Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: indications and future perspective.

Recent advances in techniques, technologies and proven superiority over anti-arrhythmic drugs have made catheter ablation the cornerstone of management for atrial fibrillation (AF), which has shown a steady increase in prevalence in the ageing population worldwide. The aim of therapeutic interventions is to achieve stable sinus rhythm that would improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of AF-associated complications. Pulmonary veins (PVs) were first described as the source of initiation of ectopic triggers driving AF, which led to the establishment of PV isolation (PVI) as the most widely practiced procedure to treat AF. Antral PVI is still recognized as the stand-alone ablation strategy for newly diagnosed paroxysmal AF (PAF). However, in non-PAF patients, PVI seems to be inadequate and several adjunctive strategies, including ablation of left atrial posterior wall and non-PV triggers, AF mapping and ablation of rotors and drivers, ethanol infusion of vein of Marshall and renal denervation, etc. have been reported with mixed results. Recent trials have also documented the benefits of early rhythm control in preventing cardiovascular events in addition to slowing the progression of PAF to more persistent forms. Similarly, very late relapse of the arrhythmia after successful PVI has drawn attention to the critical role of non-PV triggers and highlighted their relevance as potential ablation targets during repeat procedures. Ablation technology is also under constant evolution with the introduction of non-thermal energy sources and new tools to create durable lesions. This review summarizes the indications, advancements, and future perspective of AF ablation.

An online survey of clinical practice for allergic rhinitis among the Asia-Pacific representatives.

BACKGROUND: Physicians' knowledge and practice which are consistent with evidence-based guidelines can improve allergic rhinitis (AR) patients' care. Compared with western countries, the available literature about Asian doctors' perceptions and clinical practices regarding Allergic Rhinitis and its Impacts on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines is limited. OBJECTIVE: To collect detailed information about the practical management patterns specific for AR patients and investigate compliance with ARIA in the clinical practice of Asian physicians and elucidate the possible inadequacy in the existing ARIA guidelines. METHODS: An e-mail with a structured questionnaire was sent to members of the Asia-Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology. The questionnaire consisted of doctors' characteristics, environment of medical practice, routine clinical practice following ARIA guidelines and patients' adherence to the prescription. RESULTS: Physicians from 14 countries and regions sent valid questionnaires back, 94.12% of whom were senior doctors with more than 10 years of experience. 88.24% of doctors diagnosed AR depending on the history combined with allergy tests. 82.35% of participants employed the classification criteria by ARIA. 94.12%, 88.24% and 41.8% of respondents recommended intranasal corticosteroids, oral antihistamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists as first-line medications. 5.88% treated perennial AR by intranasal corticosteroids alone. 11.76% of clinicians recommended no allergen immunotherapy (AIT) or biologics and 58.82% of interviewees reported AR patients occasionally or sometimes agreed with the recommendation of AIT. CONCLUSIONS: There was high compliance with ARIA guidelines in Asian senior physicians' actual notion and practice in the management of AR. New-generation ARIA guidelines are imperative for unmet needs.

The 'double transition': a novel electrocardiogram sign to discriminate posteroseptal accessory pathways ablated from the right endocardium from those requiring a left-sided or epicardial coronary venous approach.

AIMS: The precise localization of manifest posteroseptal accessory pathways (APs) often poses diagnostic challenges considering that a small area may encompass AP that may be ablated from the right or left endocardium, or epicardially within the coronary sinus (CS). We sought to explore whether the QRS transition pattern in the precordial lead may help to discriminate the necessary ablation approach. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients who underwent a successful ablation of a single manifest AP over a 5-year period were included. Standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were reviewed. A total of 273 patients were identified. Mean age was 31 ± 15 years and 62% were male. Of the 110 identified posteroseptal AP, 64 were ablated from the right endocardium, 33 from the left endocardium, and 13 inside the CS. While a normal precordial QRS transition was most often observed, a subset of 33 patients presented an atypical 'double transition' pattern which specifically identified right endocardial AP. The combination of a q wave in V1 with a proportion of the positive QRS component in V1 < V2 > V3, predicted a right endocardial AP with a 100% specificity. In case of a positive QRS sum in V2, this 'double transition' pattern predicted a posteroseptal right endocardial AP with 99.5% specificity and 44% sensitivity. The positive predictive value was 97%. The only false positive was a midseptal AP. In the case of a negative or isoelectric QRS sum in V2, APs were located more laterally on the tricuspid annulus. CONCLUSION: The combination of a q wave in V1 with a double QRS transition pattern in the precordial leads is highly specific of a right endocardial AP and rules out the need for CS or left-sided mapping.

