Behavior of activities of thymidine metabolizing enzymes in human leukemia-lymphoma cells.

The behavior of the activities of thymidine metabolizing enzymes, dihydrothymine dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.2) and thymidine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.4) for thymidine degradation, thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.75) and thymidylate synthase (EC 2.1.1.45) for DNA synthesis, was elucidated in cytosolic extracts from normal human lymphocytes and 13 human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. In the normal human lymphocytes, the activities of dihydrothymine dehydrogenase, thymidine phosphorylase, thymidine kinase, and thymidylate synthase were 6.88, 796, 0.30, and 0.29 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively. In leukemia-lymphoma cell lines, the activities of synthetic enzymes, thymidine kinase, and thymidylate synthase, increased two- to 79-fold and 22- to 407-fold of the normal lymphocyte values. In contrast, the activities of the catabolic enzymes, dihydrothymine dehydrogenase and thymidine phosphorylase, decreased to 5-42% and 3-38% of the values of normal lymphocytes. As a result, the ratio of activities of thymidine kinase/dihydrothymine dehydrogenase was elevated by 7- to 1170-fold, respectively. Thus, reciprocal behavior in the activities of the opposing enzymes in thymidine metabolism was observed in human leukemia-lymphoma cells. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against dihydrothymine dehydrogenase were prepared and studies on immunotitration of this enzyme with these antibodies showed that the enzyme protein amount in Jurkat leukemic cells was 36% of that of normal lymphocytes. This was in good agreement with the decrease in the activity of the enzyme to 32%, indicating that the decrease in activity in the leukemic cells was due to the decline in the amount of enzyme protein. The metabolic imbalances in thymidine utilization appear to be characteristic of human leukemia-lymphoma cells. These observations should confer selective advantages to the lymphoproliferating cells and mark out the catabolic, as well as the synthetic, enzymes as important targets in the design of chemotherapy.

Reversal of enzymic phenotype of thymidine metabolism in induced differentiation of U-937 cells.

Exposure of U-937 cells to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in specific alterations in thymidine metabolism. Within 24 h after treatment with 1.62 x 10(-9) M TPA, the reciprocal alteration in the activities of opposing enzymes of thymidine metabolism observed during normal cell culture growth was reversed. In TPA-treated cells, the activities of anabolic enzymes thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.75)and thymidylate synthase (EC 2.1.1.45) declined with time linearly to 20 and 16% of those of untreated cells by 72 h. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]deoxyuridine into acid-insoluble fractions also decreased in parallel with the decline in enzyme activities. In contrast, the activities of catabolic enzymes thymidine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.4) and dihydrothymine dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.2) increased. The rise in thymidine phosphorylase activity peaked at 48 h with 406% elevation over the control. The activity of dihydrothymine dehydrogenase was not altered for the first 24 h, but it increased up to 338% by 96 h. Immunotitration of dihydrothymine dehydrogenase with monoclonal antibody against this enzyme showed that the rise in activity in the differentiated cells was due to the increase in the amount of enzyme protein. No significant difference was observed in the Km values for the substrate of each enzyme between untreated and TPA-treated cells. These metabolic alterations during induced differentiation were in line with the changes in cell morphology and accompanied by an accumulation of the cells in G1 at the expense of S phase. These observations indicate that induced differentiation of U-937 cells results in a reversal of the enzymic phenotype of thymidine metabolism and suggest that emergence of thymidine metabolic imbalance may serve as an early marker of differentiation of these cells.

Improvement by nefiracetam of beta-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory impairments in rats.

1. We have previously demonstrated that continuous i.c.v. infusion of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the major constituent of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, results in learning and memory deficits in rats. 2. In the present study, we investigated the effects of nefiracetam [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide, DM-9384] on A beta-(1-42)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats. 3. In the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, spontaneous alternation behaviour in a Y-maze task, spatial reference and working memory in a water maze task, and retention of passive avoidance learning were significantly impaired as compared with A beta-(40-1)-infused control rats. 4. Nefiracetam, at a dose range of 1-10 mg kg(-1), improved learning and memory deficits in the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats when it was administered p.o. 1 h before the behavioural tests. 5. Nefiracetam at a dose of 3 mg kg(-1) p.o. increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats. 6. Nefiracetam increased dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex and striatum of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, but failed to affect the noradrenaline, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid content. 7. These results suggest that nefiracetam may be useful for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Inhibitory activity of chlorophyllin on the genotoxicity of carcinogens in Drosophila.

