Dual quantum spin Hall insulator by density-tuned correlations in TaIrTe4.

The convergence of topology and correlations represents a highly coveted realm in the pursuit of new quantum states of matter1. Introducing electron correlations to a quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator can lead to the emergence of a fractional topological insulator and other exotic time-reversal-symmetric topological order2-8, not possible in quantum Hall and Chern insulator systems. Here we report a new dual QSH insulator within the intrinsic monolayer crystal of TaIrTe4, arising from the interplay of its single-particle topology and density-tuned electron correlations. At charge neutrality, monolayer TaIrTe4 demonstrates the QSH insulator, manifesting enhanced nonlocal transport and quantized helical edge conductance. After introducing electrons from charge neutrality, TaIrTe4 shows metallic behaviour in only a small range of charge densities but quickly goes into a new insulating state, entirely unexpected on the basis of the single-particle band structure of TaIrTe4. This insulating state could arise from a strong electronic instability near the van Hove singularities, probably leading to a charge density wave (CDW). Remarkably, within this correlated insulating gap, we observe a resurgence of the QSH state. The observation of helical edge conduction in a CDW gap could bridge spin physics and charge orders. The discovery of a dual QSH insulator introduces a new method for creating topological flat minibands through CDW superlattices, which offer a promising platform for exploring time-reversal-symmetric fractional phases and electromagnetism2-4,9,10.

Chiral kagome superconductivity modulations with residual Fermi arcs.

Superconductivity involving finite-momentum pairing1 can lead to spatial-gap and pair-density modulations, as well as Bogoliubov Fermi states within the superconducting gap. However, the experimental realization of their intertwined relations has been challenging. Here we detect chiral kagome superconductivity modulations with residual Fermi arcs in KV3Sb5 and CsV3Sb5 using normal and Josephson scanning tunnelling microscopy down to 30 millikelvin with a resolved electronic energy difference at the microelectronvolt level. We observe a U-shaped superconducting gap with flat residual in-gap states. This gap shows chiral 2a × 2a spatial modulations with magnetic-field-tunable chirality, which align with the chiral 2a × 2a pair-density modulations observed through Josephson tunnelling. These findings demonstrate a chiral pair density wave (PDW) that breaks time-reversal symmetry. Quasiparticle interference imaging of the in-gap zero-energy states reveals segmented arcs, with high-temperature data linking them to parts of the reconstructed vanadium d-orbital states within the charge order. The detected residual Fermi arcs can be explained by the partial suppression of these d-orbital states through an interorbital 2a × 2a PDW and thus serve as candidate Bogoliubov Fermi states. In addition, we differentiate the observed PDW order from impurity-induced gap modulations. Our observations not only uncover a chiral PDW order with orbital selectivity but also show the fundamental space-momentum correspondence inherent in finite-momentum-paired superconductivity.

Observation of unconventional chiral fermions with long Fermi arcs in CoSi.

Chirality-the geometric property of objects that do not coincide with their mirror image-is found in nature, for example, in molecules, crystals, galaxies and life forms. In quantum field theory, the chirality of a massless particle is defined by whether the directions of its spin and motion are parallel or antiparallel. Although massless chiral fermions-Weyl fermions-were predicted 90 years ago, their existence as fundamental particles has not been experimentally confirmed. However, their analogues have been observed as quasiparticles in condensed matter systems. In addition to Weyl fermions1-4, theorists have proposed a number of unconventional (that is, beyond the standard model) chiral fermions in condensed matter systems5-8, but direct experimental evidence of their existence is still lacking. Here, by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we reveal two types of unconventional chiral fermion-spin-1 and charge-2 fermions-at the band-crossing points near the Fermi level in CoSi. The projections of these chiral fermions on the (001) surface are connected by giant Fermi arcs traversing the entire surface Brillouin zone. These chiral fermions are enforced at the centre or corner of the bulk Brillouin zone by the crystal symmetries, making CoSi a system with only one pair of chiral nodes with large separation in momentum space and extremely long surface Fermi arcs, in sharp contrast to Weyl semimetals, which have multiple pairs of Weyl nodes with small separation. Our results confirm the existence of unconventional chiral fermions and provide a platform for exploring the physical properties associated with chiral fermions.

