Differential responses of bone to angiotensin II and angiotensin(1-7): beneficial effects of ANG(1-7) on bone with exposure to high glucose.

Osteoporosis, diabetes, and hypertension are common concurrent chronic disorders. This study aimed to explore the respective effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) and angiotensin(1-7) [ANG(1-7)], active peptides in the renin-angiotensin system, on osteoblasts and osteoclasts under high-glucose level, as well as to investigate the osteo-preservative effects of ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker and ANG(1-7) in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). ANG II and ANG(1-7), respectively, decreased and increased the formation of calcified nodules and alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3-E1 cells under high-glucose level, and respectively stimulated and inhibited the number of matured osteoclasts and pit resorptive area in RANKL-induced bone marrow macrophages. Olmesartan and Mas receptor antagonist A779 could abolish those effects. ANG II and ANG(1-7), respectively, downregulated and upregulated the expressions of osteogenesis factors in MC3T3-E1 cells. ANG II promoted the expressions of cathepsin K and MMP9 in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas ANG(1-7) repressed these osteoclastogenesis factors. ANG II rapidly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas ANG(1-7) markedly reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK under high-glucose condition. After treatments of diabetic SHR with valsartan and ANG(1-7), a significant increase in trabecular bone area, bone mineral density, and mechanical strength was only found in the ANG(1-7)-treated group. Treatment with ANG(1-7) significantly suppressed the increase in renin expression and ANG II content in the bone of SHR. Taken together, ANG II/AT1R and ANG(1-7)/Mas distinctly regulated the differentiation and functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts upon exposure to high-glucose condition. ANG(1-7) could protect SHR from diabetes-induced osteoporosis.

Oleanolic acid exerts inhibitory effects on the late stage of osteoclastogenesis and prevents bone loss in osteoprotegerin knockout mice.

Postmenopausal women undergo rapid bone loss, which caused by the accelerated osteoclastic bone resorption. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) plays critical and essential roles on varied stages of osteoclastogenesis. Oleanolic acid (OA), a naturally derived small compound, has been found suppress osteoclastogenesis in early stage of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). However, whether OA also regulates the late stage of osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. Here, the regulatory effect of OA on the late stage of osteoclastogenesis was investigated in vitro using RANKL-pretreated BMMs and in vivo using osteoprotegerin (OPG) knockout mice. Our in vitro studies demonstrate that OA inhibits the late stage of osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-pretreated BMMs. For in vivo animal investigation, OA attenuates the bone loss phenotypes in OPG-knockout mice by decreasing the densities of osteoclast, which are in consistent with the finding with in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistic investigations found that OA largely inhibit the activity of c-Fos and Nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1) with RANKL-pretreated BMMs and OPG-knockout mice. Furthermore, OA suppresses the activities of osteoclast genes, such as Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), CathepsinK (Ctsk), and Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Taken together these findings, they have not only defined an inhibitory effect of OA in the late stage of osteoclastogenesis but have also gained new molecular mechanisms underlying the process of osteoclast formation.

Urban-Rural Differences in Bone Mineral Density and its Association with Reproductive and Menstrual Factors Among Older Women.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of older women living in rural and urban areas, and evaluate the potential factors affecting the risk of osteoporosis. METHODS: We recruited 574 women aged 65 years or older from rural areas and 496 from urban areas in Shanghai, China. The BMD values of the lumbar vertebrae and total left hip were measured by a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry densitometer. We also recorded information about education level, family income, medications, reproductive and menstrual history, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Women in urban areas had significantly higher BMD in their lumbar spine, and there was a dramatic increase in the proportion of women with osteoporosis in rural areas. The age at menarche was significantly higher among women living in rural areas, and there were more years from menarche to menopause among urban women. Rural women had significantly higher numbers of both pregnancies and parity, and a significantly lower age at first parity. In multiple linear regression analyses, years from menarche to menopause was independently related to high lumbar spine BMD, while age at menarche and parity was independently related to low lumbar spine BMD. CONCLUSION: More older women in rural areas had osteoporosis. Later menarche, less years from menarche to menopause and higher parity might partially contribute to decreased BMD among women in rural areas. More attention should be paid to women in rural areas to prevent bone loss and further bone and health impairment.