Antimutagenic activity of copper chlorophyllin against various carcinogenic mutagens was assayed with Drosophila genotoxicity tests, i.e., the wing spot test for detecting somatic cell mutations and the DNA repair test for detecting DNA damage. In these tests, Drosophila larvae were fed carcinogens together with chlorophyllin. Polycyclic aromatic compounds, including heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines and aromatic nitro compounds, were subject to inhibition, with a few exceptions. The results support the view that chlorophyllin traps carcinogens by forming complexes, thereby inhibiting the absorption of these compounds from the digestive tract. Consistent with this mechanism, Sepharose-supported chlorophyllin in the feed inhibited the Trp-P-2-induced wing spot formation, while Sepharose itself was ineffective.

Induction of erythroid differentiation of K562 cells by 4-carbamoylimidazolium 5-olate (SM-108).

The effects of 4-carbamoylimidazolium 5-olate (SM-108), an antipurine compound, on a human leukemia cell line, K562, were studied. Treatment with SM-108 induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. During a 6-day culture with 100 microM SM-108, the cell number decreased to 37% of the control number, 77% of the cells became benzidine-positive, and the hemoglobin content increased from 2.1 +/- 0.2 to 10.6 +/- 1.3 pg/cell. Cell differentiation was associated with reduction of IMP dehydrogenase activity and intracellular GTP content to 25 and 36%, respectively, of the control values within 1.5 hr. The differentiation and decrease in the GTP pool induced by SM-108 were blocked by the presence of 25 microM guanine or guanosine. SM-108 also induced erythroid differentiation of K562 subline cells transfected with pMSG (K562/pMSG), which have an additional salvage pathway for GMP production from xanthine. The addition of 100 microM xanthine prevented erythroid differentiation of this subline and restored the GTP pool. These findings suggest that the induction of erythroid differentiation of K562 cells by SM-108 may be due to an early decrease in IMP dehydrogenase activity and a subsequent decrease in GTP content in the cells. Thus, purine metabolism may have an important role in SM-108-induced differentiation.

Reversal of enzymic phenotype of thymidine metabolism in induced differentiation of HL-60 cells.

Exposure of HL-60 cells to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in specific alterations in thymidine (TdR) metabolism. Within 12 h after treatment with 1.62 nM TPA, the reciprocal alteration in the activities of opposing pathways of TdR metabolism observed during normal culture cell growth was reversed. In TPA-treated cells, the activities of anabolic enzymes, TdR kinase (TK; EC 2.7.1.21) and thymidylate synthase (TS; EC 2.1.1.45), declined to 15% and 18% of those of untreated cells by 96 h. Incorporation of 3H-TdR and 3H-deoxyuridine also decreased in parallel with decline in enzyme activities. In contrast, the activities of catabolic enzymes, TdR phosphorylase (TP; EC 2.4.2.4) and dihydrothymine dehydrogenase (DHT DH; EC 1.3.1.2), increased to 399% and 318% by 96 h. Immunotitration of DHT DH with monoclonal antibody showed that the rise in activity in the differentiated cells was due to the increase in protein amount. Kinetic properties of the enzymes were not altered during differentiation. These metabolic alterations were accompanied by an accumulation of the cells in G1 at the expense of S-phase. Present data indicate that induced differentiation of HL-60 cells results in a reversal of enzymic phenotype of TdR metabolism due to a consequence of decreased proliferation and suggest that emergence of TdR metabolic imbalance may serve as early markers of differentiation of these cells.

Elevation of plasma truncated elastase alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complexes in patients with inflammatory lung diseases.