Atrial tachycardias: Cause or effect with ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation?

INTRODUCTION: It is largely believed that atrial tachycardias (ATs) encountered during ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF) are a byproduct of ablative lesions. We aimed to explore the alternative hypothesis that they may be a priori drivers of AF remaining masked until other AF sources are reduced or eliminated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Radiofrequency ablation of fibrillatory drivers mapped by electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI; ECVUE™, Cardioinsight Technologies, Cleveland, OH, USA) terminated PsAF in 198 (73%) out of 270 patients (61 ± 10 years, 9 ± 9 m). Two hundred and six ATs in 158 patients were subsequently mapped. Their anatomic relationship to the fibrillatory drivers prospectively identified by ECGI was then established. There were 26 (13%), 52 (25%), and 128 (62%) focal, localized, and macrore-entrant ATs, respectively. In focal/localized re-entrant ATs, 64 (82%) were terminated within an AF-driver region, in which 26 (81%) among 32 focal/localized ATs analyzed with 3-D-mapping system merged to driver map occurred from AF-driver regions in 1.0 ± 1.0 cm distance from the driver core. Importantly, there was no attempt at ablation of the associated AF-driver region in 25 of 64 (39%) of focal/localized re-entrant ATs. The sites of ATs origin generally had low-voltage, fractionated, and long-duration electrograms in AF. All but two focal/localized re-entrant ATs were successfully ablated. CONCLUSION: The majority of post-AF-ablation focal and localized re-entrant ATs originate from the region of prospectively established AF-driver regions. A third of these are localized to regions not subsequently submitted to ablation. These data suggest that many ATs exist, although not necessarily manifest independently, prior to ablation. They may have a role in the maintenance of PsAF in these individuals.

Middle lobe syndrome: An exceptional presentation of concomitant lepidic adenocarcinoma and bronchial anthracofibrosis.

Lepidic adenocarcinoma previously known as bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is a non-small cell lung cancer with an indolent presentation. Bronchial anthracofibrosis (BAF) is caused by long-standing exposure to biomass fuel smoke often in poorly ventilated kitchen. Middle lobe syndrome (MLS) due to BAF is not uncommon however, lepidic adenocarcinoma then known as BAC, presenting as MLS has been documented only once before in the Polish literature. A 68-year-old never-smoker female with biomass fuel smoke exposure presented with cough and breathlessness. Imaging revealed MLS. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy visualised bluish-black hyperpigmentation with narrowing and distortion of right middle lobe bronchus suggestive of BAF. Transbronchial biopsy confirmed presence of lepidic adenocarcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed description of lepidic adenocarcinoma and BAF presenting as MLS.

Intermittent drivers anchoring to structural heterogeneities as a major pathophysiological mechanism of human persistent atrial fibrillation.

The mechanisms responsible for perpetuation of human persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) are controversial and probably vary between individuals. A wide spectrum of mechanisms have been described in experimental studies, ranging from a single localized stable (focal/reentrant) source, to multiple sources, up to diffuse bi-atrial wavelets. We characterized AF drivers in patients with persistent AF (lasting less than 1 year) using novel high resolution mapping, imaging and modelling approaches with the objective of evaluating their relationship to atrial structural heterogeneities. Using panoramic non-invasive mapping in humans, focal or reentrant sources driving AF waves were identified, originating from multiple distinct regions and exhibiting short lifespans and periodic recurrences in the same locations. The reentrant driver regions harboured long, fractionated electrograms covering most of the fibrillatory cycle lengths with varying beat-to-beat sequences suggestive of unstable trajectories attached to slow conducting heterogeneous tissue. MRI atrial imaging demonstrated that such drivers preferentially clustered at the borders of fibrotic atrial regions. In patient-specific computer simulations, sustained AF was shown to be driven by meandering transitory reentries attached to fibrosis borders expressing specific metrics in density and extent. Finally, random microstructural alterations devoid of cellular electrical changes were modelled, showing that a percolation mechanism could also explain atrial reentries and complex fractionated electrograms. These data from clinical, imaging and computational studies strongly suggest that intermittent and spatially unstable drivers anchoring to structural heterogeneities are a major pathophysiological mechanism in human persistent atrial fibrillation.

