Real world data on outcomes of anti-CD38 antibody treated, including triple class refractory, patients with multiple myeloma: a multi-institutional report from the Canadian Myeloma Research Group (CMRG) Database.

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite the availability of novel agents. This multi-center retrospective cohort study used the Canadian Myeloma Research Group Database to describe real-world outcomes of patients withanti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (mAb) refractory MM subsequently treated with standard of care (SoC) regimens. Patients with triple class refractory (TCR) disease (refractory to a proteasome inhibitor, immunomodulatory drug, and anti-CD38 mAb) were examined as a distinct cohort. Overall, 663 patients had disease progression on anti-CD38 mAb therapy, 466 received further treatment (346 with SoC regimens were included, 120 with investigational agents on clinical trial and were excluded). The median age at initiation of subsequent SoC therapy of 67.9 (range 39.6-89.6) years with a median of 3 prior lines (range 1-9). The median PFS and OS from the start of subsequent therapy was 4.6 (95% CI 4.1-5.6) months and 13.3 (95% CI 10.6-16.6) months, respectively. The median PFS and OS of patients with TCR disease (n = 199) was 4.4 (95% CI 3.6-5.3) months and 10.5 (95% CI 8.5-13.8) months. Our results reinforce that real-world patients with relapsed MM, particularly those with TCR disease, have dismal outcomes. There remains an urgent unmet need for the development of and access to effective therapeutics for these patients.

Dysregulation of parathyroid hormone-like peptide expression and secretion in a keratinocyte model of tumor progression.

Using a human keratinocyte model of tumor progression, we have examined the regulation of gene expression and secretion of a parathyroid hormone-like peptide (PLP) that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in cancer. A rapid and transient induction of PLP mRNA in response to serum stimulation was demonstrated in both established (HPK1A) and malignant (HPK1A-ras) cells; however the dose dependent increases were greater in HPK1A than in HPK1A-ras. Significant inhibition of this induction was noted with the addition of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 at a lower concentration in HPK1A than in HPK1A-ras. Amino-terminal PLP immunoreactivity and bioactivity correlated well (r = 0.98) when measured in conditioned medium. In the absence of mitogenic stimuli, malignant keratinocytes (HPK1A-ras) secreted significantly more PLP than established (HPK1A) keratinocytes. However, in response to increasing concentrations of epidermal growth factor and fetal bovine serum, PLP release was far greater from HPK1A (maximum 13 x basal) than from HPK1A-ras (maximum 3 x basal) cells. In addition, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was more effective in inhibiting both basal and stimulated PLP secretion in HPK1A than in HPK1A-ras cultures. Reduction of extracellular Ca2+ from 2.0 mM to 0.5 mM appeared to be more effective at an early time point in reducing PLP secretion from the established cells compared with the malignant cells. These studies therefore demonstrate a progressive dysregulation of PLP expression and secretion in human keratinocytes in the transformation from established to malignant phenotype and may have important implications for understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in vivo in the development of hypercalcemia in cancer.

Antisense-mediated inhibition of parathyroid hormone-related peptide production in a keratinocyte cell line impedes differentiation.

We have used antisense RNA technology to inhibit endogenous PTH-related peptide (PTHRP) production in an established human keratinocyte cell line, HPK1A, to assess the role of PTHRP as a modulator of cell differentiation. Initially to determine the specificity of any alterations in cell function that might be observed, HPK1A cells and Rat-2 fibroblasts (which do not synthesize PTHRP) were both infected with the same retrovirus (pYN) containing antisense PTHRP. In contrast to antisense-infected HPK1A cells (HPK1A-AS), which show accelerated growth indices when endogenous PTHRP production is blocked, antisense-infected Rat-2 cells (Rat-2-AS) displayed no increase in cell proliferation. Consequently, this alteration in HPK1A cell function appeared to be specific to the inhibition of PTHRP production. In HPK1A-AS cells, no PTHRP transcript was observed in cytoplasmic RNA, and none was sequestered in a nuclear RNA preparation. Therefore, hybridization with the antisense strand appears to destabilize PTHRP mRNA, leading to rapid disappearance of the sense-antisense heteroduplex. We then examined the effect of PTHRP inhibition on keratinocyte differentiation using three indices. PTHRP inhibition in HPK1A-AS cells resulted in reduced high mol wt keratin production, as assessed by immunocytochemistry. Expression of mRNA encoding transglutaminase and involucrin was decreased in HPK1A-AS cells compared to that in control cells under conditions of high ambient calcium. Involucrin protein levels were also diminished in HPK1A-AS cells in parallel with the reduced levels of involucrin gene expression. These data, therefore, show that interference with PTHRP production inhibits expression of maturation-specific keratinocyte indices and indicate that endogenous PTHRP acts to enhance differentiation in this keratinocyte model.

Effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium on growth and differentiation and on c-fos and p53 gene expression in normal human keratinocytes.

Calcium enhances keratinocyte differentiation, and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is both antiproliferative and prodifferentiative in many cell types, including normal human keratinocytes. In the present study, we examined the combined effects of calcium and 1,25(OH)2D3 on parameters of growth and differentiation and on c-fos and p53 gene expression in normal human keratinocytes. Exposure of normal human keratinocytes to 1,25(OH)2D3 markedly reduced [3H] thymidine incorporation and cell number at low and high medium Ca++ concentrations. Simultaneously, cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle increased significantly and those in the S phase fell precipitously. 1,25(OH)2D3 and calcium also induced keratinocyte differentiation independently, as assessed by immunocytochemistry and by induction of involucrin mRNA. Both Ca++ and 1,25(OH)2D3 were shown, by nuclear run-on assays, to increase involucrin gene transcription. A rapid, transient elevation in c-fos protooncogene expression preceded these effects when epidermal growth factor was present alone. When 1,25(OH)2D3 was added to quiescent keratinocytes, there was a marked augmentation of c-fos mRNA accumulation at low and high medium Ca++ concentrations. Varying medium Ca++ concentrations had no effect on c-fos mRNA levels. Increasing medium Ca++ concentrations from 0.15 to 2.0 mM produced marked elevations of p53 mRNA accumulation and of the rate of p53 gene transcription, whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect. These results, therefore, suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 and calcium act in concert to modulate the expression of two important cell-cycle-associated genes, which may be important components in the initial programming of growth and differentiation of normal human keratinocytes.

Paraneoplastic optic neuritis and encephalomyelitis. Report of a case.

A 63-year-old man developed bilateral paresis of horizontal and upward eye movements. He was found to have a small oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Four months later he experienced acute visual blurring on the right side. Examination of the right eye at that time revealed a visual acuity of 3/200 and a central scotoma. There was swelling of the right optic disc. Three weeks after the onset of the visual loss, the acuity of the right eye spontaneously improved to 20/60, the field deficit lessened, and there was a decrease in the swelling of the optic disc. Subsequently, his neuro-ophthalmologic condition remained unchanged but his general health deteriorated, and he died nine months after the onset of the disease. Neuropathologic examination showed mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis of the meninges throughout the central nervous system, loss of neurons and gliosis in the third and fourth cranial nerve nuclei, perivascular inflammation and gliosis of the optic nerves, and chiasm and central demyelination of the right optic nerve. No tumor cells were seen. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of paraneoplastic optic neuritis and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. The present case confirms the existence of paraneoplastic optic neuritis and illustrates the clinical course of the disease.

Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and PTH/PTHrP receptor in newborn human calvaria osteoblastic cells.

We examined the expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and its receptor in normal newborn human calvaria osteoblastic (NHCO) cells. Northern blot analysis showed that NHCO cells express a single 1.6 kb transcript of PTHrP, which was increased within 1 h (2x) and peaked at 6 h (7x) after serum treatment. In the culture media, the release of PTHrP peptide was maximally increased (4x) 24 h after the addition of serum, as determined by immunoradiometric assay. NHCO cells exhibited a cytoplasmic immunostaining for PTHrP in the presence of serum, and most PTHrP-positive cells were alkaline phosphatase-negative, suggesting that PTHrP was expressed in undifferentiated cells. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis showed that both PTHrP and PTH/PTHrP receptor were expressed in NHCO cells in basal conditions or after stimulation with serum. The maximal PTHrP expression induced by serum suppressed PTH/PTHrP receptor expression, suggesting that PTHrP down-regulated its receptor in NHCO cells. Treatment with 10 nM human PTH(1-34) which binds to PTH/PTHrP receptors, increased intracellular cAMP levels and alkaline phosphatase activity, and decreased cell growth, indicating that ligand binding to PTH/PTHrP receptors regulates NHCO cell proliferation and differentiation. The expression and synthesis of PTHrP and the presence of functional PTH/PTHrP receptors suggest a possible paracrine mechanism of action of PTHrP in normal human calvaria osteoblastic cells.

