palliative care: p = 0.007). The absence of early response to treatment is correlated to a poor long-term prognosis (GPI, p = 0.019; DRE, p = 0.001). The multivariate analysis confirms that a normal development at onset predicts the most favorable prognosis, both in terms of survival and cognitive outcome (OR [odds ratio] = 0.1). An early response to treatment is a protective factor for DRE (OR = 0.1). A perinatal pathology is confirmed as an independent prognostic factor of severe comorbidities (access to palliative care: OR = 10.4). SIGNIFICANCE: This study was conducted to recognize possible prognostic factors among onset data of patients with EE, considering multiple outcome measures. This study design represents an innovative element compared to available papers, which were centered on isolated endpoints of prognosis, such as the prediction of neurocognitive development impairment or drug resistance. The data obtained from the study confirm that EEs prognosis is generally, but not universally, poor. Structural etiology and/or lack of response to antiepileptic drug (AED) within three months are main risk factors for DRE. Normal development at the onset of EEs and early response to treatment are the main positive prognostic factors.

Physical Activity Modulates the Overexpression of the Inflammatory miR-146a-5p in Obese Patients.

Specific microRNAs (miRs), including the "angio-miR-126" and the "inflamma-miR-146a-5p," have been proposed as biomarkers and even therapeutic targets of obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Physical activity, a key measure of prevention for obesity and its complications, is reported to influence the expression of these miRs. In this study, we investigate whether a physical activity program proven to improve metabolic parameters in obese patients can correct the circulating levels of these miRs. Plasma miR-126 and miR-146a-5p were measured in a cohort of obese patients (n = 31, 16F + 15M) before and after the 3-month physical activity program of the CURIAMO trial (registration number for clinical trials: ACTRN12611000255987) and in 37 lean controls (24F + 13M). miR-146a-5p, but not miR-126, was significantly increased in obese patients as compared with lean controls and decreased in approximately two-thirds of the participants post-intervention with a response that positively correlated with pre-intervention levels of this miR. Waist circumference, the inflammatory cytokine IL-8 and lipid parameters, principally total cholesterol, showed the strongest correlation with both the baseline levels and post-intervention correction of miR-146a-5p. Post-hoc analysis of experimental data supports the use of miR-146a-5p as a biomarker and predictor of the clinical response to physical activity in obese patients. Furthermore, miR-146a-5p expression was confirmed to increase together with that of the inflammatory genes TLR4, NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated human mononuclear leukocytes. In conclusion, the inflamma-miR-146a-5p can serve as a personalized predictor of clinical outcome in obese patients entering physical activity weight-reduction programs. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(10):1012-1022, 2018.

The diagnostic utility of 3D-ESI rotating and moving dipole methodology in the pre-surgical evaluation of MRI-negative childhood epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates whether a combined rotating dipole (RD) and moving dipole (MD) solution enhances three-dimensional electroencephalography (EEG) source imaging (3D-ESI) localization in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-negative pediatric patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). METHODS: We retrospectively selected 14 MRI-negative patients with FCD from a cohort of 60 pediatric patients previously used to evaluate the diagnostic utility of 3D-ESI in epilepsy surgery. Patients were younger than 18 years at time of surgery and had at least 1 year of outcome data. RD and MD models were constructed for each interictal spike or sharp wave, and it was determined whether each inverse algorithm localized within the surgical resection cavity (SRC). We also compared the 3D-ESI findings and surgical outcome with positron emission tomography (PET) and ictal single photon emission computed tomography (iSPECT). RESULTS: RD analyses revealed a high concordance with the SRC (78.6%), particularly for temporal lobe resection (100.0%), and showed superior localization compared to PET and iSPECT, with the highest correlation in FCD type I and temporal lobe resection. Furthermore, the RD method was superior to iSPECT in FCD type II cases and to PET in extratemporal resections. RD and MD results were comparable, but in 18.2% of patients with FCD type I with localizing RDs, the MD solution was only partially within the SRC; in all of these patients 3D-ESI also correlated with superior surgical outcome compared to PET and iSPECT, especially when RD and MD solutions were analyzed together. SIGNIFICANCE: 3D-ESI in MRI-negative cases showed superior localization compared to iSPECT or PET, especially in FCD type I and temporal lobe epilepsy, and correlated with superior surgical outcome compared to iSPECT and PET at 1 year and 2 years postoperatively, especially when RD and MD solutions were analyzed together. These findings suggest that 3D-ESI based on a combined RD-MD solution improves surgical accuracy in MRI-negative patients with FCD.