The systemic bone protective effects of Gushukang granules in ovariectomized mice by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and stimulating osteoblastogenesis.

Primary osteoporosis (POP), which is caused by unbalanced bone remodeling, leads to significant economic and societal burdens globally. Gushukang (GSK) granule serves as one commonly used prescription for POP in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The present study aimed to clarify the exact roles of GSK in bone remodeling with in vivo and in vitro assays. Here we showed that GSK prevented bone loss and the alternations of osteoporotic bone parameters as well as the decreased density of osteoclast in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. GSK inhibited receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B Ligand (RANKL)-activated osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). At the molecular levels, GSK inhibited the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasm 1(NFATc1) and c-Fos, two master regulators of osteoclastogenesis. GSK also inhibited bone resorbed genetic expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), cathepsin K (Ctsk), TRAP and carbonic anhydrase II (Car2). Meanwhile, GSK stimulated osteoblastogenesis from bone primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and enhanced the expression of Osteirx, and Runx2. GSK also stimulated the expression of Col-1, Osteocalcein and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Our investigation established the systemic bone protective effects of GSK by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and stimulating osteoblastogenesis and laid bases for new drugs discovery in treating POP.

RNAi screens identify HES4 as a regulator of redox balance supporting pyrimidine synthesis and tumor growth.

NADH/NAD+ redox balance is pivotal for cellular metabolism. Systematic identification of NAD(H) redox regulators, although currently lacking, would help uncover unknown effectors critically implicated in the coordination of growth metabolism. In this study, we performed a genome-scale RNA interference (RNAi) screen to globally survey the genes involved in redox modulation and identified the HES family bHLH transcription factor HES4 as a negative regulator of NADH/NAD+ ratio. Functionally, HES4 is shown to be crucial for maintaining mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) activity and pyrimidine synthesis. More specifically, HES4 directly represses transcription of SLC44A2 and SDS, thereby inhibiting mitochondrial choline oxidation and cytosolic serine deamination, respectively, which, in turn, ensures coenzyme Q reduction capacity for DHODH-mediated UMP synthesis and serine-derived dTMP production. Accordingly, inhibition of choline oxidation preserves mitochondrial serine catabolism and ETC-coupled redox balance. Furthermore, HES4 protein stability is enhanced under EGFR activation, and increased HES4 levels facilitate EGFR-driven tumor growth and predict poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. These findings illustrate an unidentified mechanism, underlying pyrimidine biosynthesis in the intersection between serine and choline catabolism, and underscore the physiological importance of HES4 in tumor metabolism.

IGF1R-phosphorylated PYCR1 facilitates ELK4 transcriptional activity and sustains tumor growth under hypoxia.

The proline synthesis is importantly involved in tumor growth under hypoxia, while the underlying mechanism remains to be further investigated. Here we show that pyrroline-5-carpoxylate reductase-1 (PYCR1), displaying a constant nuclear localization, is phosphorylated by nuclear IGF1R at Tyrosine 135 under hypoxia; this phosphorylation promotes the binding of PYCR1 to ELK4 and thus PYCR1 recruitment to ELK4-targeted genes promoter. Under hypoxia, ELK4-binding ability and enzymatic activity of PYCR1 are both required for ELK4-Sirt7-mediated transcriptional repression and cell growth maintenance, in which PYCR1-catalyzed NAD+ production stimulates the deacetylation activity of Sirt7 on H3K18ac that restrains genes transcription. Functionally, PYCR1 Tyr-135 phosphorylation exerts supportive effect on tumor growth under hypoxia, and the level of PYCR1 Tyr-135 phosphorylation is associated with malignancy of colorectal cancer (CRC). These data uncover the relationship between the compartmentally metabolic activity of PYCR1 and genes transcription regulation, and highlight the oncogenic role of PYCR1 during CRC development.

