Airborne concentrations and chemical considerations of radioactive ruthenium from an undeclared major nuclear release in 2017.

In October 2017, most European countries reported unique atmospheric detections of aerosol-bound radioruthenium (106Ru). The range of concentrations varied from some tenths of µBq·m-3 to more than 150 mBq·m-3 The widespread detection at such considerable (yet innocuous) levels suggested a considerable release. To compare activity reports of airborne 106Ru with different sampling periods, concentrations were reconstructed based on the most probable plume presence duration at each location. Based on airborne concentration spreading and chemical considerations, it is possible to assume that the release occurred in the Southern Urals region (Russian Federation). The 106Ru age was estimated to be about 2 years. It exhibited highly soluble and less soluble fractions in aqueous media, high radiopurity (lack of concomitant radionuclides), and volatility between 700 and 1,000 °C, thus suggesting a release at an advanced stage in the reprocessing of nuclear fuel. The amount and isotopic characteristics of the radioruthenium release may indicate a context with the production of a large 144Ce source for a neutrino experiment.

A clinical approach in regression of glomerulosclerosis.

The role of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in hypertension and end organ damage has long been recognized. Angiotensin 1 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are superior to other antihypertensive agents in protecting the kidney against progressive deterioration, even in normotensive persons. Like ACEI, angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (AT1RA) ameliorate or even reverse glomerulosclerosis in rat animal models. These findings suggest that Angiotensin II (Ang II) has nonhemodynamic effects in progressive renal disease. The RAS is now recognized to be linked to induction of plasminogen activator-inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), possibly via the AT4 receptor, thus promoting both thrombosis and fibrosis. Interactions of the RAS with aldosterone and bradykinin may have an impact on both blood pressure and tissue injury. The beneficial effect on renal fibrosis of inhibiting the RAS likely reflects the central role that angiotensin has in regulating renal function and structure by its various actions. This article explores the interaction of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system with PAI-1, and the potential significance of these interactions in the pathogenesis of progressive renal disease and remodeling of renal sclerosis.

The relationship between induction of embryogenesis and chromosome doubling in microspore cultures.

The objective of this paper is to review the relationship between induction of microspore embryogenesis and chromosome doubling. It has been augmented with relative data on chromosome doubling by nuclear fusion. Some of the treatments used for induction of embryogenesis may also lead to doubling of the chromosome number, either through nuclear fusion or endomitosis. High frequencies of spontaneous chromosome doubling in cereal species appear to be induced by treatments that block cell wall formation during the first cell divisions, resulting in coenocytic cells in which the nuclei are able to fuse. The use of mannitol as a pretreatment for induction of embryogenesis in barley, wheat, and maize microspore cultures provides examples of nuclear fusion. The use of antimicrotubule agents for embryo induction via treatments during the first few hours of microspore culture has also resulted in high frequencies of chromosome doubling. Factors such as the doubling agent concentration, temperature during treatment, and duration of treatment may be critical for individual species. Actin filament as well as microtubule assembly studies related to new cell wall formation provide further evidence at the molecular level for the relationship between microspore embryogenesis and chromosome doubling.

Improved plant regeneration from shed microspore culture in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. igri.

This report describes rapid regeneration of green plants from microspores of the barley cultivar Igri. Use of 0.3 M mannitol during maceration and isolation was essential for response from mechanically isolated microspores of barley cv. Igri grown under our conditions. A shed microspore culture system proved to be simple and gave a fast response; plants were obtained as early as 25 days after the material was taken from the donor plant. A 28-day cold-pretreatment of spikes can also be replaced with a 3-4 day pretreatment of anthers in mannitol. Shed microspores from 100 anthers produced an average of 292 plants with 91% of them green. Approximately 80% of the regenerated plants were spontaneously doubled-haploids.

Improved plant regeneration from wheat anther and barley microspore culture using phenylacetic acid (PAA).

