Large magnetic gap at the Dirac point in Bi2Te3/MnBi2Te4 heterostructures.

Magnetically doped topological insulators enable the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE), which provides quantized edge states for lossless charge-transport applications1-8. The edge states are hosted by a magnetic energy gap at the Dirac point2, but hitherto all attempts to observe this gap directly have been unsuccessful. Observing the gap is considered to be essential to overcoming the limitations of the QAHE, which so far occurs only at temperatures that are one to two orders of magnitude below the ferromagnetic Curie temperature, TC (ref. 8). Here we use low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy to unambiguously reveal the magnetic gap of Mn-doped Bi2Te3, which displays ferromagnetic out-of-plane spin texture and opens up only below TC. Surprisingly, our analysis reveals large gap sizes at 1 kelvin of up to 90 millielectronvolts, which is five times larger than theoretically predicted9. Using multiscale analysis we show that this enhancement is due to a remarkable structure modification induced by Mn doping: instead of a disordered impurity system, a self-organized alternating sequence of MnBi2Te4 septuple and Bi2Te3 quintuple layers is formed. This enhances the wavefunction overlap and size of the magnetic gap10. Mn-doped Bi2Se3 (ref. 11) and Mn-doped Sb2Te3 form similar heterostructures, but for Bi2Se3 only a nonmagnetic gap is formed and the magnetization is in the surface plane. This is explained by the smaller spin-orbit interaction by comparison with Mn-doped Bi2Te3. Our findings provide insights that will be crucial in pushing lossless transport in topological insulators towards room-temperature applications.

Autocalibration based on dilution of a single concentrated standard is used for the determination of silicate in sea water by the modified molybdenum blue method.

The silicate (Si) molybdenum blue method was modified by combining oxalate and ascorbic acid into a single reagent and was used for determining Si in sea water samples. The first step of this automated assay protocol was designed to perform either a calibration by a single Si standard prepared in deionized (DI) water, or to dilute samples in the range of 0-160 µM Si to fit into 0-20 µM Si calibration range using a 20 cm flow cell. By designing the assay protocol to function in batch mode, the influence of salinity on calibration was eliminated, thus making the method suitable for analysis of samples collected in the open ocean, coastal areas, or rivers. Reproducibility and accuracy of this method were evaluated by analysis of certified sea water reference materials. Phosphate (P) does not interfere significantly if the Si:P ratio is 4:1 or larger. The limit of detection was 514 nM Si, r.s.d. 2.1 %, sampling frequency 40 s/h, reagent consumption 700 µL/sample, and using deionized water as the carrier solution.

Hyperbaric oxygen influences chronic wound healing - a cellular level review.

Chronic wound is a serious medical issue due to its high prevalence and complications; hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is also considered in comprehensive treatment. Clinical trials, including large meta-analyses bring inconsistent results about HBOT efficacy. This review is summarizing the possible effect of HBOT on the healing of chronic wound models at the cellular level. HBOT undoubtedly escalates the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals (ROS and RNS), which underlie both the therapeutic and toxic effects of HBOT on certain tissues. HBOT paradoxically elevates the concentration of Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1 by diverting the HIF-1 degradation to pathways that are independent of the oxygen concentration. Elevated HIF-1 stimulates the production of different growth factors, boosting the healing process. HBOT supports synthesis of Heat shock proteins (HSP), which are serving as chaperones of HIF-1. HBOT has antimicrobial effect, increases the effectiveness of some antibiotics, stimulates fibroblasts growth, collagen synthesis and suppresses the activity of proteolytic enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases. All effects of HBOT were investigated on cell cultures and animal models, the limitation of their translation is discussed at the end of this review.

Developmental models of the carrion beetle Thanatophilus rugosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Silphidae).

Coleoptera are currently considered a fundamental tool to help solve criminal investigations, allowing forensic entomologists to estimate post-mortem intervals and obtain other ecology-related information. Thanatophilus rugosus (Linnaeus, 1758) is an important necrophagous beetle distributed through most of the Palaearctic region, where it is readily found on human bodies and animal carcasses. In this study, the new thermal summation models for all the developmental stages of Thanatophilus rugosus are provided. Beetles were reared at six different constant and ecologically relevant temperatures (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 °C), and their developmental times were measured. Thermal summation constants were calculated for each developmental stage (egg, three larval instars, post-feeding stage, and pupa).