Occurrence and impact of sinusitis in patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis.

OBJECTIVE: The occurrence of radiological sinusitis in patients with asthma without any obvious nasal symptoms could possibly increase the severity of asthma. We investigated the occurrence and impact of sinusitis on computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses (CT-PNS) in patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Effect of sinusitis on the quality of life (QoL) was also assessed. METHODS: All subjects underwent spirometry with reversibility, CT-PNS, intradermal test against common aeroallergens and responded to Symptom Severity Score and Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI). Of the 216 consecutive patients, 27 had asthma without nasal symptoms (Group 1), 58 had asthma with allergic rhinitis (Group 2) and 131 had allergic rhinitis (Group 3). Thirty normal healthy controls without atopy were also included (Group 4). RESULTS: 20/27 (74%) patients in Group 1 had sinusitis on CT-PNS. 48/58 (82%) patients in Group 2 and 88/131 (67%) patients in Group 3 had chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) as confirmed on CT-PNS. 6/30 (20%) healthy controls in Group 4 had mucosal thickening. Asthmatics with radiological sinusitis in Group 1 and with CRS in Group 2 had significantly lower FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, were more symptomatic and had a greater impairment of QoL. The mean sinus severity score was significantly higher in Group 2. In Group 3, sinusitis occurred significantly higher in "blockers" than "sneezers-runners" (41/79 versus 47/52, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Occurrence of radiological sinusitis on CT-PNS in asthmatics without nasal symptoms and CRS in allergic rhinitis with or without asthma increases the severity of the disease and affects the QoL.

Driver domains in persistent atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Specific noninvasive signal processing was applied to identify drivers in distinct categories of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: In 103 consecutive patients with persistent AF, accurate biatrial geometry relative to an array of 252 body surface electrodes was obtained from a noncontrast computed tomography scan. The reconstructed unipolar AF electrograms acquired at bedside from multiple windows (duration, 9±1 s) were signal processed to identify the drivers (focal or reentrant activity) and their cumulative density map. The driver domains were catheter ablated by using AF termination as the procedural end point in comparison with the stepwise-ablation control group. The maps showed incessantly changing beat-to-beat wave fronts and varying spatiotemporal behavior of driver activities. Reentries were not sustained (median, 2.6 rotations lasting 449±89 ms), meandered substantially but recurred repetitively in the same region. In total, 4720 drivers were identified in 103 patients: 3802 (80.5%) reentries and 918 (19.5%) focal breakthroughs; most of them colocalized. Of these, 69% reentries and 71% foci were in the left atrium. Driver ablation alone terminated 75% and 15% of persistent and long-lasting AF, respectively. The number of targeted driver regions increased with the duration of continuous AF: 2 in patients presenting in sinus rhythm, 3 in AF lasting 1 to 3 months, 4 in AF lasting 4 to 6 months, and 6 in AF lasting longer. The termination rate sharply declined after 6 months. The mean radiofrequency delivery to AF termination was 28±17 minutes versus 65±33 minutes in the control group (P<0.0001). At 12 months, 85% patients with AF termination were free from AF, similar to the control population (87%,); P=not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent AF in early months is maintained predominantly by drivers clustered in a few regions, most of them being unstable reentries.

Impact of Substrate-Based Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia on Cardiac Mortality in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators.

INTRODUCTION: This study sought to determine if the acute procedural outcome of ventricular tachycardia (VT) substrate ablation is associated with a mortality benefit in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 195 ICD recipients (65 ± 11years) with ischemic or nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy underwent substrate-based ablation targeting elimination of local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVA). Acute procedural success, which was defined as elimination of all identified LAVA in addition to the lack of VT inducibility, was achieved in 95 (49%) patients. During a median follow-up of 23 months, patients with acute procedure success had a significantly lower incidence of ICD shocks compared to those with ablation failure (8% vs. 30%, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, acute procedural success was associated with a lower risk of VT recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18-0.49, P < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.17-0.60, P < 0.001). While the impact of ablation success on mortality was not statistically significant in patients with LVEF > 35% (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.15-1.34, P = 0.15) and those with NYHA class I/II (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.29-1.40, P = 0.26), it was marked in patients with LVEF ≤ 35% (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.62, P = 0.001) and NYHA class III/IV (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.05-0.57, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: LAVA elimination in addition to VT noninducibility as a procedural outcome for substrate-based ablation is associated with reduced mortality and better VT-free survival during follow-up. This prognostic benefit may be most pronounced in patients with severe heart failure as indicated by severely depressed LV function and NYHA class III/IV symptoms.