All van der Waals Semiconducting PtSe2 Field Effect Transistors with Low Contact Resistance Graphite Electrodes.

Contact resistance is a multifaceted challenge faced by the 2D materials community. Large Schottky barrier heights and gap-state pinning are active obstacles that require an integrated approach to achieve the development of high-performance electronic devices based on 2D materials. In this work, we present semiconducting PtSe2 field effect transistors with all-van-der-Waals electrode and dielectric interfaces. We use graphite contacts, which enable high ION/IOFF ratios up to 109 with currents above 100 µA µm-1 and mobilities of 50 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature and over 400 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 10 K. The devices exhibit high stability with a maximum hysteresis width below 36 mV nm-1. The contact resistance at the graphite-PtSe2 interface is found to be below 700 Ω µm. Our results present PtSe2 as a promising candidate for the realization of high-performance 2D circuits built solely with 2D materials.

Observation of Emergent Superconductivity in the Topological Insulator Ta2Pd3Te5 via Pressure Manipulation.

Topological insulators offer significant potential to revolutionize diverse fields driven by nontrivial manifestations of their topological electronic band structures. However, the realization of superior integration between exotic topological states and superconductivity for practical applications remains a challenge, necessitating a profound understanding of intricate mechanisms. Here, we report experimental observations for a novel superconducting phase in the pressurized second-order topological insulator candidate Ta2Pd3Te5, and the high-pressure phase maintains its original ambient pressure lattice symmetry up to 45 GPa. Our in situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction, electrical transport, infrared reflectance, and Raman spectroscopy measurements, in combination with rigorous theoretical calculations, provide compelling evidence for the association between the superconducting behavior and the densified phase. The electronic state change around 20 GPa was found to modify the topology of the Fermi surface directly, which synergistically fosters the emergence of robust superconductivity. In-depth comprehension of the fascinating properties exhibited by the compressed Ta2Pd3Te5 phase is achieved, highlighting the extraordinary potential of topological insulators for exploring and investigating high-performance electronic advanced devices under extreme conditions.

Laser-induced transient magnons in Sr3Ir2O7 throughout the Brillouin zone.

Although ultrafast manipulation of magnetism holds great promise for new physical phenomena and applications, targeting specific states is held back by our limited understanding of how magnetic correlations evolve on ultrafast timescales. Using ultrafast resonant inelastic X-ray scattering we demonstrate that femtosecond laser pulses can excite transient magnons at large wavevectors in gapped antiferromagnets and that they persist for several picoseconds, which is opposite to what is observed in nearly gapless magnets. Our work suggests that materials with isotropic magnetic interactions are preferred to achieve rapid manipulation of magnetism.

The Giant Spin-to-Charge Conversion of the Layered Rashba Material BiTeI.

Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) could facilitate an efficient interconversion between spin and charge currents. Among various systems, BiTeI holds one of the largest Rashba-type spin splittings. Unlike other Rashba systems (e.g., Bi/Ag and Bi2Se3), an experimental investigation of the spin-to-charge interconversion in BiTeI remains to be explored. Through performing an angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurement, such a large Rashba-type spin splitting with a Rashba parameter αR = 3.68 eV Å is directly identified. By studying the spin pumping effect in the BiTeI/NiFe bilayer, we reveal a very large inverse Rashba-Edelstein length λIREE ≈ 1.92 nm of BiTeI at room temperature. Furthermore, the λIREE monotonously increases to 5.00 nm at 60 K, indicating an enhanced Rashba SOC at low temperature. These results suggest that BiTeI films with the giant Rashba SOC are promising for achieving efficient spin-to-charge interconversion, which could be implemented for building low-power-consumption spin-orbitronic devices.

Observation of Topological Flat Bands in the Kagome Semiconductor Nb3Cl8.

The destructive interference of wavefunctions in a kagome lattice can give rise to topological flat bands (TFBs) with a highly degenerate state of electrons. Recently, TFBs have been observed in several kagome metals, including Fe3Sn2, FeSn, CoSn, and YMn6Sn6. Nonetheless, kagome materials that are both exfoliable and semiconducting are lacking, which seriously hinders their device applications. Herein, we show that Nb3Cl8, which hosts a breathing kagome lattice, is gapped out because of the absence of inversion symmetry, while the TFBs survive because of the protection of the mirror reflection symmetry. By angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements and first-principles calculations, we directly observe the TFBs and a moderate band gap in Nb3Cl8. By mechanical exfoliation, we successfully obtain monolayer Nb3Cl8, which is stable under ambient conditions. In addition, our calculations show that monolayer Nb3Cl8 has a magnetic ground state, thus providing opportunities to study the interplay among geometry, topology, and magnetism.