Successful goniosynechialysis for angle-closure glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery.

PURPOSE: To describe 2 cases of long-term successful clinical outcome after goniosynechialysis for secondary angle-closure glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery. METHODS: Case reports. Goniosynechialysis was performed bilaterally in 1 patient and unilaterally in another for uncontrolled angle-closure glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery. RESULTS: Angle reopening was performed 2 to 4 months after initial closure. After follow-up of between 3 and 5 years, intraocular pressure has remained below 21 mm Hg without medication in all three eyes. CONCLUSION: Goniosynechialysis should be considered a viable therapeutic alternative to filtration surgery in selected patients with a recent history of angle-closure glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery.

The penetration of oral ciprofloxacin into the aqueous humor, vitreous, and subretinal fluid of humans.

We examined ciprofloxacin levels in the aqueous humor, vitreous, or subretinal fluid in 40 patients undergoing cataract extraction, vitrectomy, or scleral buckling. Ciprofloxacin, 750 mg, was administered orally an average of 17 1/2 and 5 1/2 hours preoperatively. We obtained mean ciprofloxacin levels of 0.53 microgram/ml in aqueous humor, 0.51 microgram/ml in vitreous, and 0.71 microgram/ml in subretinal fluid. These vitreous levels exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)90 of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Haemophilus influenzae, as well as the MIC70 of S. aureus and Bacillus cereus. Therefore, ciprofloxacin may have a role in the management and prevention of endophthalmitis.

Effect of timolol vs. acetazolamide on sodium hyaluronate-induced rise in intraocular pressure after cataract surgery.

This prospective study was done to compare the efficacy of timolol and acetazolamide in lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP) secondary to the use of sodium hyaluronate (Healon) in cataract surgery. Fifty patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction and implantation of a posterior chamber lens were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: no viscoelastic (10 patients), Healon with 0.5% timolol drops postoperatively (12 patients), Healon with acetazolamide postoperatively (16 patients), or Healon only (12 patients). The IOP was measured during the first 24 hours after surgery. Sodium hyaluronate caused a marked increase in IOP in the early (6 to 12 hours) postoperative period. Timolol proved to be more effective than acetazolamide in controlling this pressure increase.

[Association of progressive external ophthalmoplegia and myocardiopathy with complete atrioventricular block. Apropos of a new case]. / Association d'une ophtalmoplégie externe progressive et d'une myocardiopathie avec bloc auriculo-ventriculaire complet. A propos d'un nouveau cas

The authors report the case of a 31 year old man with an occulomotor palsy, who was admitted to hospital with complete atrio-ventricular block and syncopal attacks. The possible pathogenic significance of this association has given rise to differing hypotheses. A review of the literature shows that the occulomotor palsy has been interpreted either as an ophtalmoplegia (of neurogenic origin) because of the associated neurological findings and the histological changes in the occulomotor nuclei, or as an occular myopathy because of the associated muscular disorders and the changes on electromyography and on histology. The relationships between the occulomotor palsy and the cardiac condition are also discussed.

[Course of retinopathy in premature infants treated by cryopexy]. / Evolution de la rétinopathie du prématuré traitée par cryopexie.

Beneficial effect of cryopexy on 180 degrees to 360 degrees of avascular retina was demonstrated in 7 prematurely born infants (14 eyes) affected with advanced retinopathy of prematurity. Intravitreous new vessels were present in all eyes before treatment. The treatment of one eye was supplemented with scleral indentation. Only one of the treated eyes went on unfavourably with retrolental fibroplasia and consecutive loss of visual acuity. We believe that cryopexy, when administered promptly, when limited to the avascular zone, and when supplemented with scleral indentation in cases with important vitreous traction, is a valuable treatment with fewer risks than unchecked evolution for advanced cases of retinopathy of prematurity.