The diagnostic utility of 3D electroencephalography source imaging in pediatric epilepsy surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of three-dimensional electroencephalography source imaging (3D-ESI) with low-resolution electroencephalographic data in the pediatric noninvasive presurgical evaluation, and to compare the findings with positron emission tomography (PET) and ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (iSPECT). METHODS: We retrospectively selected 60 patients from a database of 594 patients who underwent excisional surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy. Patients were <18 years at time of surgery, had at least one presurgical volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and at least 1 year of outcome data. 3D-ESI was performed with NeuroScan software CURRY V.7.0. For each patient the surgical resection was planned utilizing 3D-ESI as an adjunctive tool to supplement MRI and electrocorticographic data. Our analyses addressed three critical variables: pathology (focal cortical dysplasia vs. other pathologies), imaging (MRI negative vs. positive cases), and surgery (temporal resection vs. extratemporal and multilobar resections). We also compared the localizing utility and surgical outcome of 3D-ESI findings with PET, iSPECT, and the colocalized surgical resection. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 20. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 11.18 years (range 1-18 years). 3D-ESI showed a strong correlation with the surgical resection cavity (65.0%), particularly within the temporal lobe. 3D-ESI demonstrated better localization in MRI-negative cases (78.6%), which was not statistically significant. 3D-ESI also correlated with a superior surgical outcome profile compared to PET and iSPECT. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings demonstrate that 3D-ESI data obtained with low-resolution electroencephalography achieves reasonably accurate noninvasive localization of epileptic spikes in pediatric focal epilepsy, especially in temporal lobe and MRI-negative cases, and is comparable to iSPECT and PET. Given its lesser expense and lack of radiation exposure, 3D-ESI is a useful and efficient tool for evaluating surgical candidacy in pediatric epilepsy surgery centers, particularly if PET and iSPECT are unavailable.

Serum uric acid is associated with non-dipping circadian pattern in young patients (30-40 years old) with newly diagnosed essential hypertension.

BACKGROUND: We aimed at evaluating the relationship between the circadian blood pressure rhythm and UA level in young patients (30-40 years old) with newly diagnosed essential hypertension. METHODS: The study included 62 essential hypertensive patients and 29 healthy controls (20 men, 35 ± 3 years) divided into two groups according to 24-hour ABPM results: 30 dippers and 32 nondippers. RESULTS: Nondippers showed significantly higher both serum UA levels compared to dippers and controls (6.1 ± 0.7, 5.2 ± 0.9 and 4.1 ± 0.9 mg/dL, p < 0.001, respectively); and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (4.1 ± 2.2 mg/L, 3.3 ± 1.9 mg/L, and 1.4 ± 0.9 mg/L, p < 0.001, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, creatinine levels, hsCRP and comorbidity, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed an independent association between serum UA levels and nondipper pattern (OR 2.44, 95%CIs 1.4-4.1, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Serum UA is independently associated with nondipper circadian pattern in young patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension.

Comparing cortical auditory processing in children with typical and atypical benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes: Electrophysiologic evidence of the role of non-rapid eye movement sleep abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE: The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an objective measure of central auditory discrimination. MMN alterations have been shown in children with language and/or developmental disorders. In benign focal epilepsies, neuropsychological disorders are often reported and linked to interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. There are few studies reporting MMN in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) and sleep IEDs. Moreover, no MMN recording has yet been reported in atypical BECTS children with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep (CSWS). We retrospectively compared MMN in typical and atypical BECTS children, particularly addressing the impact of NREM sleep IEDs on auditory discrimination. Moreover, we attempted a neuropsychological characterization of patients. METHODS: The MMN was recorded in 9 normal controls and 23 patients (14 typical BECTS and 9 atypical BECTS) in an oddball paradigm with syllable stimuli. MMN, sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and neuropsychological evaluation were realized in the same testing session. RESULTS: Measurable MMN responses to speech stimuli were identified in both the control and patient groups. A significant difference between control and atypical BECTS children was found with respect to amplitude (p = 0.0061). Atypical BECTS also showed a lower MMN amplitude with respect to typical BECTS, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0545). Statistical comparisons between groups revealed no differences in latency. Among the neuropsychological variables, academic difficulties were significantly more prominent in the patients with atypical BECTS (p = 0.04). SIGNIFICANCE: CSWS EEG pattern affects auditory discrimination and may have a long-lasting impact on academic skills acquisition, whereas in typical BECTS children with a lower degree of IED NREM sleep, plastic brain reorganization or the preservation of participating networks may prevent such difficulty. Early electrophysiologic identification of auditory discrimination deficits in epileptic children could be used in early rehabilitation, thereby reducing the risk of developing neuropsychological disorders.

