Physical and psychological morbidities among selected antenatal females in Kegalle district of Sri Lanka: A cross sectional study.

While motherhood is often a positive and satisfying experience, for some women, it is linked with suffering and ill-health. A woman should be able to feel physically and mentally content during pregnancy. Discomforts in pregnancy may be considered as insignificant by the physician. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine physical and psychological morbidities among primigravid antenatal females in the Kegalle District, Sri Lanka. A sample of 1017 second and third trimester primigravid antenatal females selected by a two-stage probability proportional to size cluster sampling method, were assessed for physical and psychological problems. Data analysis was done using SPSS 16 package and associations were found using Chi square test with p values. The presence of any physical health problem during the preceding 14 days was reported by 75.7% (95% CI 73.0-78.2) of females though each individual physical problem was reported by less than or around one-third. Prevalence of psychological distress and depression was 22.7% (95% CI 20.2-25.4) and 10.4% (95% CI 8.7-12.4), respectively. The self-rated health was very good in 24.7% and good in 55.9%. Older employed females had significantly higher physical problems. It is concluded that although the self-rated wellbeing during pregnancy is high, the presence of physical and psychological ill-health is substantial. Impact statement Pregnancy is a time of intense physical change and is associated with emotional upheaval in many women. Obstetric morbidity is defined as morbidity in a woman who has been pregnant regardless of the site or the duration of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. It is classified into three categories namely; direct, indirect and psychological obstetric morbidity. For one maternal death, there can be between 9 and 16 females with obstetric morbidity depending on the level of development of a country. As a country with good health indicators, this study was conducted to determine physical and psychological problems among primigravid antenatal females in the Kegalle District,p Sri Lanka to improve service quality further. The presence of any physical health problem during the preceding 14 days was reported by a quarter of females and backache, fatigue, body aches, psychological distress, urinary incontinence and headache was commonly reported individual problems. Older employed females had significantly higher physical problems. Though trivial for health workers, physical and psychological problems are prevalent. These should be actively sought and remedied by health workers to improve the quality of life.

Efficacy and safety of an anti-IL-13 mAb in patients with severe asthma: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 5% to 10% of asthmatic patients achieve incomplete symptom control on current therapies. The association of IL-13 with asthma pathology and reduced corticosteroid sensitivity suggests a potential benefit of anti-IL-13 therapy in refractory asthma. GSK679586, a humanized mAb, inhibits IL-13 binding to both IL-13 receptor α1 and α2. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of GSK679586 in patients with severe asthma refractory to maximally indicated doses of inhaled corticosteroids. METHODS: Patients who remained symptomatic (Asthma Control Questionnaire score ≥1.5) after uptitration to 1000 µg/d fluticasone propionate or greater were randomized to 3 once-monthly intravenous infusions of 10 mg/kg GSK679586 (n = 99) or placebo (n = 99). RESULTS: Treatment differences in adjusted mean change from baseline over 12 weeks were nonsignificant for Asthma Control Questionnaire symptom scores (the primary end point; GSK679586 = -0.31, placebo = -0.17, P = .058) and FEV1 (GSK679586 = -0.01, placebo = 0.03, P = .276). Similar analyses in patients with increased serum IgE levels, blood eosinophil counts, or both were also negative. Incidence of asthma exacerbations was similar between treatments. Most adverse events were nonserious and unrelated to treatment. Two GSK679586-treated patients had treatment-related serious adverse events (lethargy and supraventricular extrasystoles). CONCLUSIONS: Although well tolerated, GSK679586 did not demonstrate clinically meaningful improvements in asthma control, pulmonary function, or exacerbations in patients with severe asthma. Further studies are needed to determine whether therapies targeting IL-13, the functionally related IL-4 cytokine, or both can provide clinical benefit in patients with severe refractory asthma or a subpopulation of these patients beyond that achievable with high-dose corticosteroids.