Pars plana vitrectomy through the Boston Keratoprosthesis type 1.

PURPOSE: To ascertain the feasibility of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) through a permanent Boston Keratoprosthesis type 1 (KPro) without the use of a temporary KPro. METHODS: A retrospective interventional case series. Eyes implanted with Boston KPro type 1 between 2008 and 2011 requiring PPV for vitreoretinal complications were included. Feasibility of PPV through the KPro, its anatomical and functional success were studied. RESULTS: Five out of 70 patients required PPV for vitreoretinal complications post-KPro surgery resulting in an incidence of 7%. PPV was feasible through the Boston KPro with no deleterious effects on the corneal carrier or the KPro itself. Repeat PPV was necessary in some cases. Although anatomical repair of the vitreoretinal complications was achieved in most cases, post PPV visual acuity remained poor in the majority. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that although PPV through the Boston KPro is a viable approach for vitreoretinal disease repair, visual rehabilitation remains poor.

Evaluation of environmental compatibility of EAFD using different leaching standards.

A study on laboratory scale to evaluate the environmental compatibility of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is reported in this article. EAFD, a waste by-product of the steel-making process, was generated on a steel plant located in Brazil. Different leaching tests, NBR10005 (Brazilian), AFNORX31-210 (French), JST-13 (Japanese), DIN38414-S4 (German), TCLP (American), and NEN 7343 (Netherland) were conducted. These leaching procedures are batch tests and are columns conducted in a way that an equilibrium condition should be achieved. The pH of the medium showed a crucial parameter governing the release of metals from the solid phase into solution. As the pH of the medium varies with the leachant used, this determines the dissolution of the elements. Zn, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Cu presented high leachability at NBR10005 procedures (acid pH). Except Pb and Cr, the leachability of all others metals in leaching tests with alkaline pH decreases with the increase of the pH. NBR10005 classifies the EAFD as a hazardous waste due to high concentration of Pb and Cd in leachate. The column tests are presented in the following order of leaching: Pb>Cr>Zn>Mn>Cu>Cd.

Image analysis of changes in drusen area.

Computerized image processing was used to analyze color fundus photographs of 11 patients (22 eyes) with macular drusen who were followed for more than 2 years (mean follow-up, 4.7 years). Significant changes over time (more than +/- 20% of baseline area) were measured in the surface area of macular drusen in 18 of 22 (82%) eyes. An increase in the drusen area was associated significantly with eyes with mostly hard drusen and an initially smaller drusen area; but a decrease was associated with eyes with mostly soft drusen and an initially larger drusen area (P less than 0.01). The mean absolute rate of change in the drusen area was more than twice as great in eyes with mostly soft drusen compared with those with mostly hard drusen (P less than 0.05). All eye pairs studied showed a concomitant increase or decrease in the drusen area.

Biochemical changes in progressive muscular dystrophy. XII. Cyclic nucleotides in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs of dystrophic mice.

Concentrations of cAMP and cGMP were measured (per milligram DNA) in the lymphoid (thymus, spleen) and nonlymphoid organs (liver, brain, kidney, lungs, heart, pancreas, skeletal muscle, lens) of normal (+/+) and dystrophic (dy/dy) 129 ReJ mice aged 30, 60, and 90 days. The cAMP concentrations in the thymus did not reveal any significant differences at 30 and 60 days of dystrophy, but were considerably higher (2-fold) at 90 days. cGMP concentrations were decreased in the thymus at 30 days (0.20-fold) and markedly elevated at 60 (2-fold) and 90 days (3-fold) of the disease. The [cAMP]/[cGMP] ratio was increased (1.30-fold) at 30 days of dystrophy, and this was followed by a sharp decline at 60 days (2-fold), with a lesser decrease at 90 days (0.34-fold). In the spleen, the cAMP concentrations were augmented significantly in all stages of dystrophy (1.5- to 2.6-fold). cGMP (per milligram DNA) did not show any significant variation at 30 and 60 days of the disease but was increased (3-fold) at 90 days. The [cAMP]/[cGMP] ratio, which was enhanced in the spleen at 30 (2-fold) and 60 days (1.5-fold), demonstrated no change at 90 days of dystrophy. These results indicated significant differences in the concentration of cyclic nucleotides and their ratios in the thymus and spleen of 129 ReJ dy/dy mice. The modifications were not limited to lymphoid organs alone, having been noted in the nonlymphoid organs as well. These changes could, in turn, influence immune responsiveness and could cause immunodepression in dystrophic mice.