The effect of the auxin phenylacetic acid (PAA) on wheat anther and on barley anther/microspore culture was investigated. With PAA the induction response was not usually significantly different from controls but a significantly higher number of green plants were produced in wheat anther and barley microspore culture. For wheat anther culture 100 mg/L PAA was beneficial. For barley microspore culture the optimum levels were from 1 to 100 mg/L, depending on genotype. In barley anther culture there were no improvements using PAA. In wheat anther culture, 145 green plants/100 anthers were obtained with cultivar Veery'S', while the average response from twelve F1 hybrids in the breeding program was 332 green plants/100 anthers. At least 1000 green plants were obtained using isolated microspores from 100 anthers in barley cv. Igri. With cv. Bruce, regeneration occurred only when 100 mg/L PAA was used. The influence of PAA appears at the embryogenic phase of the culture system. The possible mechanisms by which PAA may improve regeneration are discussed.

Biolistic transformation of haploid isolated microspores of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

Transgenic barley plants were produced by the direct delivery of plasmid DNA into isolated microspores of barley cv. Igri using high velocity microprojectiles. The plasmid pAHC25 contained the uidA and bar genes, each under the control of a maize Ubi1 promoter. Bombarded microspores were cultured and selected on solid medium containing varying concentrations (2-5 mg/L) of the Basta herbicide active agent bialaphos. The effectiveness of selection with bialaphos depended on its interaction with the medium component glutamine. Six transgenic plants (R0) were obtained, and the presence of the uidA and bar genes and their integration into nuclear DNA in transformed R0 plants were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase activity was observed in all six R0 transgenic plants, whereas none showed β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in histochemical GUS assays. Two of the six R0 plants were haploid and sterile; one of them was trisomic and partially sterile; the remainder were diploid, but one of them was also sterile. Inheritance of the transgenes in progeny of three seed-producing transgenic plants was investigated. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from R1 plants showed that the introduced bar and uidA genes were hemizygous and stably cotransmitted to the R1 progeny derived from self-pollination. Analysis of Basta resistance and the integration of the bar gene by PCR analysis in R1 plants indicated that the bar gene was being inherited and expressed as a single dominant trait. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was performed on chromosomes of the trisomic plant to confirm the presence of transgenes in the genome.

Nuclear fusion leads to chromosome doubling during mannitol pretreatment of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) microspores.

A cytological study of barley microspores during pretreatment of the uninucleate stage to the early culture stage was conducted utilizing six genotypes. Among the three main pretreatments investigated, microspores completed the first mitotic division during 28 d cold pretreatment of spikes, with or without leaf sheath attached, and during 0.3 M mannitol pretreatment of anthers at 25 degrees C. However, during a 4 d pretreatment in 0.3 M mannitol at 4 degrees C this first mitotic division was blocked or delayed and subsequently most often occurred during the first day on culture medium. The first mitotic division of most microspores pretreated in 0.3 M mannitol was mostly symmetrical (55-60%), whereas it was asymmetric (94%) during the 28 d cold pretreatment of spikes. Following the first mitotic division during the mannitol pretreatment at 25 degrees C, closely associated daughter nuclei often appeared to fuse via membrane coalescence, leading to a high frequency of large uninucleate microspores. Based upon nuclear size, the frequencies of fused uninucleate microspores in genotypes GBC 778, GBC 777 and Igri were estimated to be 87%, 54% and 75%, respectively, after a 4 d mannitol pretreatment at 25 degrees C. Chromosome numbers in dividing nuclei and relative densitometry measurements of nuclear DNA in microspores from cv. Igri confirmed the apparent fused nature of large nuclei in uninucleate microspores. The high frequency of fused nuclei indicates that nuclear fusion occurred between both symmetric and asymmetric nuclei. Microspores of cv. Igri cultured on filter paper following three different pretreatments provided an average of about 12 000 embryo-like structures (ELS) per plate. In samples, 85-97% of these ELS regenerated green shoots. The frequency of doubled haploids (74-83%) following all pretreatments was similar to the frequencies of fused nuclei. The pretreatment of spikes in 0.3 M mannitol at 4 degrees C for 4 d is preferred as it appears to provide genotype independent induction and suspension of nuclear division, as well as regenerating green plants in a shorter time than cold alone.