Focal Arrhythmia Ablation Determined by High-Resolution Noninvasive Maps: Multicenter Feasibility Study.

INTRODUCTION: A noninvasive 3D mapping technique (ECVUE™, CardioInsight Inc., Cleveland) maps the origin and mechanisms of various arrhythmias without catheterizing the heart. METHODS: Thirty-three patients (3 centers, mean 45.0 ± 14.6 years,) with symptomatic premature ventricular complexes (24 PVCs), focal atrial tachycardias (2 ATs), and manifest accessory pathways (7 WPW syndromes) were prospectively explored using 3D, noninvasive bedside electrocardiomapping. The location of origin of the focal arrhythmia was first determined using noninvasive mapping. Subsequently, a stimulus artifact was delivered at this site to confirm and evaluate the precise location of the mapped focal origin. The procedural parameters and clinical efficacy were studied. RESULTS: Ablation was successful in 32/33 (97%) patients (PVCs: 13 right, 10 left, 1 septal; WPW: 3 left, 3 right; ATs: 2 left) without complications. The time from catheterization to permanent arrhythmia elimination/termination, RF duration, skin-to-skin procedural duration, and fluoroscopic exposure were median 16, 3.98, 71, and 11.9 minutes (for n = 29), respectively. At mean 24.7 ± 3.7 months of follow-up, 31 patients remain arrhythmia-free after a single procedure. One patient (right WPW syndrome) required repeat ablation 1 month later. One patient had recurrence of PVCs and is now deceased. The cumulative radiation (CT scan and fluoroscopy) exposure was median 7.57 mSv. CONCLUSION: ECVUE(TM) is a noninvasive tool allowing rapid preprocedural localization of focal arrhythmia and enables the electrophysiologist with highly specific information to direct RF delivery at the source of the arrhythmia with minimal intracardiac mapping.

Length of the Mitral Isthmus But Not Anatomical Location of Ablation Line Predicts Bidirectional Mitral Isthmus Block in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Mitral isthmus (MI) ablation is an effective option in patients undergoing ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Achieving bidirectional conduction block across the MI is challenging, and predictors of MI ablation success remain incompletely understood. We sought to determine the impact of anatomical location of the ablation line on the efficacy of MI ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 40 consecutive patients (87% male; 54 ± 10 years) undergoing stepwise AF ablation were included. MI ablation was performed in sinus rhythm. MI ablation was performed from the left inferior PV to either the posterior (group 1) or the anterolateral (group 2) mitral annulus depending on randomization. The length of the MI line (measured with the 3D mapping system) and the amplitude of the EGMs at 3 positions on the MI were measured in each patient. MI block was achieved in 14/19 (74%) patients in group 1 and 15/21 (71%) patients in group 2 (P = NS). Total MI radiofrequency time (18 ± 7 min vs. 17 ± 8 min; P = NS) was similar between groups. Patients with incomplete MI block had a longer MI length (34 ± 6 mm vs. 24 ± 5 mm; P < 0.001), a higher bipolar voltage along the MI (1.75 ± 0.74 mV vs. 1.05 ± 0.69 mV; P < 0.01), and a longer history of continuous AF (19 ± 17 months vs. 10 ± 10 months; P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, decreased length of the MI was an independent predictor of successful MI block (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.1; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased length but not anatomical location of the MI predicts failure to achieve bidirectional MI block during ablation of persistent AF.

Does diffuse irrigation result in improved radiofrequency catheter ablation? A prospective randomized study of right atrial typical flutter ablation.

AIMS: Recent developments of open irrigated catheters have sought to create uniform cooling of the entire ablating electrode. The aim of this randomized study was to assess whether the diffuse irrigation of the Coolflex(®) (CF) catheter results in improved short-term procedural benefits in patients undergoing ablation of right atrial typical flutter. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty consecutive patients (age 62 ± 13) with typical atrial flutter were prospectively randomized to ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) using either a standard 3.5 mm tip ablation catheter with six distal irrigation channels (6C) (30 patients) or a 4 mm tip fully irrigated ablation catheter (CF) (30 patients). There were no significant differences seen between procedures performed with the diffusely irrigated CF catheter and the standard six-channel irrigated-tip catheter. This concerned the total procedural duration RF duration, fluoroscopic duration, the total amount of irrigation fluid, and the occurrence of steam pop. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a diffuse irrigation at the ablation catheter tip does neither facilitate lesion formation nor reduce the amount of irrigation during RF ablation for typical right atrial flutter using recommended flow and power settings.