Dramatic Plasmon Response to the Charge-Density-Wave Gap Development in 1T-TiSe_{2}.

1T-TiSe_{2} is one of the most studied charge density wave (CDW) systems, not only because of its peculiar properties related to the CDW transition, but also due to its status as a promising candidate of exciton insulator signaled by the proposed plasmon softening at the CDW wave vector. Using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, we report a systematic study of the temperature-dependent plasmon behaviors of 1T-TiSe_{2}. We unambiguously resolve the plasmon from phonon modes, revealing the existence of Landau damping to the plasmon at finite momentums, which does not support the plasmon softening picture for exciton condensation. Moreover, we discover that the plasmon lifetime at zero momentum responds dramatically to the band gap evolution associated with the CDW transition. The interband transitions near the Fermi energy in the normal phase are demonstrated to serve as a strong damping channel of plasmons, while such a channel in the CDW phase is suppressed due to the CDW gap opening, which results in the dramatic tunability of the plasmon in semimetals or small-gap semiconductors.

Crystal Growth, Structural Transition, and Magnetic Properties of Ho5Pd4Sn12.

Single crystals and polycrystalline samples of Ho5Pd4Sn12 have been synthesized using flux and arc-melting methods, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies indicate that Ho5Pd4Sn12 crystallizes in a tetragonal structure (I4/m) at room temperature and transforms into a monoclinic structure (C2/m) below ∼194 K. This structural transition is further supported by a transmission electron microscopy study and an anomaly at ∼194 K in the specific heat data. Temperature-dependent resistivity data also show a kink around the structural transition temperature. Ho5Pd4Sn12 is antiferromagnetically ordered below 7 K. Ho5Pd4Sn12 shows magnetic anisotropy, and the isothermal magnetization curve (H⊥c) at 2 K exhibits a field-induced magnetic phase transition around 22.8 kOe.

Raman interrogation of the ferroelectric phase transition in polar metal LiOsO3.

Ferroelectric (FE) distortions in a metallic material were believed to be experimentally inaccessible because itinerant electrons would screen the long-range Coulomb interactions that favor a polar structure. It has been suggested by Anderson and Blount [P. W. Anderson, E. I. Blount, Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 217-219 (1965)] that a transition from paraelectric phase to FE phase is possible for a metal if, in the paraelectric phase, the electrons at the Fermi level are decoupled from the soft transverse optical phonons, which lead to ferroelectricity. Here, using Raman spectroscopy combined with magnetotransport measurements on a recently discovered FE metal LiOsO3, we demonstrate active interplay of itinerant electrons and the FE order: Itinerant electrons cause strong renormalization of the FE order parameter, leading to a more gradual transition in LiOsO3 than typical insulating FEs. In return, the FE order enhances the anisotropy of charge transport between parallel and perpendicular to the polarization direction. The temperature-dependent evolution of Raman active in-plane 3Eg phonon, which strongly couples to the polar-active out-of-the-plane A2u phonon mode in the high-temperature paraelectric state, exhibits a deviation in Raman shift from the expectation of the pseudospin-phonon model that is widely used to model many insulating FEs. The Curie-Weiss temperature (θ ≈ 97 K) obtained from the optical susceptibility is substantially lower than T s, suggesting a strong suppression of FE fluctuations. Both line width and Fano line shape of 3Eg Raman mode exhibit a strong electron-phonon coupling in the high-temperature paraelectric phase, which disappears in the FE phase, challenging Anderson/Blount's proposal for the formation of FE metals.

Extreme Ultraviolet Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy in a Polar Metal.

