RESUMO
Recent years have witnessed many breakthroughs in research on graphene (the first two-dimensional atomic crystal) as well as a significant advance in the mass production of this material. This one-atom-thick fabric of carbon uniquely combines extreme mechanical strength, exceptionally high electronic and thermal conductivities, impermeability to gases, as well as many other supreme properties, all of which make it highly attractive for numerous applications. Here we review recent progress in graphene research and in the development of production methods, and critically analyse the feasibility of various graphene applications.
RESUMO
As the traditional practice of breast-feeding and later weaning of babies slowly regains popularity in Europe and America, the Third World is just getting used to the idea of bottle-feeding and early weaning. Infant food manufacturers have been indicted for irresponsible marketing of their products, but they are not totally responsible for the present situation. The author examines the origins and development of bottle-feeding, and argues that the present polarisation of views can only be resolved by cooperation between the antagonists.
PIP: The origins and development of bottle feeding are examined, and it is argued that the present polarization of views in terms of breast feeding versus bottle feeding can be resolved only by cooperation between the antagonists. At this time human milk is widely accepted as the best food for human infants, and each year the number of mothers who breast feed increases--at least for the 1st few days of life. Yet, most of the milk fed to infants continues to come from the formulae. This is the case despite several diseases which appear to afflict only the bottle fed and which have brought manufacturers into increasing disrepute. As a result, a community paradox has evolved in which the formulae manufacturers find themselves feeding the nation's babies on the 1 hand, yet being cast as the villains. In describing how this situation came about, attention is directed to the industrial revolution, cow's milk and the "castration" of the mother, and government recommendation and medical complacency. It is now the time for negotiation, and the manufacturers have indicated an interest in meeting with their critics. They have called on other interested groups to join them in open dialogue during 1979. The major groups involved include: the manufacturers, and at their center the food technologist; the civil servants who have the task of laying down standards for the formulae; the health service professionals; the journalists; the mothers; and the vulnerable baby. Each group has its particular interests and problems. The problem is simply that the formulae went too far, and a special manufacturer product, with a proper use in the community, came to be viewed as superior to a fresh balanced diet. The rise of the bottle has been checked as much by its own deficiencies as by the swing back towards the breast. To avoid escalation of the bottle war, conciliation is needed.