Evaluation of painkillers according to the principles of rational drug use in patients registered to a family medicine unit.

AIMS: We aimed to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and usage of the painkillers within the framework of rational drug use. METHODS: This study was conducted in a family medicine unit with a questionnaire consists of 27 questions. RESULTS: Total of 506 patients participated in the study. The number of people who used pain medication every day was 29 (5.7%) and paracetamol was the most common analgesic (51.1%). The use of painkillers was more common in women and amongst the patients over 65 years of age. The rate of those who preferred painkillers in the form of pills was higher in married patients and the singles preferred injectables (P = .004). Inappropriate use of painkillers was much more prominent in nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug users (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Demographic features and disease characteristics were the notable factors that affected painkillers selection and the level of knowledge about them.

Effect of Fasting on Smoking Addiction: A Multicentered Primary Care Research.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is a serious public health challenge across the world. Fasting in Ramadan requires people to stay away from smoking as well as activities such as eating, drinking, and sexual intercourse. We examined the effect of fasting on cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction during the Ramadan. METHODOLOGY: This study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A questionnaire was prepared to determine sociodemographic data and smoking habits of a sample population. The questionnaire was delivered through face-to-face interviews at several family medicine clinics in Turkey, with smokers who fast in Ramadan. RESULTS: There were 354 persons, of which 278 were male (78.5%), 76 were female (21.5%), and the mean age was 32.92 ± 11.84 years. A significant decrease in cigarette consumption during the Ramadan was reported by 285 (80.5%) smokers ( p < .001). The number of smokers who had difficulty resisting the urge to smoke was less in Ramadan than non-Ramadan periods ( p < .001). Religious sentiments were reported as the most important reason for coping with nicotine abstinence (53.7%). Significantly in 14.7% of the cases, participants stopped smoking during the whole period of Ramadan. CONCLUSIONS: Religious beliefs and willpower were found to be effective in helping people reduce or temporary stop smoking. Fasting may play a significant role in changing smoking behavior. Smoking cessation along with counseling supported by the state, health authorities, and clergy can be useful in the fight against smoking in Ramadan.

Effects of leflunomide on inflamation and fibrosis in bleomycine induced pulmonary fibrosis in wistar albino rats.

PURPOSES: Pulmonary fibrosis is a rare and progressive lung disease with a high mortality rate. The treatment regimens still fail to recover the disease. Leflunomide (LEF) is an immunomodulatory agent with antiproliferative activity that is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The purpose of the study is to investigate the potential therapeutic efficacy of LEF in bleomycin (BLM) induced pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS: A total of 21 male, adult wistar albino rats were used. The animals were divided into three groups as control, BLM and BLM plus LEF groups (n=7). In BLM group, mice were treated with intratracheal instillation of BLM (2.5 U/kg). Control group received the same volume of saline instead of BLM. In LEF group, in addition to BLM, LEF (10 mg/kg, daily) was administrated by oral gavage. The effect of LEF on pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis was studied by measurements of serum clara cell protein-16 (CC-16), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels and lung tissue contents of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB by immunhistochemical examinations. RESULTS: LEF significantly increased the level of CC-16 and decreased the level of AOPP (P=0.042 and P=0.003 respectively). Lung tissue contents of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB significantly decreased in LEF group compared to BLM group by immunhistochemical examinations (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: LEF reduces oxidative stress factors, alveolar inflammation and attenuates lung injury and fibrosis.