Non-invasive Mapping of Cardiac Arrhythmias.

Since more than 100 years, 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) is the standard-of-care tool, which involves measuring electrical potentials from limited sites on the body surface to diagnose cardiac disorder, its possible mechanism, and the likely site of origin. Several decades of research has led to the development of a 252-lead ECG and computed tomography (CT) scan-based three-dimensional electro-imaging modality to non-invasively map abnormal cardiac rhythms including fibrillation. These maps provide guidance towards ablative therapy and thereby help advance the management of complex heart rhythm disorders. Here, we describe the clinical experience obtained using non-invasive technique in mapping the electrical disorder and guide the catheter ablation of atrial arrhythmias (premature atrial beat, atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation), ventricular arrhythmias (premature ventricular beats), and ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome).

Non-invasive cardiac mapping in clinical practice: Application to the ablation of cardiac arrhythmias.

Ten years ago, electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) started to demonstrate its efficiency in clinical settings. The initial application to localize focal ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular premature beats was probably the easiest to challenge and validates the concept. Our clinical experience in using this non-invasive mapping technique to identify the sources of electrical disorders and guide catheter ablation of atrial arrhythmias (premature atrial beat, atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation), ventricular arrhythmias (premature ventricular beats) and ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) is described here.

Middle lobe syndrome: an extraordinary presentation of endobronchial tuberculosis.

Tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree, termed as endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB), is more common in young adults and females. This clinical entity is poorly understood and the diagnosis is frequently delayed as sputum smears are often negative for acid fast bacilli and the chest radiograph can be normal, resulting in diagnostic confusion. Bronchoscopy continues to play a key role in its diagnosis. Though atelectasis is not uncommon in these patients, EBTB presenting as a middle lobe syndrome (MLS) has rarely been documented. MLS refers to chronic or recurrent collapse of the right middle lobe and has a myriad of causes. The pathogenesis of this entity too is not fully established. We report this exceptional clinical manifestation in a 19-year-old male, who presented for evaluation of respiratory symptoms for 6 months along with constitutional complaints. Imaging suggested the presence of MLS and bronchoscopy established the diagnosis of endobronchial tuberculosis. GeneXpert evaluation of bronchial aspirate detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Histopathology confirmed the presence of granulomatous lesions. Subsequently, the cultures of bronchial aspirate and post-bronchoscopy sputum grew M. tuberculosis. Appropriate therapy with anti-tuberculosis drugs resulted in a remarkable symptomatic and radiological improvement. EBTB presenting as a MLS is a distinct rarity.

Chronic pneumonia due to Klebsiella oxytoca mimicking pulmonary tuberculosis.

Klebsiella species infrequently cause acute community acquired pneumonia (CAP). The chronic form of the disease caused by K. pneumoniae (Friedlander's bacillus) was occasionally seen in the pre-antibiotic era. K. oxytoca is a singularly uncommon cause of CAP. The chronic form of the disease caused by K. oxytoca has been documented only once before. A 50-year-old immunocompetent male smoker presented with haemoptysis for 12 months. Imaging demonstrated a cavitary lesion in the right upper lobe with emphysematous changes. Sputum stains and cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative. However, three sputum samples for aerobic culture as well as bronchial aspirate cultured pure growth of K. oxytoca. A diagnosis of chronic pneumonia due to K. oxytoca was established and with appropriate therapy, the patient was largely asymptomatic. The remarkable clinical and radiological similarity to pulmonary tuberculosis can result in patients with chronic Klebsiella pneumonia erroneously receiving anti-tuberculous therapy.

Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma presenting as a "non-resolving consolidation" for two years.

