RESUMO
Background: No previous study compared ACOG and DIPSI criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes (GDM). This study compared diagnostic accuracy of Diabetes in pregnancy study group of India (DIPSI) with Carpenter-Coustan (CC) and National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria for diagnosis of GDM and correlation with fetomaternal outcome. Methods: A total of 1029 pregnant women underwent 2 h 75 g OGTT in non-fasting state. After 3-7 days, women were called in fasting state and subjected to 100 g OGTT and fasting, 1, 2, 3 h samples were taken. GDM was diagnosed using DIPSI, CC and NDDG criteria. All women were followed till delivery, and fetomaternal outcome was noted. Results: 10.4% (107) women were diagnosed as GDM by DIPSI, 6.4% (66) by CC and 3.1% (32) by NDDG criteria. Sensitivity of DIPSI with CC was 98.48%, specificity was 95.64%, and diagnostic accuracy was 95.82%. Sensitivity of DIPSI with NDDG was 99.89%, specificity was 92.38%, and diagnostic accuracy was 95.52%. Sensitivity of NDDG with CC was 48.48%, specificity was 100%, and diagnostic accuracy was 96.7%. Women with GDM by all three criteria were seen to have a significantly higher proportion of LSCS, higher birth weight and macrosomia compared to normoglycemic women (p value < 0.001). Conclusion: Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of DIPSI are comparable to CC and NDDG criteria; therefore, DIPSI can be recommended for diagnosing GDM with added advantage of low cost, simplicity and convenience. Women diagnosed as GDM by DIPSI, CC and NDDG had significantly higher rate of cesarean delivery, higher birth weight and macrosomia as compared to women with normoglycemia.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Unintended pregnancies have a negative impact on the health and economy of a nation, which can be prevented by effective family planning (FP) services. Postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUCD) is a safe and effective FP method which allows women to obtain long-acting contraception before discharge from the point of delivery. We observed poor coverage of deliveries with PPIUCD at our facility. This was the trigger to initiate a quality improvement (QI) initiative to increase the PPIUCD coverage from current rate of 4.5%-10% in 3-month period. METHOD: A fishbone analysis of the problem was done and the following causes were identified: lack of focused counselling for FP, lack of sensitisation and training of resident doctors and inconsistent supply of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs). A QI team was constituted with representatives from faculty members, residents, interns, nursing officers and FP counsellors. The point of care quality improvement methodology was used. INTERVENTIONS: Daily counselling of antenatal women was started by the counsellors and interns in antenatal wards. A WhatsApp group of residents was made initially to sensitise them; and later for parking of problems and trouble shooting. The residents were provided hands-on training at skills lab. Uninterrupted supply of IUCDs was ensured by provision of buffer stock of IUCDs with respective store keepers. RESULT: The PPIUCD insertion rates improved from 4.5% to 19.2% at 3 months and have been sustained to a current 30%-35% after 1 ½ years of initiation of the project tiding through the turbulence during the COVID-19 pandemic using QI techniques. CONCLUSION: Sensitisation and training of residents as well as creation of awareness among antenatal women through targeted counselling helped improve PPIUCD coverage at the facility. QI initiatives have the potential to facilitate effective implementation of the FP programmes by strategic utilisation of the resources.