RESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe a bilateral macular detachment as the only sign of acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse and prompt reversal with total body irradiation without ocular protection. OBSERVATIONS: We present the case of a 20-year-old patient, diagnosed with a high-risk phy-negative, pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), with a positive MLL gene rearrangement. After a Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster-like regimen chemotherapy protocol and a first complete remission, ALL relapse was diagnosed, so he was commenced on a FlaG-Ida protocol (fludarabine, idarubicin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and high-dose cytarabine). He achieved a second complete remission with positive minimal residual disease and was scheduled for urgent allogeneic bone marrow transplant.Five days before the conditioning regimen was initiated, the patient complained of visual loss in the left eye and then in the right eye. Ophthalmological evaluation showed a best corrected visual acuity of the right eye (OD) of 20/100 and of the left eye (OS) of 20/400. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed a bilateral serous sub-foveal detachment. The sub-foveal choroidal thickness was measured by enhanced depth imaging (EDI-OCT) and showed a significant increase (OD 836 µm and OS 1036 µm) compared with normal (average 310 µm). This choroidal thickness increase, associated with the serous macular detachment, was interpreted as a choroidal leukemic infiltration.A lumbar puncture with cytologic studies and flow cytometry was performed, showing no evidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement of leukemia. CNS and orbital magnetic nuclear resonance imaging showed no pathology. No extramedullary involvement could be confirmed.Retinal fluorescein angiography showed multiple and diffuse leakage points (pinpoint pattern) within the macular area. This pattern reinforced our presumptive diagnosis, even though the lumbar puncture and flow cytometry were negative.The hematologist decided to proceed with the bone marrow transplant. A myeloablative conditioning regimen was delivered, based on total body irradiation (TBI) with a total dose of 12 Gy plus fludarabine 30 mg/m2 for five days. No ocular protection was used during TBI.Only 2 h after TBI commenced, the patient reported a significant improvement in his visual acuity. We confirmed 20/20 in both eyes. The OCT showed a dramatic decrease in the choroidal thickness measurement (OD 387 µm and OS 408 µm compared with 836 µm and 1036 µm measured before radiotherapy). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Complete ophthalmological evaluation and EDI-OCT choroidal thickness measurement could be fundamental tools necessary to determine CNS involvement of ALL, even in cases with negative cerebrospinal fluid and brain imaging.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: To report a single case history of scleral rupture (SR) during silicone oil injection in a pars plana vitrectomy. OBSERVATIONS: A 60-year-old woman with a history of pathological myopia presented with acute vision loss in her right eye. A retinal detachment, with multiple tears, was diagnosed, and she underwent vitreoretinal surgery. During silicone oil injection, a SR, with extra ocular oil leakage, was advised. Due to the small extent of the lacerated area, the SR was left to spontaneously resolve and, after three surgeries, the retina remained attached, with no internal tamponade, and the patient had not presented symptoms or signs of intracranial migration or toxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: During silicone oil injection, it is most important to maintain a controlled eyeball pressure, especially in patients with scleral weakness, and to carefully check the drainage of air, due to the risk of SR. When oil leakage is detected in the orbital cavity, an accurate assessment may be required due to the likelihood of progression inside the intracranial structures.