Hyperbaric oxygen enhances collagen III formation in wound of ZDF rat.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious complication of diabetes and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is also considered in comprehensive treatment. The evidence supporting the use of HBOT in DFU treatment is controversial. The aim of this work was to introduce a DFU model in ZDF rat by creating a wound on the back of an animal and to investigate the effect of HBOT on the defect by macroscopic evaluation, quantitative histological evaluation of collagen (types I and III), evaluation of angiogenesis and determination of interleukin 6 (IL6) levels in the plasma. The study included 10 rats in the control group (CONT) and 10 in the HBOT group, who underwent HBOT in standard clinical regimen. Histological evaluation was performed on the 18th day after induction of defect. The results show that HBOT did not affect the macroscopic size of the defect nor IL6 plasma levels. A volume fraction of type I collagen was slightly increased by HBOT without reaching statistical significance (1.35+/-0.49 and 1.94+/-0.67 %, CONT and HBOT, respectively). In contrast, the collagen type III volume fraction was ~120 % higher in HBOT wounds (1.41+/-0.81 %) than in CONT ones (0.63+/-0.37 %; p=0.046). In addition, the ratio of the volume fraction of both collagens in the wound ((I+III)w) to the volume fraction of both collagens in the adjacent healthy skin ((I+III)h) was ~65 % higher in rats subjected to HBOT (8.9+/-3.07 vs. 5.38+/-1.86 %, HBOT and CONT, respectively; p=0.028). Vessels density (number per 1 mm2) was found to be higher in CONT vs. HBOT (206.5+/-41.8 and 124+/-28.2, respectively, p<0.001). Our study suggests that HBOT promotes collagen III formation and decreases the number of newly formed vessels at the early phases of healing.

Irresistible bouquet of death--how are burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorus) attracted by carcasses.

Chemical composition of volatiles emitted from fresh mouse carcasses (laboratory mice, Mus musculus) was studied using solid sample injection technique (solid-phase micro-extraction), two-dimensional gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometric detection and gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection. Electroantennography (EAG) and laboratory olfactometric behavioural observations were used to study the antennal sensitivity to identified infochemicals and their attractiveness for burying beetles Nicrophorus vespillo and Nicrophorus vespilloides (Silphidae: Nicrophorinae). Chemical analysis showed that immediately after death, emitted volatiles did not differ from those emitted by a living organism. However, in the course of time, sulphur-containing chemicals, specifically methanethiol, methyl thiolacetate, dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide and dimethyl trisulphide appear. EAG measurements revealed antennal sensitivity to these compounds. Behavioural tests in laboratory olfactometer showed that dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide and dimethyl trisulphide are highly attractive to both studied species. The data suggest that sulphur-containing chemicals are involved in mediating the fresh carcass attractiveness for N. vespillo and N. vespilloides.

Xanthan and gellan degradation by bacteria of activated sludge.

Owing to increasing amounts of xanthan and gellan in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, as well as in some technical spheres, studies were carried out on the xanthan and gellan degrading bacteria present in activated sludge. The activated sludge used in the study was able to degrade both carbohydrates over 7 days, with levels of xanthan and gellan utilizing microbes estimated at 10(5) cells/g of dry sludge weight. Isolating key degrading bacteria revealed the important role of genus Paenibacillus in xanthan degradation and prosthecate bacterium Verrucomicrobium sp. GD, which was capable of gellan utilization. Further tests performed with both strains showed they were able to degrade other types of carbohydrate polymers, and that Verrucomicrobium sp. GD did not possess extracellular free gellan depolymerase.

Biological effects of noble gases.

Noble gases are known for their inertness. They do not react chemically with any element at normal temperature and pressure. Through that, some of them are known to be biologically active by their sedative, hypnotic and analgesic properties. Common inhalation anesthetics are characterized by some disadvantages (toxicity, decreased cardiac output, etc). Inhalation of xenon introduces anesthesia and has none of the above disadvantages, hence xenon seems to be the anesthetic gas of the future (with just one disadvantage - its cost). It is known that argon has similar anesthetic properties (under hyperbaric conditions), which is much cheaper and easily accessible. The question is if this could be used in clinical practice, in anesthesia of patients who undergo treatment in the hyperbaric chamber. Xenon was found to be organ-protective. Recent animal experiments indicated that xenon decreases infarction size after ischemic attack on brain or heart. The goal of our study is to check if hyperbaric argon has properties similar to those of xenon.

Pyramid projection - validation of a new method of skin defect measurement.