Human neutrophil elastase plays an important role in the development of several inflammatory lung diseases; however, there have been relatively few investigations using plasma samples. In this report, we describe alterations in the plasma elastase:alpha 1-PI complex in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (15 cases), COPD with infection (8), diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) (8), bronchiectasis (9), pneumonia (10), and the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (14), and in 15 normal volunteers. The elastase:alpha 1-PI complex concentration was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western immunoblot analysis of the elastase:alpha 1-PI complex was also performed. Plasma elastase:alpha 1-PI complex was also performed. Plasma elastase:alpha 1-PI complex levels in patients with COPD with infection (504 micrograms/L +/- 93 micrograms/L) were significantly higher, as compared with those with COPD but without infection (118 micrograms/L +/- 9 micrograms/L) and normal volunteers (122 micrograms/L +/- 4 micrograms/L). Increased complex concentrations were also found in patients with DPB and bronchiectasis (643 micrograms/L +/- 222 micrograms/L and 558 micrograms/L +/- 198 micrograms/L, respectively) as compared with normal volunteers. Increased complex concentrations were also found in patients with pneumonia and ARDS (450 micrograms/L +/- 101 micrograms/L and 1,400 micrograms/L +/- 438 micrograms/L, respectively). Western immunoblot analysis using anti-alpha 1-PI antibody and antineutrophil elastase antibody showed two types of elastase:alpha 1-PI complexes, one with a molecular weight of 60,000 daltons (60 kilodaltons [KD]) and the other at 50,000 daltons (50 KD). Although the native 80-KD elastase:alpha 1-PI complex was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, it was not found in plasma. In summary, these results demonstrated that levels of the truncated complex were increased in patients with various inflammatory lung diseases. This truncated form may play an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory processes.

The anti-dementia drug nefiracetam facilitates hippocampal synaptic transmission by functionally targeting presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors.

Nefiracetam, a pyrrolidone derivative developed as an anti-dementia drug, persistently potentiated currents through neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (alpha7, alpha4beta2) expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the potentiation was blocked by either the selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, GF109203X and staurosporine, or co-expressed active PKC inhibitor peptide. In primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, nefiracetam increased the rate of nicotine-sensitive miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, without affecting the amplitude, and the increase was inhibited by GF109203X. In addition, the drug caused a marked increase in the glutamate release from electrically stimulated guinea pig hippocampal slices, and the effect was abolished by the nicotinic ACh receptor antagonists, alpha-bungarotoxin and mecamylamine. Nefiracetam induced a long-lasting facilitation of synaptic transmission in both the CA1 area and the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slices, and the facilitation was inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin and mecamylamine. Such facilitatory action was still found in the hippocampus with selective cholinergic denervation. The results of the present study, thus, suggest that nefiracetam enhances activity of nicotinic ACh receptors by interacting with a PKC pathway, thereby increasing glutamate release from presynaptic terminals, and then leading to a sustained facilitation of hippocampal neurotransmission. This may represent a cellular mechanism underlying the cognition-enhancing action of nefiracetam. The results also provide the possibility that nefiracetam could be developed as a promising therapeutic drug for senile dementia or Alzheimer's disease.

Cancer-associated retinopathy syndrome: a case of small cell lung cancer expressing recoverin immunoreactivity.

Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic neuropathy syndrome often found in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Serological studies have indicated that the process could include autoimmune reactions directing retinal antigens. Recently, the CAR antigen was identified as a photoreceptor protein, recoverin, by screening retinal proteins using the CAR patient's serum. The present case of SCLC showed rapidly deteriorated bilateral visual acuity lacking the inflammatory findings at the retina which were compatible with CAR. The immunohistochemical study revealed that the cancer cells expressed recoverin or recoverin-like immunoreactivity. This is the first observation in CAR syndrome. The presence of recoverin or recoverin-like immunoreactivity in SCLC with CAR syndrome supports the hypothesis that the cancer-retina immunologic cross-reaction contributes to visual loss in this syndrome.

Studies on the structure of rat liver ornithine aminotransferase.

Two distinct types of apoenzyme from native ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13], named forms I and II, have been found to be composed of a single type of subunit by means of Sephadex G-100 column chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, DE 52 cellulose column chromatography in the presence of 8 M urea and urea-polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The amino-terminal residues of both apoenzymes were blocked, but several amino acids in sequence from the carboxylterminals were identical and the following sequence was found in both: Phe-Ser-Leu-IIe-Ala-(Val)-. In the native enzyme, 4 SH groups out of a total 20 SH groups/tetramer could be titrated without loss of enzyme activity, while in the apo-form I, 4 SH groups out of a total 20 SH groups/tetramer could be titrated with 80% loss of activity. In the apo-form II, in contrast, 6 SH groups out of a total 10 SH groups/dimer could be titrated and titration of the first 2 SH groups caused 100% loss of activity.

