Self-Made Sleeve for Chandelier Light Simulation.

PURPOSE: To develop a quick and cost-effective alternative to a chandelier light for vitrectomy. METHODS: The surgical material available in an ophthalmologic operating room was used to create a sleeve for the vitrectomy light probe and tested on 30 consecutive retinal detachment cases for feasibility. RESULTS: A 64 × 5-mm cotton swab stick was cut into the length of the light probe minus the length of the trocar and subsequently pierced by a blunt needle. With this sleeve, the light probe could be safely handled similar to a chandelier light during surgery. CONCLUSION: A sleeve for the light probe can serve as a substitute for a chandelier light during scleral depression in retinal detachment surgery.

Idebenone Treatment in Patients with OPA1-Dominant Optic Atrophy: A Prospective Phase 2 Trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of idebenone in patients with OPA1-dominant optic atrophy (DOA). Sixteen patients with genetically confirmed OPA1-DOA were treated with 900 mg idebenone daily for 12 months. The primary endpoint was the best recovery/least deterioration of visual acuity. Secondary endpoints were the changes of visual acuity, colour vision, contrast sensitivity, visual field, peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (pRNFLT), and visual-related quality of life. For the primary endpoint, a significant increase was observed for the right eye (p = .0027), for the left eye (p = .0111) and for the better-seeing eye (p = .0152). For visual fields, a significant improvement was observed for the left eye between baseline and 9 months (p = .0038). Regarding pRNFLT, a significant decrease was found for the left eye between baseline and 3 months (p = .0413) and between baseline and 6 months (p = .0448). In the visual function questionnaire, a significant improvement was observed in the subscale general vision (p = .0156) and in the composite score (p = .0256). In conclusion, best recovery of visual acuity improved, even though the amount of improvement was small. Furthermore, a maintenance of visual function after 12 months of idebenone intake could be observed as well as a significant improvement in vision-related quality of life.Whether this effect is due to idebenone treatment, the placebo effect, or is explainable by the natural progression of DOA, remains unclear. Trial registration: EU Clinical Trials Register, EudraCT Number: 2019-001493-28.

Cotinine and cytokine levels in the vitreous body and blood serum of smokers and non-smokers - A pilot study.

Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for many ocular diseases. Of the multiple tobacco smoke compounds nicotine and its main metabolite cotinine are likely agents in disease modulation. The interaction of these compounds with exposed tissue is complex and ranges from proinflammatory to potentially neuroprotective properties. We aimed to determine cotinine and cytokines in the vitreous in smokers and non-smokers in this prospective, cross-sectional study at the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Graz, Austria. We included 10 smokers and 10 non-smokers. Vitreous and serum samples were analyzed for cotinine and cytokines. The cytokine analysis was performed with multiplex assay and cotinine was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cotinine was detectable in smokers only with a mean of 154.0 ng/ml ± 107.3 ng/ml in the vitreous and of 194.1 ng/ml ± 121.3 ng/ml in the serum. The difference between intraocular and systemic levels was statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences between the cytokine levels of smokers and non-smokers. However, intravitreal VEGF-A was by trend elevated in smokers and correlated positively with intravitreal cotinine (r = 0.59, p = 0.073). In conclusion cotinine is detectable in the vitreous of smokers and is lower than the serum. There is a trend towards elevation of VEGF-A in the vitreous of smokers.

MACULAR CHOROIDAL VOLUME CHANGES AFTER INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB FOR EXUDATIVE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab on the macular choroidal volume and the subfoveal choroidal thickness in treatment naïve eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: The macular choroidal volume and the subfoveal choroidal thickness were measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. After a screening examination, each patient received 3 monthly intravitreal injections of 1.25 mg bevacizumab. One month after the third injection was a final assessment. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients with a mean age of 80 ± 6.4 years were included. The macular choroidal volume decreased significantly from median 4.1 mm (interquartile range 3.4-5.9) to median 3.9 mm (interquartile range 3.1-5.6) between the baseline and final examination (difference -0.46 mm, 95% confidence interval: -0.57 to 0.35, P < 0.001). Similarly, subfoveal choroidal thickness had decreased from 157.0 µm (interquartile range 116.0-244.5) at baseline to 139.0 µm (interquartile range 102.5-212.0) at the final examination (P < 0.001). Both parameters macular choroidal volume at baseline and subfoveal choroidal thickness at baseline were not associated with the response to treatment. CONCLUSION: The macular choroidal volume and the subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased significantly after 3 monthly bevacizumab injections for exudative age-related macular degeneration.