The negative effect of G1958A polymorphism on MTHFD1 protein stability and HCC growth.

PURPOSE: Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1), a key enzyme on the folate pathway, has been implicated in the tumor development of distinct types of cancers. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of 1958G > A mutation in the coding region of MTHFD1 (arginine 653 is mutated into glutamine) has been detected in a significant proportion of clinical samples of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS : Hepatoma cell lines, 97H and Hep3B were used. The expression of MTHFD1 and SNP mutation protein was determined by immunoblotting analysis. The protein ubiquitination of MTHFD1 was detected by immunoprecipitation analysis. The post-translational modification sites and interacting proteins of MTHFD1 in the presence of G1958A SNP were identified by mass spectrometry. Metabolic flux analysis was used to detect the synthesis of relevant metabolites sourced from serine isotope. RESULTS: The present study showed G1958A SNP of MTHFD1, encoding MTHFD1 R653Q, was associated with the attenuated protein stability caused by ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation. Mechanistically, MTHFD1 R653Q displayed an enhanced binding to the E3 ligase TRIM21, which was responsible for the augmented ubiquitination, and MTHFD1 K504 was identified to be the primary ubiquitination site. The subsequent metabolite analysis revealed MTHFD1 R653Q resulted in the repressed flux of serine-derived methyl group into metabolite precursors for purine synthesis, and the compromised purine synthesis was demonstrated to be responsible for the impeded growth capability in MTHFD1 R653Q-expressing cells. Moreover, the suppressive effect of MTHFD1 R653Q expression in tumorigenesis was verified by xenograft analysis, and the relationship between MTHFD1 G1958A SNP and its protein levels was revealed in clinical human liver cancer specimens. CONCLUSION: Our results uncovered an unidentified mechanism underlying of the impact of G1958A SNP on MTHFD1 protein stability and tumor metabolism in HCC. which provides a molecular basis for the according clinical management when considering MTHFD1 as a therapeutic target.

GFAT1-linked TAB1 glutamylation sustains p38 MAPK activation and promotes lung cancer cell survival under glucose starvation.

Reprogrammed cell metabolism is deemed as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) acts as an "energy sensor" in cells to regulate metabolic fluxes. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of HBP, is broadly found with elevated expression in human cancers though its exact and concrete role in tumorigenesis still remains unknown and needs further investigation. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important component of stress-signaling pathway and plays a critical role in cell fate decision, whereas the underlying mechanism of its activation under nutrient stress also remains elusive. In this study, we show that glucose deprivation induces the interaction of GFAT1 with transforming growth factor ß-activated kinase 1 binding protein 1 (TAB1) in a TAB1 S438 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Subsequently, the binding of GFAT1 to TAB1 facilitates TTLL5-GFAT1-TAB1 complex formation, and the metabolic activity of GFAT1 for glutamate production further contributes to TTLL5-mediated TAB1 glutamylation. In consequence, TAB1 glutamylation promotes the recruitment of p38α MAPK and thus drives p38 MAPK activation. Physiologically, GFAT1-TAB1-p38 signaling promotes autophagy occurrence and thus protects tumor cell survival under glucose deficiency. Clinical analysis indicates that both GFAT1 and TAB1 S438 phosphorylation levels correlate with the poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients. These findings altogether uncover an unidentified mechanism underlying p38 MAPK signaling regulation by metabolic enzyme upon nutrient stress and provide theoretical rationality of targeting GFAT1 for cancer treatment.

The alternative activity of nuclear PHGDH contributes to tumour growth under nutrient stress.