This paper presents a new method for the determination of the volume, surface area and depth of skin defects. The method is based on the description of a spatial defect using a pyramid (made, for example, from injection needles), which is placed over the defect. The projection of the pyramid on to the defect is photographed using a digital camera and subsequently compared with the projection of the same pyramid on to a sheet of grid paper. The defect is mathematically reconstructed on a computer, and an optimal body shape describing the defect is found, using a number of simplifications and assumptions. The method was then validated using a plaster mold of a real foot with 19 defects simulating real wounds. These plaster wounds were molded using alginate hydrocolloid, and the volume, surface area and depth were measured and compared with the results of the pyramid projection by means of regression analysis.This method correlates in all variables with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9. It can be concluded that the projection pyramid method correlates well with the reference mold method and can be used with good results for a whole range of variables.

Automation of functional assays by flow injection fluorescence microscopy.

Bead-injection spectroscopy is a novel technique that uses immobilized eukaryotic cells on microbeads as a renewable biosensor for fluorescence microscopy. The use of a flow injection instrument allows fast functional assays that generate full kinetic characterization of a drug. Because the cell population is automatically replaced for each assay, variability is minimized, thus allowing greater accuracy.

Estrogen receptor affinity and effects on MCF-7 cell growth of triarylethylene carboxylic acids related to tamoxifen.

The estrogen receptor binding, and growth suppressant and stimulating effects in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, of four structural variants of the triarylethylene antiestrogen tamoxifen (1) were studied. In these analogs, the dialkylaminoethoxy side chain of 1 was replaced by carboxylic acid or oxyacetic acid substituents. The presence of a p-hydroxy group in the ring geminal to the one bearing the side chain resulted in ligands with estrogen receptor affinities greater than that of 1 but less than that of estradiol. Compared to 1, none of the test compounds were effective suppressants of cell growth. To the contrary, the phenolic oxyacetic acid analog effectively reversed the growth suppressive effect of 1. Also, it was as effective as estradiol, though less potent, in stimulating growth of cells grown in estrogen depleted medium, suggestive of full estrogen agonist activity. Its carboxylic acid counterpart had little or no effect on proliferation. Because the phenolic oxyacetic acid is a metabolite of 1 in animals, its estrogenicity may have therapeutic implications of concern, depending on the extent to which it is formed and distributed in tissues of patients receiving 1.

Metal chelate exchange in the organic phase-I Theory: application in spectrophotometry and complex chemistry.

Metal chelates, extracted from an aqueous phase by organic solvents, can react with other chelating agents (or their metal chelates) dissolved in the same solvent. This exchange of metal chelates in the organic phase can be used for (1) investigation of the exchange equilibrium and composition of the metal chelates formed, (2) determination of the extraction constants, (3) preparation of new inner-complexes soluble in organic solvents, and (4) spectrophotometric determination of small amounts of metals. The theory and experimental verification of this phenomenon are given. The extraction constants of silver and zinc diethyldithiocarbamates in carbon tetrachloride have been determined by means of the extraction constants of the corresponding dithizonates. A mixed complex of arsenic(III) with dithizone and diethyldithiocarbamic acid has been prepared and its properties studied. A simple method for spectrophotometric determination of microgram quantities of arsenic is proposed.

Metal chelate exchange in the organic phase-II Extraction and exchange constants of dithizonates and diethyldithiocarbamates.

Dithizonates and diethyldithiocarbamates of Ag, Tl(I), Cu(II), Zn, Cd, Hg(II), Pb, Fe(II), Co(II), Ni, Pd(II), In(III), As(III), Sb(III), Bi, Se(IV) and Te(IV) have been prepared and their reactions in carbon tetrachloride have been studied spectrophotometrically. From the exchange constants determined, the extraction constants of metal diethyldithiocarbamates have been calculated. Where formation of mixed chelates has been observed, corresponding exchange constants have been determined. Finally, the influence of organic solvents (CCl(4), CHCl(3), C(6)H(6) and C(6)H(5)Cl) on the exchange reaction of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate with dithizone has been investigated.

Recent developments in substoichiometric analysis.

A review of recent developments in substoichiometric analysis is presented.

A new principle of activation-analysis separations-X Substoichiometric determination of traces of gallium.

A rapid method for the substoichiometric determination of gallium by neutron-activation analysis has been developed. After irradiation and dissolution of the test sample, gallium carrier is added and two preliminary separation steps are performed: the extraction into chloroform of cupferrates from 7N sulphuric acid and of diethyldithiocarbamates from 2-3N sulphuric acid. The pH of the remaining aqueous phase is then adjusted to 5.5, the solution extracted with a substoichiometric amount of 8-hydroxyquinoline in chloroform and the activity of the gallium hydroxyquinolate extract measured. A simultaneously irradiated gallium standard is treated in exactly the same way. From the activities of these two substoichiometric extracts the amount of gallium originally present in the test sample can be calculated. The method has been applied to the determination of 10(-6) to 10(-3)% of gallium in metallic aluminium and transistor-grade silicon.