The coexistence of ferroelectricity and metallicity seems paradoxical, since the itinerant electrons in metals should screen the long-range dipole interactions necessary for dipole ordering. The recent discovery of the polar metal LiOsO3 was therefore surprising [as discussed earlier in Y. Shi et al., Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 1024]. It is thought that the coordination preferences of the Li play a key role in stabilizing the LiOsO3 polar metal phase, but an investigation from the combined viewpoints of core-state specificity and symmetry has yet to be done. Here, we apply the novel technique of extreme ultraviolet second harmonic generation (XUV-SHG) and find a sensitivity to the broken inversion symmetry in the polar metal phase of LiOsO3 with an enhanced feature above the Li K-edge that reflects the degree of Li atom displacement as corroborated by density functional theory calculations. These results pave the way for time-resolved probing of symmetry-breaking structural phase transitions on femtosecond time scales with element specificity.

Observation of Nodal-Line Plasmons in ZrSiS.

Nodal-line semimetals (NLSMs), a large family of new topological phases of matter with continuous linear band crossing points in the momentum space, attract considerable attention. Here, we report the direct observation of plasmons originating from topological nodal-line states in a prototypical NLSM ZrSiS by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. There exist three temperature-independent plasmons with energies ranging from the near- to the mid-infrared frequencies. With first-principles calculations of a slab model, these plasmons can be ascribed to the correlations of electrons in the bulk nodal lines and their projected surface states, dubbed nodal-line plasmons. An anomalous surface plasmon has higher excitation energy than the bulk plasmon due to the larger contribution from the nodal-line projected surface states. This work reveals the novel plasmons related to the unique nodal-line states in a NLSM.

Monoclinic EuSn_{2}As_{2}: A Novel High-Pressure Network Structure.

The layered crystal of EuSn_{2}As_{2} has a Bi_{2}Te_{3}-type structure in rhombohedral (R3[over ¯]m) symmetry and has been confirmed to be an intrinsic magnetic topological insulator at ambient conditions. Combining ab initio calculations and in situ x-ray diffraction measurements, we identify a new monoclinic EuSn_{2}As_{2} structure in C2/m symmetry above ∼14 GPa. It has a three-dimensional network made up of honeycomblike Sn sheets and zigzag As chains, transformed from the layered EuSn_{2}As_{2} via a two-stage reconstruction mechanism with the connecting of Sn-Sn and As-As atoms successively between the buckled SnAs layers. Its dynamic structural stability has been verified by phonon mode analysis. Electrical resistance measurements reveal an insulator-metal-superconductor transition at low temperature around 5 and 15 GPa, respectively, according to the structural conversion, and the superconductivity with a T_{C} value of ∼4 K is observed up to 30.8 GPa. These results establish a high-pressure EuSn_{2}As_{2} phase with intriguing structural and electronic properties and expand our understandings about the layered magnetic topological insulators.

Tl2Ir2O7: A Pauli Paramagnetic Metal, Proximal to a Metal Insulator Transition.

A polycrystalline sample of Tl2Ir2O7 was synthesized by high-pressure and high-temperature methods. Tl2Ir2O7 crystallizes in the cubic pyrochlore structure with space group Fd3̅m (No. 227). The Ir4+ oxidation state is confirmed by Ir-L3 X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Combined temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, specific heat, and DFT+DMFT calculation data show that Tl2Ir2O7 is a Pauli paramagnetic metal, but it is close to a metal-insulator transition. The effective ionic size of Tl3+ is much smaller than that of Pr3+ in metallic Pr2Ir2O7; hence, Tl2Ir2O7 would be expected to be insulating according to the established phase diagram of the pyrochlore iridate compounds, A3+2Ir4+2O7. Our experimental and theoretical studies indicate that Tl2Ir2O7 is uniquely different from the current A3+2Ir4+2O7 phase diagram. This uniqueness is attributed primarily to the electronic configuration difference between Tl3+ and rare-earth ions, which plays a substantial role in determining the Ir-O-Ir bond angle, and the corresponding electrical and magnetic properties.

High-Pressure Synthesis of Double Perovskite Ba2NiIrO6: In Search of a Ferromagnetic Insulator.

Double perovskite oxides with d8-d3 electronic configurations are expected to be ferromagnetic from the Goodenough-Kanamori rules, such as ferromagnetic La2NiMnO6. In search of new ferromagnetic insulators, double perovskite Ba2NiIrO6 was successfully synthesized by high-pressure and high-temperature methods (8 GPa and 1573 K). Ba2NiIrO6 crystallizes in a cubic double perovskite structure (space group: Fm3̅m), with an ordered arrangement of NiO6 and IrO6 octahedra. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy confirms the nominal Ni(II) and Ir(VI) valence states. Ba2NiIrO6 displays an antiferromagnetic order at 51 K. The positive Weiss temperature, however, indicates that ferromagnetic interactions are dominant. Isothermal magnetization curves at low temperatures support a field-induced spin-flop transition.