Effects of nefiracetam on amnesia animal models with neuronal dysfunctions.

The effects of N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide (nefiracetam; DM-9384), on learning and memory in several amnesia animal models with neuronal dysfunctions were investigated. Nefiracetam improved scopolamine-, bicuculline-, picrotoxin-, ethanol-, chlordiazepoxide- and cycloheximide-induced amnesia. Anti-amnesic action of nefiracetam on scopolamine model was antagonized by nifedipine and flunarizine, but not by diltiazem. Repeated administration of nefiracetam to AF64A-treated animals improved impairment of learning and memory as well as the alterations in cholinergic and monoaminergic neurotransmitters in the hippocampus. Basal forebrain (BF) lesioned rats induced by excitotoxin or by thermal coagulation showed impairment of learning accompanied by a marked reduction in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholine esterase activities. Nefiracetam improved the learning deficit of the BF-lesioned rats. Nefiracetam also improved the carbon monoxide-induced delayed and acute amnesia. Nefiracetam stimulated acetylcholine release in the frontal cortex. Repeated administration of nefiracetam increased ChAT activity, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) turnover and glutamic acid decarboxylase activity, and facilitated the Na(+)-dependent high-affinity GABA uptake. Nefiracetam activated the high voltage-activated (N/L-type) Ca2+ channel. The dose-response curves of nefiracetam were bell-shaped in both behavioral and biochemical studies. Therefore, it is suggested that nefiracetam improves the dysfunction of cholinergic, GABAergic and/or monoaminergic neuronal function by acting at Ca2+ channel and enhancing the release of neurotransmitters, and modifies impairment of memory processes induced by drugs and hypoxia.

Cellular mechanisms underlying cognition-enhancing actions of nefiracetam (DM-9384).

We have studied cellular mechanisms underlying cognition-enhancing actions of nefiracetam (DM-9384), a newly developed cognitive enhancer, by biochemical experiments on cholinergic and GABAergic transmissions as well as electrophysiological experiments on neuronal Ca2+ channels. In behavioral experiments in rats, nefiracetam (3 mg/kg) ameliorated amnesia induced by basal forebrain (BF) lesion or treatment of scopolamine. Biochemical experiments revealed that nefiracetam increased uptake and release of transmitters in both cholinergic and GABAergic systems in rat brain. In electrophysiological studies, nefiracetam (1 microM) increased long-lasting (N/L-type) Ca2+ channel currents in NG108-15 cells. The nefiracetam action on Ca2+ channels was blocked by pertussis toxin (PTX). The results suggest that nefiracetam improves impaired memory by facilitating cholinergic and GABAergic transmissions in the brain. It is further suggested that PTX-sensitive G-proteins and Ca2+ channels associated with these G-proteins are responsible for the action of nefiracetam on neurotransmission.

Attenuation of the development of morphine dependence/tolerance by nefiracetam: involvement of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate system.

Biochemical changes such as intracellular cAMP and Ca(2+) underlying morphine dependence and tolerance have been suggested. Therefore, we investigated the effects of nefiracetam (N-(2, 6-dimethyl-phenyl)-2(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide), which increases intracellular cAMP and Ca(2+) levels, on the development of morphine dependence and tolerance. Mice administered morphine (6 or 20 mg kg(-1)) twice daily for 5 days, showed withdrawal symptoms (jumping, diarrhea and body weight loss) after naloxone challenge (5 mg kg(-1)), indicating morphine dependence. Furthermore, tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine was observed in these mice. Co-administration of nefiracetam (5 or 10 mg kg(-1)) with morphine during the pretreatment period, significantly reduced the signs of withdrawal symptoms, moreover, the tolerance was significantly attenuated. Elevation of cAMP levels in the cortex was observed in morphine-dependent mice, but not in mice co-administered nefiracetam. Acute administration of nefiracetam shows no effect on the withdrawal symptoms and the analgesic effect in morphine-naive mice. Theophylline (3 or 10 mg kg(-1)) tended to attenuate and enprofylline (10 or 30 mg kg(-1)) significantly attenuated the development of morphine dependence and tolerance. These findings suggest that co-administration of nefiracetam or compounds, which increase the cAMP level, may be a useful strategy for attenuating the development of morphine dependence and tolerance in the clinic.