Evaluation of intravitreal injections as a risk factor for capsular rupture during cataract surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether previous intravitreal injections are an independent risk factor for posterior capsular rupture (PCR) during cataract surgery after adjusting for known risk factors. DESIGN: Single-centre medical records analysis of a population-based cohort at a university-based referral centre. A retrospective cohort study has been conducted with inclusion of cataract surgeries done from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2020 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Austria. PARTICIPANTS: All consecutive cataract surgeries done in patients of at least 18 years of age from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2020 have been included. METHODS: Association between previous intravitreal injections and PCR rates has been analysed through univariable and multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEE). Other investigated risk factors were age, combined surgery, pseudoexfoliation, surgeon's experience, and type of cataract surgery. RESULTS: A statistically significant higher rate of posterior capsular rupture during cataract surgery has been found in patients with previous intravitreal therapy compared with patients with no history of intravitreal therapy (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10-1.46, p = 0.008). However, after adjusting for confounding risk factors, no statistically significant effect was seen (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.89-1.21, p = 0.664). CONCLUSION: We found no association between history of intravitreal injections and PCR during cataract surgery after adjusting for known risk factors. Further studies upon interactions between history of intravitreal injections and known risk factors for PCR, especially pseudoexfoliation, are needed.

Metallothionein (MT) response after chronic palladium exposure in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha.

The effects of different exposure concentrations of palladium (Pd) on relative metallothionein (MT) response and bioaccumulation were investigated in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). The mussels were exposed to 0.05, 5, 50, and 500 microg/L Pd2+ for 10 weeks under controlled temperature and fasting conditions. Relative MT contents were assessed by a modified Ag-saturation method, which allows to discriminate between MT bound to Pd (Pd-MT) and MT bound to unidentified metals (Ag-MT). Determination of metal contents resulted from atomic absorption spectrometry following a microwave digestion. For unexposed mussels and mussels exposed to 0.05 microg/L Pd no metal accumulation could be detected. All other exposure concentrations resulted in detectable Pd accumulation in mussels with final tissue concentrations of 96 microg/g (500 microg/L), 45 microg/g (50 microg/L), and 9 microg/g (5 microg/L). Compared with initial levels Pd-MT concentrations at the end of the exposure period were 600 (500 microg/L), 160 (50 microg/L), and 27 (5 microg/L) times higher. These results show that an increase in MTs in D. polymorpha already occurs at relatively low aqueous Pd concentrations indicating that there is the need for detoxification of Pd in the mussel. Furthermore, correlations between Ag-MT and Pd accumulation indicate that higher exposure concentrations are associated with adverse effects on the mussels. Thus, harmful effects of chronic Pd exposure of organisms even in lowest concentrations cannot be excluded in the environment.

Affecting of aquatic vascular plant Lemna minor by cisplatin revealed by voltammetry.

Within the context of application of platinum derivates based effective cytostatics, we can suppose that these risk metals can get into aquatic ecosystems where they can show biologic availability for food chain. In the present work we report on investigation of affecting of duckweed (Lemna minor) by various doses of cisplatin (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 microM) for 4 days. The toxic influence of cisplatin was evaluated on the basis of growth inhibition expressed as number of leaves, growth rate, and total amount of biomass. The result value of 96hEC50, calculated from growth inhibition with comparison of growth rates, was 6.93 microM. Moreover we aimed on determination of cisplatin content using differential pulse voltammetry. The highest content of cisplatin (320 ng g(-1) of fresh weight) was determined in plants treated by 80 microM at the second day of treatment. Plants protect themselves against heavy metals by means of synthesis of cysteine-rich peptides such as glutathione and phytochelatins. Thus thiol determination in the treated plants by means of Brdicka reaction followed. The marked increase in thiol concentration detected is associated with defence reaction of the plant against stress caused by cisplatin.