Prognostic factors of drug-resistant epilepsy in childhood: An Italian study.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is drug resistant in 30-40% of cases. We studied, retrospectively, the prognostic factors of drug resistance (DR) during a 15 year period, in an Italian sample of patients with childhood epilepsy. METHODS: A total of 117 patients were divided into two groups: one with DR, and the other without DR. The two groups were compared at the following time points: epilepsy onset (T0), and at 2, 5, 8 and 10 years after seizure onset (T2, T5, T8 and T10, respectively) using Fisher's exact test and randomization test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was then used to identify the most reliable predictive model of DR. RESULTS: Positive neurological examination at onset, symptomatic/probable symptomatic etiology, lack of response to the first drug, seizure clustering during follow up, intelligence quotient ≤ 70, altered neuropsychological examination at onset, and presence of cerebral lesions were predominant in cases of DR. The most reliable combinations of predictors of DR included partial or no response to the first drug, presence of seizure clustering during follow up, altered neurological examination at onset, and long latency between epilepsy onset and first drug at T2; partial or absent response to the first drug and positive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at T5; positive MRI and absence of generalized seizures at T8; and positive MRI at T10. DR also sometimes appeared after discontinuation of an effective therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Predictive factors of DR can be recognized in a large number of patients with epilepsy at disease onset, although the current possibility of predicting epilepsy outcome remains limited. In the long term, evidence of cerebral lesions appears to become the most significant prognostic factor.

[Anti remodeling therapy: new strategies and future perspective in post-ischemic heart failure: Part I]. / Terapie antiremodeling: nuove strategie e prospettive future nell'insufficienza cardiaca cronica post ischemica: Parte I.

In recent years, the remarkable progress achieved in terms of survival after myocardial infarction have led to an increased incidence of chronic heart failure in survivors. This phenomenon is due to the still incomplete knowledge we possess about the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate the response of cardiac tissue to ischemic injury. These involve various cell types such as fibroblasts, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and stem cells, as well as a myriad of mediators belonging to the system of cytokines and not only. In parallel with the latest findings on post-infarct remodeling, new potential therapeutic targets are arising to halt the progression of disease. In this review, we evaluate the results obtained from four new therapeutic strategies: in this part we evaluate gene therapy and novel aspect of stem cells therapy in remodeling; in the second part we will investigate, micro-RNA, posttranslational modification and microspheres based therapy.

Efficacy and Safety of Pulse Intravenous Methylprednisolone in Pediatric Epileptic Encephalopathies: Timing and Networks Consideration.

Background: Epileptic encephalopathies (EE) are characterized by severe drug-resistant seizures, early onset, and unfavorable developmental outcomes. This article discusses the use of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) pulse therapy in pediatric patients with EE to evaluate its efficacy and tolerability. Methods: This is a retrospective study from 2020 to 2023. Inclusion criteria were ≤18 years at the time of IVMP pulse therapy and at least 6 months of follow-up. Efficacy and outcome, defined as seizure reduction > 50% (responder rate), were evaluated at 6 and 9 months of therapy, and 6 months after therapy suspension; quality of life (QoL) was also assessed. Variables predicting positive post-IVMP outcomes were identified using statistical analysis. Results: The study included 21 patients, with a responder rate of 85.7% at 6 and 9 months of therapy, and 80.9% at 6 months after therapy suspension. Variables significantly predicting favorable outcome were etiology (p = 0.0475) and epilepsy type (p = 0.0475), with the best outcome achieved in patients with genetic epilepsy and those with encephalopathy related to electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep (ESES). All patients evidenced improvements in QoL at the last follow-up, with no relevant adverse events reported. Conclusions: Our study confirmed the efficacy and high tolerability of IVMP pulse therapy in pediatric patients with EE. Genetic epilepsy and ESES were positive predictors of a favorable clinical outcome. QOL, EEG tracing, and postural-motor development showed an improving trend as well. IVMP pulse therapy should be considered earlier in patients with EE.