The multifunctional roles of metabolic enzymes allow for the integration of multiple signals to precisely transduce external stimuli into cell fate decisions. Elevation of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo serine biosynthesis, is broadly associated with human cancer development; although how PHGDH activity is regulated and its implication in tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here we show that glucose restriction induces the phosphorylation of PHGDH by p38 at Ser371, which promotes the translocation of PHGDH from the cytosol into the nucleus. Concurrently, AMPK phosphorylates PHGDH-Ser55, selectively increasing PHGDH oxidation of malate into oxaloacetate, thus generating NADH. In the nucleus, the altered PHGDH activity restricts NAD+ level and compartmentally repressed NAD+-dependent PARP1 activity for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of c-Jun, thereby leading to impaired c-Jun transcriptional activity linked to cell growth inhibition. Physiologically, nuclear PHGDH sustains tumour growth under nutrient stress, and the levels of PHGDH-Ser371 and PHGDH-Ser55 phosphorylation correlate with p38 and AMPK activity, respectively, in clinical human pancreatic cancer specimens. These findings illustrate a previously unidentified nutrient-sensing mechanism with the critical involvement of a non-canonical metabolic effect of PHGDH and underscore the functional importance of alternative PHGDH activity in tumorigenesis.

Muscone Ameliorates LPS-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors and Inhibits Neuroinflammation in Prefrontal Cortex of Mice.

Depression is partially caused by inflammation in the central nervous system. Early study demonstrated that musk, glandular secretion from male musk deer, exerted an antidepressant-like effect. The aim of this study was to investigate if muscone, a bioactive ingredient in musk, could ameliorate neuroinflammation and depressive-like behaviors as well as explore the potential action mechanism. Mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with muscone for 2 weeks prior to administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 1mg/kg, i.p.). Pre-treatment with muscone reversed the LPS-induced decrease in body weight within 24h and ameliorated depressive-like behaviors shown by sucrose preference, tail suspension test, and forced swimming test. LPS-induced activation of microglial cells and elevation in expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1ß, RANTES, and MCP-1 in the prefrontal cortex of mice were effectively abrogated by muscone, which significantly down-regulated expression of TLR4, MyD88, Caspase-1, NLRP3, renin, and Ang II. In addition, treatment of BV2 microglia cells with muscone markedly attenuated the LPS-induced rise in protein expression of TLR4, Ang II, and IL-1ß. This study revealed that muscone could ameliorate LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors by repressing neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex of mice caused by its suppression on microglia activation and production of inflammatory cytokines via acting on TLR4 pathway and RAS cascade.

Paricalcitol alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior by suppressing hypothalamic microglia activation and neuroinflammation.

Depression is highly prevalent in patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases. Dysregulated neuroinflammation and concomitant activated microglia play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of depression. Paricalcitol (Pari), a vitamin D2 analogue, has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammative effects on renal and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, mice were pretreated with Pari before being induced to acute depression-like behaviors by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. To determine the therapeutic effects of Pari, alterations in acute body weight, sucrose preference, forced swimming and tail suspension tests were assessed. Then, alterations of pro-inflammation cytokine IL1-ß level and microglia activity in the hypothalamus, which are involved in the pathophysiology of depression, were examined. The results showed that Pari significantly alleviated systemic LPS injection induced depressive-like behaviors as shown by increased sucrose preference and decreased TST and FST immobility. Pari could specifically regulate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation process and local activity of renin-angiotensin system to exert its anti-depressant effects. This study demonstrated a potential for paricalcitol in treating depressive symptoms induced by systemic inflammation, particularly in patients with chronic hypertension.

The naturally derived small compound Osthole inhibits osteoclastogenesis to prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice.