Erectile dysfunction is a strong predictor of poor quality of life in men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: To identify predictors of poor quality of life among men with diabetes from a comprehensive set of sexual, clinical, socio-economic and lifestyle variables. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational-study of 253 men with Type 2 diabetes, randomly selected from a clinic in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Erectile dysfunction was assessed using the five-item International Index of Erectile Function and quality of life was assessed using the Sri Lankan version of the 36-item short form health survey questionnaire and the disease-specific Psychological Impact of Erectile Dysfunction scale. The presence of premature ejaculation, reduced libido, socio-demographic and lifestyle data was obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Significant predictors of quality of life were identified by stepwise multivariate linear regression models for short form-36 subscales, summary scales and two scales of Psychological Impact of Erectile Dysfunction. RESULTS: Significant predictors on the physical summary scale of the 36-item short form were erectile dysfunction (ß = 7.93, 95% CI 3.70-12.17, P < 0.001) and reduced libido (ß = 5.20, 95% CI 0.82-9.59, P < 0.05). Predictors on the mental health summary scale of the 36-item short form were erectile dysfunction (ß = 5.82, 95% CI 2.26-9.37, P < 0.01), BMI > 27.5 kg/m(2) (ß = 9.12, 95% CI 1.38-17.44, P < 0.05), ischaemic heart disease (ß = 6.39, 95% CI 0.74-12.04, P < 0.05) and insulin therapy (ß = 5.28, 95% CI 0.34-10.22, P < 0.05). Significant predictors in the sexual experience scale of the Psychological Impact of Erectile Dysfunction were erectile dysfunction (ß = 6.57, 95% CI 4.63-8.51, P < 0.001), reduced libido (ß =4.33, 95% CI 2.34-6.32, P < 0.001) and postural hypotension (ß = 3.99, 95% CI 0.13-7.85, P < 0.05). Predictors on the emotional life scale of the Psychological Impact of Erectile Dysfunction were erectile dysfunction (ß = 2.96, 95% CI 1.37-4.58, P < 0.001), reduced libido 2.75 (ß = 2.75, 95% CI 1.12-4.40, P < 0.01), younger age (ß = 1.05, 95% CI 0.35-1.75, P < 0.01) and postural hypotension (ß = 3.39, 95% CI 0.35-6.45, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Erectile dysfunction was a strong predictor of poor generic and disease-specific quality of life among other sexual and clinical variables in men with diabetes.

Completed suicide among Sinhalese in Sri Lanka: a psychological autopsy study.

Sri Lanka has the one of highest rates of suicide. Important factors associated with suicide were determined via the psychological autopsy approach (which had not been carried out previously in Sri Lanka). Over a 3-month period, in a catchment area, 31 suicides among Sinhalese were identified and 27 were investigated. Males were more likely to commit suicide and alcohol abuse and domestic violence were reported as contributory factors. We found it possible to use psychological autopsy methods to obtain information which can inform planned prevention measures.

Seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus infections in Colombo district, Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Although Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) infections occur worldwide, the epidemiology is remarkably different in tropical and temperate climates. VZV infections result in significant morbidity and mortality among adults in Sri Lanka. AIMS: For future VZV vaccination strategies, we set to determine the age-specific seroprevalence rate of VZV infections in Colombo, Sri Lanka. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out from 1999 to 2000. Multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used to collect 913 blood samples, which were tested for the presence of VZV-specific IgG antibodies. RESULTS: VZV seroprevalence rates were markedly lower in all age groups when compared to temperate climates. The seroprevalence rates increased with age in both the rural and urban populations. Of those aged 60 years, only 50% in the rural population and 78.9% in the urban population were immune to VZV. Seroprevalence rates of VZV infections were significantly different between the urban and rural populations (P< 0.001), with VZV-specific IgG antibodies detected in 47.5% in the urban population and 27.9% in the rural population. It was found that 56.2% (131) of females of childbearing age were nonimmune to VZV. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the need for a VZV vaccination program, which is likely to have a huge impact on the incidence of chickenpox and its associated morbidity and mortality.

Study of the interaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with glucose by particle microelectrophoresis.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 239 in the presence of glucose at temperatures under 303 K shows a time-dependent lowering of electrophoreric mobility v. At temperatures above 303 K, this time-dependent change in v is in the direction of increased mobilities. Cells suspended in buffer indicate a surface pKa of less than 4, whereas for cells suspended in buffered glucose it is impossible to derive a surface pKa. A kinetic study of the interaction of S. cerevisiae with glucose as a function of temperature allows calculation of an activation energy of 140 kJ X mol-1 for the combined processes of (i) uptake of glucose onto the cell wall, (ii) transfer through the cell wall and membrane, and (iii) the establishment of a steady glucose flux through the wall and membrane.