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), a rare form of lung malignancy, is usually seen in non-smokers and women. Three distinct histological forms have been identified viz, mucinous, non-mucinous and mixed or indeterminate. The mucinous variety of BAC may present as a consolidation which is very difficult to differentiate from an infective pneumonia. We present a case of a middle aged female who was evaluated for a "non-resolving consolidation" for a period of two years. She had undergone an inconclusive bronchoscopy and had received several courses of antibiotics including anti-tuberculous therapy without relief. The size of the lesion had remained largely unchanged during this period and there was no significant clinical deterioration in the patient. Transbronchial biopsy done on presentation revealed BAC of the mucinous variety. BAC presenting as a large consolidation without significant change for a period of two years has rarely been documented in the literature.

Mechanisms of pulmonary vein reconnection after radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation: the deterministic role of contact force and interlesion distance.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary vein reconnection (PVR) is an important cause of AF recurrence after ablation. With the advent of force sensing catheters, catheter-tissue contact can be determined quantitatively. Since contact force (CF) plays a major role in determining the characteristics of RF lesion, we prospectively assessed the mechanisms of PVR with regard to catheter-contact and lesion distances in patients undergoing AF ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty symptomatic AF patients underwent wide circumferential PV isolation (PVI) with SmartTouch™ CF catheter. The exact locations of acute PVI and spontaneous or adenosine-provoked PVR were annotated on CARTO. One thousand nine hundred and twenty-six RF lesions isolated 153 PVs. PVR occurred in 35 (23%) PVs: 22 (63%) adenosine-provoked and 13 (37%) spontaneous. CF was significantly lower at PVR versus PVI sites for RF lesions within 6 mm from these sites: mean CF 5 versus 11 g (P < 0.0001) and force-time integral (FTI) 225 versus 415 gs (P < 0.0001); 86% of PVR occurred with a mean CF < 10 g (FTI < 400 gs); and the remaining 14% occurred at ablation sites with a long interlesion distance (≥5 mm) despite mean CF ≥ 10 g. Eighty percent of PVR sites were located anteriorly. There were no significant differences in regard to arrhythmia freedom between the patients without (69%) versus with PVR (67%; P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Acutely durable PVI can be achieved when RF lesions are delivered with a mean CF ≥ 10 g and an interlesion distance <5 mm. The majority of PVR occur anteriorly due to inadequate CF or long interlesion distances.

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction with mango.

Hypersensitivity to the fruit mango is extremely rare and can exhibit either as immediate or delayed reactions. Since 1939, only 22 patients (10 with immediate type I reactions and 12 with delayed) have been documented with allergy to mango. History of atopy and geographical region may influence the type of reaction. Immediate reactions occurred most often in patients with history of atopy, while delayed reactions developed in non-atopic individuals. Clustering of delayed hypersensitivity reports from Australia and immediate reactions from Europe has been documented. We report a 50-year-old man with immediate type I hypersensitivity to mango, who developed cough, wheezing dyspnoea, generalised itching and abdominal discomfort after ingestion of mango. Life threatening event can also happen making it imperative to diagnose on time, so as to prevent significant morbidity and potential mortality.

Elimination of local abnormal ventricular activities: a new end point for substrate modification in patients with scar-related ventricular tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is effective and particularly useful in patients with frequent defibrillator interventions. Various substrate modification techniques have been described for unmappable or hemodynamically intolerable VT. Noninducibility is the most frequently used end point but is associated with significant limitations, so the optimal end point remains unclear. We hypothesized that elimination of local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVAs) during sinus rhythm or ventricular pacing would be a useful and effective end point for substrate-based VT ablation. As an adjunct to this strategy, we used a new high-density mapping catheter and frequently used epicardial mapping. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy patients (age, 67±11 years; 7 female) with VT and structurally abnormal ventricle(s) were prospectively enrolled. Conventional mapping was performed in sinus rhythm in all, and a high-density Pentaray mapping catheter was used in the endocardium (n=35) and epicardially. LAVAs were recorded in 67 patients (95.7%; 95% confidence interval, 89.2-98.9). Catheter ablation was performed targeting LAVA with an irrigated-tip catheter placed endocardially via a transseptal or retrograde aortic approach or epicardially via the subxiphoid approach. LAVAs were successfully abolished or dissociated in 47 of 67 patients (70.1%; 95% confidence interval, 58.7-80.1). In multivariate analysis, LAVA elimination was independently associated with a reduction in recurrent VT or death (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.95; P=0.035) during long-term follow-up (median, 22 months). CONCLUSIONS: LAVAs can be identified in most patients with scar-related VT. Elimination of LAVAs is feasible and safe and is associated with superior survival free from recurrent VT.