Role of the tissue-type plasminogen activator -7351C > T and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 4G/5G gene polymorphisms in central serous chorioretinopathy.

BACKGROUND: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common chorioretinal disease, characterized by choroidal hyperpermeability leading to neurosensory and/or retinal pigment epithelial detachments. Hypofibrinolysis due to higher plasma concentrations of plasminogen activator type 1 (PAI-1) or lower activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CSC. Functional polymorphisms in the PAI-1 (SERPINE1) and t-Pa (PLAT) are thus potential risk factors for CSC. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate a hypothesized association between the PAI-1 4G/5G and the t-PA -7351C > T gene variants and the presence of CSC. METHODS: The present study comprised 172 CSC patients and 313 control subjects. Genotypes of the PAI-1 4G/5G and the t-PA -7351C > T polymorphisms were determined by TaqManTM fluorogenic 5'-exonuclease assays. RESULTS: Allelic frequencies or genotype distributions of neither the PAI-1 4G/5G nor the t-PA -7531C > T polymorphisms were significantly different between patients with CSC and control subjects (PAI-1 4G/4G: 24.4% vs. 20.4, p = 0.36; t-PA -7351CC: 42.4% vs. 46.0%, p = 0.50). After adjusting for age and gender presence of the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype was associated with a non-significant odds ratio (OR) of 1.21 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.77-1.92, p = 0.41), while homozygosity for the t-PA -7351C allele yielded a non-significant OR of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.62-1.33, p = 0.62) for CSC. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that both the t-PA -7351C > T and the PAI-1 4G/5G gene variants are unlikely major risk factors for CSC.

Estimating Retinal Blood Flow Velocities by Optical Coherence Tomography.

IMPORTANCE: While optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography has been considered to evaluate retinal capillary blood flow instead of fluorescein angiography, the reflectance pattern of blood vessels on structural OCT might also provide retinal capillary flow data in the absence of fluorescein angiography. This potential has been insufficiently explored, despite promising data concerning a possible relationship between the reflectance pattern of blood vessels and their perfusion velocity in a laboratory setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of retinal blood flow velocity estimation by structural OCT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional observational study conducted from June to November 2015 at a tertiary clinical referral center. Sixty arteries (the superior and inferior temporal arteries) from 30 eyes of 30 patients (17 female, 13 male) were included in the study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Based on the intraluminal contrast patterns of retinal arteries on OCT, 3 independent graders categorized the blood flow velocities as low, medium, or high. These results and the results from a software-based intraluminal contrast analysis were compared with the retinal blood flow velocities measured by video fluorescein angiography. RESULTS: Among the 30 eyes of 30 patients (mean [SD] age, 72.6 [12.3] years; 17 female, 13 male), 15 were controls without retinal occlusion, 6 had a branch retinal artery occlusion, and 9 had a central retinal artery occlusion. When discriminating between low flow velocities and medium or high flow velocities, the graders' sensitivity ranged from 88.2% to 100% (grader 1: 88.2%; 95% CI, 63.6%-98.5%; grader 2: 88.2%; 95% CI, 63.6%-98.5%; and grader 3: 100%; 95% CI, 69.8%-100%) and their specificity ranged from 97.6% to 100% (grader 1: 100%; 95% CI, 87.7%-100%; grader 2: 97.6%; 95% CI, 87.4%-99.9%; and grader 3: 100%; 95% CI, 87.7%-100%). The κ coefficients of the comparison between the 3 graders and the angiography were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.60-0.93; P < .001), 0.64 (95% CI, 0.44-0.83; P < .001), and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.74-0.99; P < .001). In the computer-based assessment, the contrast reduction of the intraluminal pattern could be numerically expressed in a specific coefficient in the model (I2, describing the angular change of the backscattering intensity in the model), which presented nonoverlapping intervals between low flow velocities and medium or high flow velocities (mean [SD] I2, 0.3 [5.3], 20.4 [6.4], and 21.7 [4.0], respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study suggests that a low retinal blood flow velocity reflects in a visually distinct contrast reduction of the intraluminal pattern of retinal vessels on OCT. Larger studies are required to assess the clinical benefits.