Influence of nefiracetam on NGF-induced neuritogenesis and neural cell adhesion molecule polysialic acid expression: in vivo and in vitro comparisons.

Previously, the ability of co-administered nefiracetam to reverse scopolamine-induced learning deficits has been attributed to the preservation of a transient increase in neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) polysialylation state during a late phase of memory consolidation (Doyle et al., J. Neurosci. Res., 31 (1992) 513-523). Using the PC-12 pheochromocytoma cell model, we now demonstrate nefiracetam pre-exposure to significantly enhance nerve growth factor-induced neuritogenesis and NCAM polysialylation, but not prevalence, in a dose-dependent manner with maximal effects being observed at the lowest dose (0.1 microM) examined. As the memory-associated increase in NCAM polysialylation in vivo is associated with a defined group of neurons at the dentate hilar/granule cell layer border (Regan and Fox, Neurochem. Res., 20 (1995) 521-526), the effect of chronic nefiracetam exposure in vivo was evaluated. Once-daily, intraperitoneal administration of either 3 or 9 mg/kg nefiracetam to adult male Wistar rats for 40 days significantly increased the number of hippocampal dentate polysialylated neurons only at the highest dose evaluated, suggesting it to prevent their age-dependent decline. These results are consistent with nefiracetam facilitating early induction events of long-term memory consolidation processes involving NCAM polysialylation state.

Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in association with epileptic seizures in EL mice.

Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) in the brain were studied in association with epileptic seizures using EL mice, an animal model of epilepsy, and DDY mice as controls. Ro 5-4864 (i.p.), a specific agonist for PBR, elicited tonic-clonic convulsions in EL mice 2.6-times more potently than in DDY mice with CD50s of 11.9 and 31.2 mg/kg for EL and DDY mice, respectively. In contrast, pentylenetetrazole (i.p.) exerted convulsant actions on EL and DDY mice in a less differential way with CD50s of 29.2 and 48.1 mg/kg for EL and DDY mice, respectively. PK 11195 (i.v.), a specific antagonist for PBR, raised seizure thresholds of EL mice at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Binding assay revealed a 50% higher density of [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding sites in the mitochondrial fraction isolated from the cerebrum of EL mice in comparison with DDY mice. Similarly, a 40% higher density of [3H]flunitrazepam binding was observed in the mitochondrial fraction of EL mice. The results support the hypothesis that PBR, particularly those associated with mitochondria, are involved in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures in EL mice.

Anticonvulsant actions of nefiracetam on epileptic EL mice and their relation to peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors.

Anticonvulsant actions of the nootropic drug nefiracetam were studied using EL mice, an animal model of epilepsy, in which peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) might be involved in their epileptogenesis. Nefiracetam, when administered orally t o EL mice, inhibited convulsions induced by the PBR agonist, Ro 5-4864, with an ED(50) of 17.2 mg/kg, whereas it did not inhibit the drug-induced convulsions in control DDY mice. When administered intravenously (i.v.) to DDY mice, nefiracetam and other piracetam-like nootropics inhibited the Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions in the sequence of nefiracetam>aniracetam>>oxiracetam, piracetam. Spontaneous EL mouse seizures were also inhibited by these nootropics with a similar rank order of potencies. Binding studies for PBRs, performed on crude membranes of brain tissues of these mice, revealed that [3H]Ro 5-4864 and [3H]PK 11195 bindings were both inhibited by micromolar concentrations of nootropic agents in the sequence of nefiracetam> aniracetam>>oxiracetam, piracetam. The results suggest that nefiracetam may exert an anticonvulsant action through interacting with a low-affinity type of PBR in the brain, and could be developed as a promising therapeutic drug for neurological disorders including epilepsies.

A 'long-term-potentiation-like' facilitation of hippocampal synaptic transmission induced by the nootropic nefiracetam.

