Outcomes of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation as a Consolidative Strategy for the Treatment of Primary and Isolated Secondary Central Nervous System Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas.

INTRODUCTION: Standard consolidation for primary diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the central nervous system (CNS) (PCNSL) is not established. This single center, retrospective observational study aims to define the outcomes of consolidative high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC/ASCT) in patients with PCNSL and isolated secondary CNS DLBCL (SCNSL) and evaluate the prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients performed an HDC/ASCT for PCNSL or isolated SCNSLs between October 2012 and February 2022 were identified. Primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Among 35 patients included, 28 had PCNSL and 7 had isolated SCNSL. Median age was 51 (16-78). Males constituted 48.6%. Median follow-up after HDC/ASCT was 42.0 months. MATRIX (51.4%) and TEAM (80.0%) were the most frequent regimens of induction and conditioning, respectively. OS and PFS 1- and 2-year after HDC/ASCT were 68.0%, 57.0%, 58.0%, 48.0%, respectively. Increasing age, poor performance and comorbidities were associated with lower OS and PFS and higher non-relapse mortality (NRM). Complete response (CR) 1 at HDC/ACST was independently associated with higher OS and PFS [hazard ratio (HR): 4.67 and 6.99, respectively]. CONCLUSION: In patients < 60 years consolidative HDC/ASCT yields promising OS and PFS. Patients ≥ 60 years may less likely benefit from consolidative HDC/ASCT and should be studied further in trials of novel agents, lower doses of consolidative radiotherapy and dose-adjusted conditioning regimens. Not only age, but also comorbidities, clinical performance and response to induction correlate with outcomes. Patients with isolated SCNSL may achieve similar outcomes.

Laboratory cryo soft X-ray microscopy.

Lens-based water-window X-ray microscopy allows two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) imaging of intact unstained cells in their near-native state with unprecedented contrast and resolution. Cryofixation is essential to avoid radiation damage to the sample. Present cryo X-ray microscopes rely on synchrotron radiation sources, thereby limiting the accessibility for a wider community of biologists. In the present paper we demonstrate water-window cryo X-ray microscopy with a laboratory-source-based arrangement. The microscope relies on a λ=2.48-nm liquid-jet high-brightness laser-plasma source, normal-incidence multilayer condenser optics, 30-nm zone-plate optics, and a cryo sample chamber. We demonstrate 2D imaging of test patterns, and intact unstained yeast, protozoan parasites and mammalian cells. Overview 3D information is obtained by stereo imaging while complete 3D microscopy is provided by full tomographic reconstruction. The laboratory microscope image quality approaches that of the synchrotron microscopes, but with longer exposure times. The experimental image quality is analyzed from a numerical wave-propagation model of the imaging system and a path to reach synchrotron-like exposure times in laboratory microscopy is outlined.

Compact x-ray microscope for the water window based on a high brightness laser plasma source.

We present a laser plasma based x-ray microscope for the water window employing a high-average power laser system for plasma generation. At 90 W laser power a brightness of 7.4 x 10(11) photons/(s x sr x µm(2)) was measured for the nitrogen Lyα line emission at 2.478 nm. Using a multilayer condenser mirror with 0.3 % reflectivity 10(6) photons/(µm(2) x s) were obtained in the object plane. Microscopy performed at a laser power of 60 W resolves 40 nm lines with an exposure time of 60 s. The exposure time can be further reduced to 20 s by the use of new multilayer condenser optics and operating the laser at its full power of 130 W.

High average brightness water window source for short-exposure cryomicroscopy.

Laboratory water window cryomicroscopy has recently demonstrated similar image quality as synchrotron-based microscopy but still with much longer exposure times, prohibiting the spread to a wider scientific community. Here we demonstrate high-resolution laboratory water window imaging of cryofrozen cells with 10 s range exposure times. The major improvement is the operation of a λ=2.48 nm, 2 kHz liquid nitrogen jet laser plasma source with high spatial and temporal stability at high average brightness >1.5×10(12) ph/(s×sr×µm(2)×line), i.e., close to that of early synchrotrons. Thus, this source enables not only biological x-ray microscopy in the home laboratory but potentially other applications previously only accessible at synchrotron facilities.

Electron capture gas chromatography study of the acid and alcohol products of Clostridium septicum and Clostridium chauvoei.

The metabolic products produced by several strains of Clostridium septicum obtained from patients and animals, along with strains of Clostridium chauvoei, were studied in chopped meat glucose medium by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (EC-GLC). The strains of C. septicum and C. chauvoei were shown to comprise five different metabolic groups. Both the EC-GLC study and the O and H antigenic study performed previously showed that strains of C. septicum comprise a heterogeneous group. One type of metabolic profile was found only in strains of C. chauvoei. The O antigen types and EC-GLC metabolic types of C. septicum correlated fairly well in isolates from cancer patients but not in stock culture and animal isolates.

Differentiation of mycobacteria by "in vivo" and "in vitro" delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Guinea pigs were sensitized with heat killed M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, and M. avium-intracellulare. Purified Protein Derivatives (PPDs) prepared from each of these organisms were tested for delayed type hypersensitivity by lymphocyte transformation, macrophage migration, and mantoux type skin sensitivity tests. The homologous reactions were consistently more intense than heterologous reactions in all three procedures. The skin test procedure was more sensitive than either in vitro method. Positive skin test reactions were elicited with 2 times and 50 times less antigen than, respectively, the lymphocyte transformation and the macrophage migration tests.

Evaluation of the clinical usefulness of mycobacterial skin test antigens in adults with pulmonary mycobacterioses.

A double-blind, multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of mycobacterial skin test antigens for the specific diagnosis of adult pulmonary mycobacterial disease. The skin test antigens used were PPD-T (M. bovis) and PPD-B (M. intracellulare), made bioequivalent to 5 TU PPD-S through bioassay in human subjects. Of the 192 adults (18 yr of age or older), those with disease caused by M. tuberculosis (MTB) had significantly larger reactions to PPD-T than did those with disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or those with negative culture results (NEG)(13.41 mm versus 4.87 and 4.96 mm, respectively, p less than 0.001). The mean induration to PPD-B in NTM was not different from that in MTB or NEG. Defining a "positive" to be greater than or equal to 10 mm induration and a size difference of greater than or equal to 3 mm between PPD-T and PPD-B, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) for PPD-T in diagnosing MTB versus NTM was 29, 90, and 75%. Corresponding values for PPD-B and NTM disease were 70, 61, and 64%. Dual testing was less useful in distinguishing disease caused by any of the mycobacteria from NEG. Although the sensitivity of PPD-B, made bioequivalent to PPD-S, was high, the specificity and PPV were low. We conclude that this preparation of PPD-B is no more useful in distinguishing adult pulmonary disease caused by NTM than is PPD-T alone.