RESUMO
The globalization of tobacco began more than 500 years ago, but the public health response to the death, disease, and economic disruption that it has caused is fewer than 50 years old. In this report, the authors briefly trace the history of tobacco use and commerce as it moved from the Americas in the late 15th century and then eastward. They then discuss the wide range of issues that must be addressed, and the equally wide range of expertise that is needed if the global health community is to be successful in reducing, and eventually eliminating, the rising tide of tobacco use, particularly in the low- and middle-income nations that are the target of the multinational tobacco industry.
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde/organização & administração , Marketing/organização & administração , Marketing/tendências , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Fumar/epidemiologia , Indústria do Tabaco/tendências , Tabagismo/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Publicidade/tendências , Criança , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Previsões , Saúde Global , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Educação em Saúde/tendências , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Marketing/métodos , Nicotiana , Indústria do Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/prevenção & controle , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Substantial inequalities exist in cancer survival rates across countries. In addition to prevention of new cancers by reduction of risk factors, strategies are needed to close the gap between developed and developing countries in cancer survival and the effects of the disease on human suffering. We challenge the public health community's assumption that cancers will remain untreated in poor countries, and note the analogy to similarly unfounded arguments from more than a decade ago against provision of HIV treatment. In resource-constrained countries without specialised services, experience has shown that much can be done to prevent and treat cancer by deployment of primary and secondary caregivers, use of off-patent drugs, and application of regional and global mechanisms for financing and procurement. Furthermore, several middle-income countries have included cancer treatment in national health insurance coverage with a focus on people living in poverty. These strategies can reduce costs, increase access to health services, and strengthen health systems to meet the challenge of cancer and other diseases. In 2009, we formed the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries, which is composed of leaders from the global health and cancer care communities, and is dedicated to proposal, implementation, and evaluation of strategies to advance this agenda.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/economia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Países em Desenvolvimento/economia , Política de Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Neoplasias , Pobreza , Colômbia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Saúde Global , Haiti , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/normas , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/tendências , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Incidência , Renda , Cobertura do Seguro , Seguro Saúde , Jordânia , Malaui , Programas de Rastreamento , México , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/economia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias/terapia , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/administração & dosagem , Saúde Pública , Fatores de Risco , Ruanda , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Fatores SocioeconômicosAssuntos
Objetivos , Diretrizes para o Planejamento em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Saúde Global , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Marketing Social , Nações Unidas , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Neoplasias/psicologia , Neoplasias/reabilitação , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Cancer incidence is on the rise in many regions of the world, including the Middle East, where incidence rates for both men and women are increasing. Like many regions of the world, increased tobacco use, combined with other factors, is driving cancer incidence in the Middle East. Tobacco, the only consumer product proven to kill more than half of its regular users, will be responsible for 4.9 million deaths worldwide this year alone. That burden is fairly evenly shared by industrialized and developing nations today but, if current trends continue, the cancer burden in the developing world will more than triple in the next 25 years, resulting in a global total of 10 million deaths worldwide each year. Seven million of these deaths will occur in the developing world, in nations least prepared to deal with the financial, social, and political consequences of this global public health tragedy. In the Arab world, lung cancer is already occurring with increasing frequency, particularly among men.
Assuntos
Árabes , Neoplasias/etiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Oriente Médio/epidemiologia , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Fumar/etnologia , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Comportamento Aditivo , Pesquisa Biomédica/organização & administração , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organização & administração , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Humanos , National Cancer Institute (U.S.) , National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Tabagismo , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Saúde Global , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Neoplasias/etnologia , Direitos do Paciente , Etnicidade , Humanos , Incidência , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/etiologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Neoplasias/terapia , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Saúde Global , Promoção da Saúde , Mortalidade , Nicotiana/efeitos adversos , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevenção do Hábito de FumarRESUMO
This article examines the current state of the global fight against cancer and of noncommunicable disease in general, the progress to date against cancer, and postulates that there has never been a more challengingnor more idealtime to succeed in making significant headway against the disease worldwide. Based on progress made particularly in the past two decades, and with proven interventions and scientific knowledge, it is possible to bring cancer as a major health problem worldwide under control in this century.The article also discusses what the American Cancer Society, the nation's largest voluntary health organization dedicated to saving lives from cancer, is doing to lead a global movement in support of achieving this goal.