Many-Body Resonance in a Correlated Topological Kagome Antiferromagnet.

We use scanning tunneling microscopy to elucidate the atomically resolved electronic structure in the strongly correlated kagome Weyl antiferromagnet Mn_{3}Sn. In stark contrast to its broad single-particle electronic structure, we observe a pronounced resonance with a Fano line shape at the Fermi level resembling the many-body Kondo resonance. We find that this resonance does not arise from the step edges or atomic impurities but the intrinsic kagome lattice. Moreover, the resonance is robust against the perturbation of a vector magnetic field, but broadens substantially with increasing temperature, signaling strongly interacting physics. We show that this resonance can be understood as the result of geometrical frustration and strong correlation based on the kagome lattice Hubbard model. Our results point to the emergent many-body resonance behavior in a topological kagome magnet.

Direct Evidence for Charge Compensation-Induced Large Magnetoresistance in Thin WTe2.

Since the discovery of extremely large nonsaturating magnetoresistance (MR) in WTe2, much effort has been devoted to understanding the underlying mechanism, which is still under debate. Here, we explicitly identify the dominant physical origin of the large nonsaturating MR through in situ tuning of the magneto-transport properties in thin WTe2 film. With an electrostatic doping approach, we observed a nonmonotonic gate dependence of the MR. The MR reaches a maximum (10600%) in thin WTe2 film at certain gate voltage where electron and hole concentrations are balanced, indicating that the charge compensation is the dominant mechanism of the observed large MR. Besides, we show that the temperature-dependent magnetoresistance exhibits similar tendency with the carrier mobility when the charge compensation is retained, revealing that distinct scattering mechanisms may be at play for the temperature dependence of magneto-transport properties. Our work would be helpful for understanding mechanism of the large MR in other nonmagnetic materials and offers an avenue for achieving large MR in the nonmagnetic materials with electron-hole pockets.

Unconventional Temperature Dependence of the Anomalous Hall Effect in HgCr_{2}Se_{4}.

At sufficiently low temperatures, many quantum effects, such as weak localization, electron-electron interaction (EEI), and Kondo screening, can lead to pronounced corrections to the semiclassical electron transport. Although low temperature corrections to longitudinal resistivity, ordinary Hall resistivity, or anomalous Hall (AH) resistivity are often observed, the corrections to three of them have never been simultaneously detected in a single sample. Here, we report on the observation of sqrt[T]-type temperature dependences of the longitudinal, ordinary Hall and AH resistivities at temperatures down to at least 20 mK in n-type HgCr_{2}Se_{4}, a half-metallic ferromagnetic semiconductor that can reach extremely low carrier densities. For the samples with moderate disorder, the longitudinal and ordinary Hall conductivities can be satisfactorily described by the EEI theory developed by Altshuler et al., whereas the large corrections to AH conductivity are inconsistent with the existing theory, which predicts vanishing and finite corrections to AH conductivity for EEI and weak localization, respectively.

Proximity-Induced Superconductivity with Subgap Anomaly in Type II Weyl Semi-Metal WTe2.

Due to the nontrivial topological band structure in type II Weyl semi-metal tungsten ditelluride (WTe2), unconventional properties may emerge in its superconducting phase. While realizing intrinsic superconductivity has been challenging in the type II Weyl semi-metal WTe2, the proximity effect may open an avenue for the realization of superconductivity. Here, we report the observation of proximity-induced superconductivity with a long coherence length along the c axis in WTe2 thin flakes based on a WTe2/NbSe2 van der Waals heterostructure. Interestingly, we also observe anomalous oscillations of the differential resistance during the transition from the superconducting to the normal state. Theoretical calculations show excellent agreement with experimental results, revealing that such a subgap anomaly is the intrinsic property of WTe2 in superconducting state induced by the proximity effect. Our findings enrich the understanding of the superconducting phase of type II Weyl semi-metals and pave the way for their future applications in topological quantum computing.