Nefiracetam, a nootropic agent, enhanced the slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices to about 170% of basal levels, being evident still at 4-h washing-out of the drug. A similar sustained enhancement (>/=16 h after i.m. injection with nefiracetam) was observed in the population spikes recorded from the granular cell layer of the intact mouse hippocampus. Saturation of the enhancement in the synaptic strength occluded potentiation obtained with long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by high-frequency (tetanic) stimulation, and vice versa. Interestingly, the facilitatory action of nefiracetam was blocked by either the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor antagonists, alpha-bungarotoxin and mecamylamine, or the selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, GF109203X, but in contrast, it was not affected by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), a selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. The results of the present study suggest that nefiracetam, whereas the action is independent of NMDA receptors, induces an 'LTP-like' facilitation of hippocampal synaptic transmission as a consequence of modulation of nicotinic ACh receptors and PKC. This may represent a likely mechanism underlying the cognition-enhancing actions of nefiracetam.

Involvement of the cholinergic system in the effects of nefiracetam (DM-9384) on carbon monoxide (CO)-induced acute and delayed amnesia.

The effects of N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-acetamide (DM-9384, nefiracetam), a cyclic derivative of GABA, were investigated in the carbon monoxide (CO)-induced amnesia model in mice using the passive avoidance task. Memory deficiency occurred when mice were exposed to CO before memory was completely consolidated after training (acute amnesia), at 7 days before training and 7 days after training (delayed amnesia). DM-9384 prolonged the step-down latency in mice with CO-induced amnesia. Scopolamine blocked the anti-amnesic effect of DM-9384 on delayed amnesia that had been induced by pre- or post-training exposure to CO. Bicuculline had a tendency to antagonize the anti-amnesic effect of DM-9384, but this tendency was not significant. Under these conditions, no significant change in the activity of choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase was observed in the frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. These results suggest that DM-9384 potentiates cholinergic neuronal function and that it may modify acquisition and/or consolidation of memory.

Effects of nefiracetam on drug-induced impairment of latent learning in mice in a water finding task.

We investigated the effects of nefiracetam (DM-9384), a pyrrolidone derivative, on chlordiazepoxide-, apomorphine-, and methamphetamine-induced impairment of latent learning in a water finding test in mice. Pretreatment with nefiracetam reversed the inhibitory effects of chlordiazepoxide and apomorphine, but not those of methamphetamine, on latent learning. The ameliorative effects of nefiracetam on apomorphine-induced, but not chlordiazepoxide-induced impairment of latent learning were antagonized by scopolamine. These results provide further evidence that nefiracetam has anti-amnesic effects. Further, it is suggested that the cholinergic neuronal system may be involved in the ameliorative effects exerted by nefiracetam on apomorphine-induced impairment of latent learning.

The genotoxicities of N-nitrosamines in Drosophila melanogaster in vivo: the correlation of mutagenicity in the wing spot test with the DNA damages detected by the DNA-repair test.

The genotoxicities of a series of N-nitrosamines were assayed in the wing spot test and a new short-term test of Drosophila melanogaster. In the spot test, larval flies trans-heterozygous for the somatic cell markers mwh and flr3 were fed the test reagents and the wing hairs in adults were inspected for clones expressing the phenotypes of the markers. In the other test, larval stock consisting of meiotic recombination-deficient (Rec-) double mutant mei-9a and mei-41D5 males and repair-proficient Rec+ females were grown on feed containing the reagents and the DNA damages were detected with the preferential killing of the Rec- larvae as an endpoint. The carcinogenic nitrosamines tested, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), N-nitro-sopiperidine (NPIP) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), all showed clearly positive activities in both tests. The activities in the wing spot test were ranked in a sequence of NDMA much greater than NMOR greater than NPIP greater than NDEA greater than NPYR greater than NDBA. A similar ranking was obtained in the repair assay. The genotoxicity of N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA), carcinogenicity studies of which are inconclusive, was marginal in the spot test. The non-carcinogenic N-nitrosoproline (NPRO) and the non-mutagenic N-nitrosothioproline (NTPRO) were negative in the spot test. NDPhA and NPRO were negative in the repair test as well. The DNA-repair test is thus a convenient technique for estimating the mutagenicity of compounds because of its simplicity compared with the wing spot test. These Drosophila tests may be useful in predicting carcinogenic potentials of compounds.