Induction of heat shock proteins (hsp70) in the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) following exposure to platinum group metals (platinum, palladium and rhodium): comparison with lead and cadmium exposures.

An increasing number of papers concentrate on the availability and uptake of platinum group elements (PGE) by different organisms. These metals are discharged into the environment from different anthropogenic sources, such as automobile catalytic converters, hospitals and other medical institutions. As the effects of these precious metals on organisms remain unclear, the induction of heat shock proteins (hsp70) in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) following exposure to soluble salts of platinum, palladium and rhodium was compared with the hsp70 induction in mussels following exposure to cadmium and lead. Mussels were sampled weekly during a period of 10 weeks and analyzed for their metal concentration and their hsp70 level. Highest metal uptake was found for Cd, followed by Pt, Pb and Pd. Rh demonstrated the lowest uptake rate. A clear time-dependent increase of hsp70 levels occurred in all exposed mussels. Concentrations of hsp70 started to rise between days 18 and 25, except for the Pt-exposed group, where the initial increase was between days 25 and 32. All groups reached maximal hsp70 concentrations at day 39. Subsequently, hsp70 levels decreased to initial levels for the remaining exposure period. Threshold metal levels for the hsp70 induction varied among the metals and increased in the order: Rh

Prediction of anastomotic leakage after pancreatic head resections by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI).

PURPOSE: The texture of the pancreatic tissue is a main risk factor for leakage after pancreaticojejunostomy and can be differentiated using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). In order to identify risk factors and to assess the role of pancreatic dMRI, a cohort of patients was retrospectively reviewed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred seven consecutive patients were identified in the departmental database and examined by means of a standardized dMRI protocol using a 1.5-T MRI system. Signal intensity (SI) measurements (aorta, body of the pancreas, muscle tissue) were performed in the axial T1-weighted sequences before and after 25 and 60 s after i.v. application of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. For all patients with a standardized contrast medium curve in the aorta (n = 72), a muscle-normalized signal intensity curve (SIC) with SI(ratio) was calculated. SI(ratio)s were classified in two groups: rapid increase (SI(ratio) >or= 1.1, early arterial value > portal-venous value, "soft" pancreas) and delayed increase (SI(ratio) <1.1, "firm" or "hard" pancreas). All patients received pancreatic head resection with a duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy. The dMRI data was correlated with prospectively acquired clinical data. RESULTS: Leakage of the pancreaticojejunostomy occurred more frequently (12/37 vs. two of 35, 32% vs. 6%, p = 0.006) in patients with a rapid increase and an SI(ratio) >or= 1.1 ("soft" pancreas, n = 37) compared to those with delayed perfusion (SI(ratio) <1.1, "hard" pancreas, n = 35). The more severe type B and C anastomotic leakages occurred only in the group of patients with SI(ratio) >or= 1.1. Patients with a rapid increase had significantly better preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists staging, lower carbohydrate antigen 19-9 values, and smaller tumor sizes. Most of them had not only benign tumors but also longer postoperative hospital stay, in comparison to patients with delayed perfusion (SI(ratio) <1.1). Multivariate analysis revealed SI(ratio) of >or=1.1 to be the only preoperative parameter predicting leakage significantly with an odds ratio of 7.9. CONCLUSION: dMRI with SI(ratio) calculation provided reliable information for the prediction of pancreatic texture. Patients with a SI(ratio) >or= 1.1 had a 7.9-fold increased risk of anastomotic leakage and a prolonged hospital stay. SIC with measurements of SI(ratio) in dMRI could therefore define patients at risk for anastomotic leakage.