Phenotypic Description of A Patient with ODLURO Syndrome and Functional Characterization of the Pathogenetic Role of A Synonymous Variant c.186G>A in KMT2E Gene.

O'Donnell-Luria-Rodan (ODLURO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the KMT2E gene. The clinical phonotype of the affected individuals is typically characterized by global developmental delay, autism, epilepsy, hypotonia, macrocephaly, and very mild dysmorphic facial features. In this report, we describe the case of a 6-year-old boy with ODLURO syndrome who is a carrier of the synonymous mutation c.186G>A (p.Ala62=) in the KMT2E gene, predicted to alter splicing by in silico tools. Given the lack of functional studies on the c.186G>A variant, in order to assess its potential functional effect, we sequenced the patient's cDNA demonstrating its impact on the mechanism of splicing. To the best of our knowledge, our patient is the second to date reported carrying this synonymous mutation, but he is the first whose functional investigation has confirmed the deleterious consequence of the variant, resulting in exon 4 skipping. Additionally, we suggest a potential etiological mechanism that could be responsible for the aberrant splicing mechanism in KMT2E.

Epilepsy phenotypes across the different age-ranges in IQSEC2-related encephalopathy: An Italian multicentre retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a hallmark of IQSEC2-related encephalopathy within a phenotypic variability ranging between early onset epileptic and developmental encephalopathy and X-linked intellectual disability with epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data including demographic aspects, gene variants, seizure semiology and timing, EEG features, neuroimaging and response to therapy were retrospectively collected in patients with IQSEC2-related epilepsy referring to 8 Italian tertiary centres. RESULTS: The reported cohort included 11 patients (8 males and 3 females). Mean age at the onset of epilepsy was 3.90±2.80 years. No cases were reported in the first year of life. No specific epileptic syndromes were recognized. Predominant seizure-types in the age range 12-36 months included focal onset tonic seizures with impaired awareness, myoclonic seizures, and late onset spasms. Generalized motor seizures were predominant in patients between 3 and 6 years and between 12 and 18 years while focal motor seizures with impaired awareness were the most represented types between 6 and 12 years. No patients experienced status epilepticus. EEG patterns included a delayed maturation of EEG organization, irregular focal or diffuse slow activity, multifocal or diffuse epileptiform abnormalities. No structural epileptogenic lesions were detected at MRI. Valproate, lamotrigine, clobazam, topiramate and levetiracetam were the most used antiseizure medication. Complete seizure freedom was achieved only in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Onset of epilepsy after the first year of age, predominance of focal seizures with impaired awareness and generalized motor seizures, no pathognomonic underlying epileptic syndrome and infrequent occurrence of status epilepticus emerged as the main features of IQSEC2-related epilepsy phenotype.

A preliminary study on the relationship between central auditory processing and childhood primary headaches in the intercritical phase.

BACKGROUND: Recently, an increasing number of articles have appeared on central auditory processing disorders, but in the literature there is only one study that evaluated the possible correlation between migraine in the critical phase and central auditory processing. The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between auditory processing information and childhood primary headaches in the intercritical phase. METHODS: This is an observational study. We enrolled 54 patients, 30 with primary headache (migraine and tension headache) and 24 normal controls, matched for sex and age. The mean age at first observation was 9 years 10 months; the duration of observational follow-up was 2 years. Both groups had normal audiological and neurological profiles, normal peripheral hearing acuity and normal cognitive and behavioral skills. We excluded patients who had undergone pharmacological prophylactic treatment for headaches in the 6 months preceding the study and subjects with a frequency of headache lower than one every two months. After enrolment, both groups were analyzed with a computerized test battery for Speech Perception Tests in silence and in noise background to assess speech perception disabilities. In addition, with a test battery of Speech Perception Tests, we compared patients with migraines and tension-type headaches. The non-parametric χ2 test, the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used for statistical analysis. P-values <0.05 were considered significant and STATA 10 software was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Our results showed that patients with primary headache (migraine and tension-type headache), had a deficit of auditory processing in noisy background compared to control cases, but we found no significant differences when we compared patients with migraine and tension-type headache. CONCLUSIONS: This is a work in progress and further studies are needed to assess the relationship between the impairment of auditory processing and primary headache, not only to improve the diagnostic approach to primary headache, but also to improve therapeutic intervention.