Substoichiometric determination of manganese by neutron-activation analysis.

A simple and rapid method for the substoichiometric determination of traces of manganese in various materials by neutron-activation analysis has been developed. After dissolution of the irradiated test sample, manganese(II) carrier is added and subsequently oxidised by peroxodisulphate to the heptavalent state. The permanganate thus formed is finally extracted into chloroform as tetraphenylarsonium permanganate using a substoichiometric amount of tetraphenylarsonium chloride. This single separation step isolates radiochemically pure manganese-56 in the analysis of a relatively simple material in which interfering elements (gold, rhenium, etc.) are absent. When this is not true, a preliminary separation of manganese from the irradiated sample, based on the extraction of manganese diethyldithio-carbamate into chloroform and followed by stripping of the manganese with dilute sulphuric acid, must be used. A simultaneously irradiated standard containing manganese must be treated in exactly the same way as a test sample. In the materials analysed by the new method 10(-5) to 10(-3)% of manganese has been determined.

Automated determination of traces of mercury in biological materials by substoichiometric radioisotope dilution.

Solid samples (1-2 g) are burned in oxygen in a flask containing radiomercury in dilute hydrochloric acid, in which the non-active mercury to be determined is immediately absorbed. All mercury is subsequently extracted by dithizone in carbon tetrachloride and then re-extracted into dilute hydrochloric acid. This aqueous phase is further analysed automatically (AutoAnalyzer, 20 samples hr ) as previously described. Liquids (up to 100 ml) are analysed in the same way but instead of being burned in oxygen are first oxidized with potassium permanganate in acid medium. Quantities between 2 and 0.00004 ppm Hg were determined in various materials. Results for international biological standards agreed well with values obtained by activation analysis: kale 0.159 ppm Hg (relative standard deviation 2%) and IAEA cereals 0.0435 ppm Hg (+/- 5%). The new method is far more simple and rapid than activation analysis and just as sensitive; it is therefore more suitable for routine work. About 100 samples can be analysed per day.

Advantages of a two-detector system in automated substoichiometric radioisotope dilution analysis.

Automation widens the scope of substoichiometric radioisotope dilution analysis. This is because the very strict requirement of the manual method-chemical separation of exactly equal quantities of the test substance-need no longer be fulfilled: reproducibility of the determination is reached by means of automated operation and activity measurement. The theory given in this paper shows how the choice of suitable chemical reactions is widened and why the reliability and the advantages of isotope dilution analysis are secured by the use of a two-detector system.

A new concept of automated radiochemical analysis based on substoichiometric separation.

Tracer methods, such as radioisotope dilution, radiometric analysis, concentration dependent distribution, saturation analysis etc., are compared on a basis of radioactivity-mass balance relationships, and their automation is proposed. The requirements of a chemical separation, which is an integral part of these methods, are discussed. It is shown that automation, in addition to its obvious advantages, enables entirely new procedures to be developed, based on chemical separations which do not give reproducible results when performed normally. Simple commercially available apparatus has been used to verify these concepts by determination of traces of mercury. As little as 0.005 ppm of Hg can be determined, the detection limit being about a tenth of this. In the range 2.4-0.03 ppm, 20 samples/hr can be analysed, for lower amounts the sampling rate is 10 samples/hr.

Selectrode--the universal ion-selective electrode-V. Complex formation studies with the Cu(II) Selectrode.

The Cu(II) Selectrode, calibrated in a series of Cu(II) buffers at various pH levels, has been used for the determination of the stability constants of the Cu(II) complexes of glycine and EGTA at an ionic strength of 0.1. Methods for the calculation of the stability constants of chelate complexes from pH and pM values are presented. The values obtained compare very favourably with those recorded in the literature. For the Cu(II)-EGTA system, for which only a few stability constants have been determined, the following constants were found: logK(Cu, L)(CuL) = 16.80; logK(H, CuL)(CuHL) = 5.30; logK(2H, CuL)(CuH2L) = 7.64; logK(H, CuHL)(CuH2L) = 2.34; logK(Cu, HL)(CuHL) = 12.56; and logK(Cu, H2L)(CuH2L) = 5.97. Examples of the application of the Cu(II) Selectrode in replacement reactions are illustrated.