[Management of primary teeth]. / Zur Problematik der Füllungstherapie im Milchgebiss.

Primary teeth need as careful attention as the permanent dentition. But the anatomy and small size of the deciduous teeth as well as the child's attitude towards the dentist and its acceptance of dental treatment constitute special problems. Patient acceptance need not be a problem, if the child is properly motivated for treatment.

[Problems in clinical pedodontics]. / Probleme der klinischen Kinderzahnheilkunde

The necessity of early dental care for children is emphasized; such care can only be achieved by interdepartmental cooperation especially with gynecologists and pediatricians. Only specific, early application of all prophylactic measures and general, systematic instruction - combined with individual advising of the patient - can give hope for improved oral conditions in our children.

[The importance of detailed findings within the framework of identification]. / Uber die Bedeutung von Detailbefunden im Rahmen der Identifizierung.

Examples were presented to show that oral findings with the many individual characteristis are extremely valuable for the forensic pathologist and may often furnish crucial information for identifying unknown persons. Recording and evaluation of oral findings therefore should be carried out by an experienced dentist who, should the need arise, can also advise the forensic pathologist. Unfortunately, there is little interest at present for these problems in the field of dentistry.

[Determining organ doses in the uterus during dental x-ray examinations]. / Bestimmung der Organdosesn im Uterus bei zahnärztlichen röntgendiagnostischen Untersuchungen.

It was the goal of this study to determine the uterine exposure to radiation during dental x-ray examinations and to assess the inherent radiation hazard to the fetus. The mean organ dose for the most common examination procedures was found to be 0.4 muSv (0.004 mrem) per radiograph. This figure may be reduced by a factor 2 when the patient wears a protective apron that meets the requirements of the German industrial standard DIN 6813. According to these results, dental radiography--of all diagnostic radiography procedures--involves the least radiation risk to the fetus. Based on ICRP's (International Commission on Radiation Protection) considerations on radiation risk and on the assumption of a linear dose-response relationship it may be concluded that there cannot be one case in a million pregnant women exposed to a uterine dose of 0.2 muSv where a fatal event has to be assumed.

[Jaw and dental abnormalities in children with cerebral movement disorders]. / Kiefer- und Geblissanomalien bei Kindern mit cerebralen Bewegungsstörungen

The dentitions of 146 children with cerebral palsy showed a high incidence of gnathic anomalies. There was, however, no relation between these anomalies and the severity of the neuropathological findings. Also the total number of anomalies was almost evenly distributed among the various clinical pictures such as spasticity, athetosis, ataxia. Although combinations of the individual anomalies were found most frequently, marked protrusions of the upper jaw were particularly impressive with 55%, and were followed by class II malformations (47%). In addition, almost every third tested child had an open bite.

[Tongue pathology and its effect on the stomatognathous system in juvenile cerebral movement disorders]. / Zungenpathologie und ihre Auswirkung auf das stomatognathe System bei cerebralen Bewegungsstörungen im Kindesalter

Studies in 146 children with cerebral palsy revealed a definite relation between malfunctioning, size, and location of the lingual muscle and the development of the dentition. The results may be regarded as a confirmation of the so-called functional adaptation theory first observed by ROUX in 1921. The formative influence of the maxillo-facial musculature-including the musculature of the tongue-on the development of the dentition is determined by the proper interaction of the various groups of muscles. Oral muscular malfunctioning, as is often observed in children with cerebral palsy, therefore has a direct influence on the malformation of the jaws and the dentition.

[Functions of circulating and intra-abdominal polymorphonuclear leukocytes during human secondary peritonitis]. / Untersuchungen zu Funktionen zirkulierender und intraabdominaler polymorphkerniger Leukozyten bei Patienten mit sekundärer Peritonitis.

INTRODUCTION: Aim of the study was to characterize different functions of circulating and emigrated, intra-abdominal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (cPMNs, ePMNs) during human secondary peritonitis. METHODS: In patients (n=25) with diffuse secondary peritonitis circulating and emigrated PMNs were characterized intra- and until 96 h postoperatively. Patients were allocated to two different groups, e. g. patients with septic complications (shock, organ failure, n=11) and patients without complications (n=14) during peritonitis. In addition a control group of patients (n=10) with abdominal surgery but without peritonitis was investigated. The lucigenin- and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence was used to determine extra- and intracellular oxygen radical generation of PMNs. Besides spontaneous oxygen radical generation of PMNs, stimulated radical production was investigated after the addition of ionophores A23 187 and C3-coated zymosan. Phagocytosis by PMNs was characterized with opsonized E. coli bacteria and fluorescence-activated cell analysis. RESULTS: Especially patients with complicated peritonitis had strong and long-lasting changes of PMNs functions. The toxic and tissue-destroying production of extracellular oxygen radicals by circulating PMNs was enhanced (e. g., A23 187 - stimulated oxygen radical generation 433 +/- 89 cpm/cPMNs (peritonitis with complications) versus 90 +/- 30 cpm/cPMNs (peritonitis without complications) versus 110 +/- 44 cpm/cPMNs (controls), p < 0.05). Phagocytosis (58 +/- 9 % (ePMNs, peritonitis with complications) versus 81 +/- 6 % (ePMNs, peritonitis without complications) versus 82.2 +/- 1.6 % (ePMNs, controls), p < 0.05) and phagocytosis-associated intracellular oxygen radical generation (8.23 +/- 1.6 x 10(3) cpm/ePMNs (peritonitis with complications) versus 25.2 +/- 5.2 x 10(3) cpm/ePMNs (peritonitis without complications) versus 11.7 +/- 2.8 cpm x 10(3) cpm/ePMNs (controls) p < 0.05) were suppressed. CONCLUSION: Not for all patients with peritonitis does it seem favourable to modulate PMNs-functions. If immunomodulation would be able to down-regulate exaggerated functions of circulating PMNs and to up-regulate the suppressed functions of emigrated PMNs patients with complicated peritonitis might benefit from this therapy.