OBJECTIVE: This study was to determine the bone protective effects and underlying mechanisms of Osthole (OT) in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. We found that the inhibitory effects of OT on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-activated osteoclastogenesis are responsible for its bone protective effects in OVX mice. METHODS: Eight-week-old mice were ovariectomized and OT (10 mg/kg/d) was intraperitoneally administrated to OVX mice 7 days after the surgery and were sacrificed at the end of the 3 months. Osteoclasts were generated from primary bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) to investigate the inhibitory effects of OT. The activity of RANKL-activated signaling was simultaneously analyzed in vitro and in vivo using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and PCR assays. RESULTS: OT dose dependently inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in BMM cultures. OT administration attenuated bone loss (mg Ha/cm: 894.68 ±â€Š33.56 vs 748.08 ±â€Š19.51, P < 0.05) in OVX mice. OT inhibits osteoclastogenesis (Oc.N/per view area: 72 ±â€Š4.3 vs 0.8 ±â€Š0.4, P < 0.05) and bone resorption activity (bone resorbed percentages %, 48.56 ±â€Š7.25 vs 3.25 ±â€Š1.37, P < 0.05) from BMMs. Mechanistically, OT inhibited the expressions of nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos. Moreover, OT suppressed the expression of RANKL-induced osteoclast marker genes, including matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), Cathepsin K (Ctsk), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and carbonic anhydrase II (Car2). CONCLUSIONS: OT inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and prevents bone loss in OVX mice. Our findings revealed that OT is a potential new drug for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Effect of the water fraction isolated from Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract on bone metabolism via antagonizing a calcium-sensing receptor in experimental type 1 diabetic rats.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that the extract of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) can maintain in vivo calcium homeostasis in aged and ovariectomized rats. This study was designed to elucidate the action of water fraction isolated from the FLL extract on bone metabolism and a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in parathyroid glands and kidneys of diabetic rats. The streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with vehicle, FLL extract, and the water fraction (WF) isolated from the FLL extract for 4 weeks. Treatment with WF dramatically increased the serum levels of both calcium and parathyroid hormone and reduced urinary calcium excretion in diabetic rats as well as improved the pathological changes of trabecular bone as shown by the increased BA/TA, BMD/BV, and BV/TV. The mRNA expression of the calcium-binding protein 9k and protein expression of a vitamin D receptor (VDR) and plasma membrane Ca-ATPase in duodenum were significantly increased in diabetic rats after treatment with WF, which reduced the expression of CaSR in parathyroid gland and kidney as well as inhibited the up-regulation of VDR and 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24 hydroxylase expressions in the kidney of diabetic rats. This study reveals that the water fraction may be an active component of the FLL extract that exerts beneficial effects on improving bone metabolism via regulating vitamin D metabolism in kidney and vitamin D-dependent calcium transporters in duodenum as well as modulating the expression of CaSR in the parathyroid gland and kidneys.

Differential response of bone and kidney to ACEI in db/db mice: A potential effect of captopril on accelerating bone loss.

The components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are expressed in the kidney and bone. Kidney disease and bone injury are common complications associated with diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, on the kidney and bone of db/db mice. The db/db mice were orally administered by gavage with captopril for 8weeks with db/+ mice as the non-diabetic control. Serum and urine biochemistries were determined by standard colorimetric methods or ELISA. Histological measurements were performed on the kidney by periodic acid-schiff staining and on the tibial proximal metaphysis by safranin O and masson-trichrome staining. Trabecular bone mass and bone quality were analyzed by microcomputed tomography. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were applied for molecular analysis on mRNA and protein expression. Captopril significantly improved albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis in db/db mice, and these effects might be attributed to the down-regulation of angiotensin II expression and the expression of its down-stream profibrotic factors in the kidney, like connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus markedly increased in db/db mice in response to captopril. Treatment with captopril induced a decrease in bone mineral density and deterioration of trabecular bone at proximal metaphysis of tibia in db/db mice, as shown in the histological and reconstructed 3-dimensional images. Even though captopril effectively reversed the diabetes-induced changes in calcium-binding protein 28-k and vitamin D receptor expression in the kidney as well as the expression of RAS components and bradykinin receptor-2 in bone tissue, treatment with captopril increased the osteoclast-covered bone surface, reduced the osteoblast-covered bone surface, down-regulated the expression of type 1 collagen and transcription factor runt-related transcription factor 2 (markers for osteoblastic functions), and up-regulated the expression of carbonic anhydrase II (marker for bone resorption). Captopril exerted therapeutic effects on renal injuries associated with type 2 diabetes but worsened the deteriorations of trabecular bone in db/db mice; the latter of which was at least in part due to the stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and the suppression of osteogenesis by captopril.