Biochemical changes in progressive muscular dystrophy. XIII. Nucleic acids, proteins, and total nucleotides in the thymus and spleen of dystrophic mice.

Assessments were made of the thymus and spleen weights and the total nucleotide, nucleic acid, and protein content as well as the incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein and of [3H]orotate into RNA, in the thymus, spleen, liver, brain, kidney, lungs, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle of normal (+/+) and dystrophic (dy/dy) 129 ReJ mice aged 40, 60, or 90 days. The weights of the thymus and spleen were lower at all stages of dystrophy. Total nucleotide and RNA levels per thymus were reduced at 90 days, while total DNA content was decreased at 60 and 90 days. Protein concentrations per thymus were diminished at each stage of the disease. The specific activity of the free amino acid pool and total free nucleotide pool did not show any significant variations in the thymus at any phase of dystrophy. Incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein and of [3H]orotate into RNA was considerably lower in the thymus at each stage of the disease. Total nucleotide content per spleen was decreased at 40 days, with no change at 60 days and followed by an increase at 90 days in the dystrophic mice. DNA, RNA, and protein levels were all reduced in the spleen at each stage of the disease. The specific activity of the free amino acid pool and total free nucleotide pool, as well as the incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein and of [3H]orotate into RNA, showed similar changes in the spleen as noted in the thymus at each phase of dystrophy. These observations indicate that significant alterations in cellular growth occur not only in skeletal muscle and other nonlymphoid organs, but also in the lymphoid organs of dystrophic mice. Such changes in the cellular growth of lymphoid organs could be responsible for an impairment of immunologic responses reflecting thymic atrophy in murine muscular dystrophy.

Biochemical changes in progressive muscular dystrophy. XI. Cyclic nucleotides in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of normal and dystrophic mice.

cAMP and cGMP contents were determined in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of normal and dystrophic mice. cAMP content increased in the dystrophic muscle at every stage of the disease whereas cGMP content decreased in the preliminary stages and increased at the terminal stage of the disease. The content of both nucleotides per heart was not affected in murine dystrophy. Thus, levels of cyclic nucleotides appear to be selectively altered in dystrophic skeletal muscle.

Relative resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a keratinocyte model of tumor progression.

We have examined the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on mitogen-stimulated growth and on c-myc proto-oncogene expression in a keratinocyte model of tumor progression. A dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth by 1,25-(OH)2D3 was demonstrated in both established (HPK1A) and malignant (HPK1A-ras) cells. However, this inhibition was observed with the addition of 1,25-(OH)2D3 at a higher concentration in HPK1A-ras cells than in HPK1A cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed a blockage of the normal progression of the cell cycle from G0 to S phase in the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3. A higher concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was required in HPK1A-ras cells to overcome the mitogen-stimulated progression into S phase, when compared with HPK1A cells. Analysis of c-myc messenger RNA revealed a strong inhibition of its expression at early time points with higher concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 being required to obtain an inhibition in HPK1A-ras cells similar to that obtained in HPK1A cells. 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor characterization by sucrose gradient analysis and equilibrium binding demonstrated the presence of a single 3.7 S protein with similar receptor numbers and affinity in both cell lines. These observations therefore demonstrate that an alteration of the growth inhibitory response to 1,25-(OH)2D3 occurs when keratinocytes acquire the malignant phenotype and suggest that the alteration lies beyond the interaction of the ligand with its receptor. In addition, relative resistance to 1,25-(OH)2D3 was also observed in the expression of the cell-cycle associated oncogene c-myc. These studies may therefore have important implications in vivo in the development and growth of epithelial cell cancers.