A registry for Dravet syndrome: The Italian experience.

OBJECTIVES: We describe the Residras registry, dedicated to Dravet syndrome (DS) and to other phenotypes related to SCN1A mutations, as a paradigm of registry for rare and complex epilepsies. Our primary objectives are to present the tools and framework of the integrative platform, the main characteristics emerging from the patient cohort included in the registry, with emphasis on demographic, clinical outcome, and mortality. METHODS: Standardized data of enrolled pediatric and adult patients were collected in 24 Italian expert centers and regularly updated at least on a yearly basis. Patients were prospectively enrolled, at registry starting, but historical retrospective data were also included. RESULTS: At present, 281 individuals with DS and a confirmed SCN1A mutation are included. Most patients have data available on epilepsy (n = 263) and their overall neurological condition (n = 255), based on at least one follow-up update. Median age at first clinical assessment was 2 years (IQR 0-9) while at last follow-up was 11 years (IQR 5-18.5). During the 7-year activity of the registry, five patients died resulting in a mortality rate of 1.84 per 1000-person-years. When analyzing clinical changes over the first 5-year follow-up, we observed a significant difference in cognitive function (P < 0.001), an increased prevalence of behavioral disorders including attention deficit (P < 0.001), a significant worsening of language (P = 0.001), and intellectual disability (P < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE: The Residras registry represents a large collection of standardized national data for the DS population. The registry platform relies on a shareable and interoperable framework, which promotes multicenter high-quality data collection. In the future, such integrated platform may represent an invaluable asset for easing access to cohorts of patients that may benefit from clinical trials with emerging novel therapies, for drug safety monitoring, and for delineating natural history. Its framework makes it improvable based on growing experience with its use and easily adaptable to other rare and complex epilepsy syndromes.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child with Weiss-Kruszka syndrome: Casual or causal association?

Weiss-Kruszka syndrome is a recently described genetic disorder characterized by craniofacial features, ptosis, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, and neurodevelopmental impairment. It is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function variantsin ZNF462 gene. During the time, the original phenotype was expanded, including several complications, sensorineural hearing loss, congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia and complete growth hormone deficiency associated with empty sella syndrome. Here we report the first case of Weiss-Kruszka syndrome, associated to a de novo 9q31.1q31.3 microdeletion showing an acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A speculation on the contribution of our case to the phenotypic expansion of WSKA is here discussed. More clinical and functional studies are needed to elucidate this association. A possible expansion of the WSKA phenotype is discussed.

Genetic paroxysmal neurological disorders featuring episodic ataxia and epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: This review article focuses on clinical and genetic features of paroxysmal neurological disorders featuring episodic ataxia (EA) and epilepsy and help clinicians recognize, diagnose, and treat patients with co-existing EA and epilepsy. It also provides an overview of genes and molecular mechanisms underlying these intriguing neurogenetic disorders. METHODS: Based on a literature review on Pubmed database, a list of genes linked to paroxysmal neurological disorders featuring EA and epilepsy were compiled. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) was used to identify further reports relevant to each gene. RESULTS: Among the various forms of EAs, only EA1 (KCNA1), EA2 (CACNA1A), EA5 (CACNB4), EA6 (SLC1A3), and EA9 (SCN2A) phenotypes with associated epilepsy have been described. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has helped in the identification of other genes (e.g.: KCNA2, ATP1A3, SLC2A1, PRRT2) which have shown an overlapping phenotype with EA and epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Overlapping clinical features between EA and epilepsy may hinder an accurate classification, and complex genotype-phenotype correlation may often lead to misdiagnosis. NGS has increased the awareness of common genetic etiologies for these conditions. In the future, extensive genetic and phenotypic characterizations can help us to elucidate the boundaries of a wide phenotypic spectrum. These insights may help develop new precision therapies in paroxysmal neurological disorders featuring EA and epilepsy.