The effect of chemical modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on electrophoretic mobility, cell-wall structure and amphotericin B uptake.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 239 suspended in solutions of NaCl showed two distinct plateaus in plots of electrophoretic mobility vs. pH, corresponding to pKa values of approx. 2 and 5. This is in contrast to cells suspended in buffer where only a single pKa (4) can be determined. Modification of cells with KI/I2 or nitrous acid led to altered electrophoretic mobility, indicating the presence of sulphydryl and amino groups, respectively, in the yeast cell surface, whereas uranyl nitrate modification had little effect, suggesting phosphate groups to be absent. Electron micrographs showed visible effects of KI/I2 and nitrous acid modification on cell membrane structure, and in these modified cells amphotericin B uptake was rapid. It is suggested that diffusion through the cell wall is the rate-limiting step for amphotericin B uptake. An activation energy of 20 kJ X mol-1 was determined for uptake of amphotericin B by unmodified cells.

The prevalence and pattern of wife beating in the Trincomalee district in eastern Sri Lanka.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and to identify some socio-demographic factors associated with wife beating in the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area of Kantale in the Trincomalee district of eastern Sri Lanka. A random sample of 417 women in the age category 18-49 years constituted the sample population. Data were obtained by focus group discussions followed by the administration of a structured questionnaire by trained interviewers. The prevalence of reported wife beating among ever-married women was 30% and the prevalence of wife beating in the year preceding the study was 22%. There was no significant association between wife beating and ethnicity of the study population or a particular age group of either the batterer or the victim. Moreover, wife beating was associated with an early age at marriage for women, low-income, a low standard of living index, large families and alcohol consumption by the batterer. A significant inverse relationship between domestic violence and the level of education of both the batterer and the victim was also identified. Contusions, typically distributed in the region of the head, face and neck were found to be the commonest type of injury suffered by battered women. A majority of women, irrespective of their level of education and employment status placed the welfare of their children as the prime reason for continuing to stay in an abusive relationship. The study concludes that wife beating is a serious health and social problem for the women population of Kantale. Intervention is recommended in relation to key issues identified by the study, including alcohol abuse by men, relative lack of education among the population, lack of family planning, societal influences promoting teenage marriages of the girl-child and absence of programs aimed at creating awareness on wife beating.

BCG vaccination and development of a scar.

Nine hundred and seventy six children who had been given BCG vaccine previously were examined for the presence of a scar. It was found that 13.9% of them did not have a scar. The absence of a scar was more among those who were given BCG immediately after delivery.

Prevalence of skin diseases in suburban Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: In Sri Lanka the only available measures of disease frequency related to skin disorders are from hospital-based clinic studies. They reflect only the patterns of clinic attendance, and the actual prevalence of skin diseases in the community is unknown. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of skin diseases in a selected area. METHODS: A household survey based on health interviews and clinical examination was conducted over a period of 4 months. 418 households were selected for modified cluster sampling from predetermined areas in Piliyandala. RESULTS: There were 1806 people residing in the 418 households surveyed. 894 cases were identified, of which 34 people could not be traced for clinical examination. 33 households did not have anyone with a skin lesion. The prevalence of skin disease was 47.6%. Fungal infections, followed by dermatitis, were found to be the commonest problems. There was only one case of leprosy. Psoriasis was found to be of low prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of skin disease was high in the community that we surveyed. There were marked differences between community prevalence and hospital dermatology clinic attendance data for a number of skin diseases.

Mental health initiatives as peace initiatives in Sri Lankan schoolchildren affected by armed conflict.

The Health Reach Sri Lanka project (1993-96) is described. It was a school-based assessment of children's exposure to war-related events and the presence of psychological distress, undertaken in six communities in parts of Sri Lanka variously affected by armed conflict. Its objectives, methods and results are presented. The research project aimed to raise national awareness of the psychosocial effects of armed conflict on children, using a community-development approach to local capacity building, based on the 'health initiative as peace initiative' model. As a follow-up to the study, a locally run programme, based on creative play and trauma-healing, was established, initially for the children involved in the study. This was later extended to other children in the district affected by armed conflict.

Prevalence of suicidal ideation in Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Suicidal ideation can often lead to suicide attempts and completed suicide. Studies have shown that Sri Lanka has one of the highest rates of suicide in the world but so far no studies have looked at prevalence of suicidal ideation in a general population in Sri Lanka. AIMS: We wanted to determine the prevalence of suicidal ideation by randomly selecting six Divisional Secretariats (Dss) out of 17 in one district. This district is known to have higher than national average rates of suicide. METHODS: 808 participants were interviewed using Sinhala versions of GHQ-30 and Beck's Scale for Suicidal Ideation. Of these, 387 (48%) were males, and 421 (52%) were female. RESULTS: On Beck's Scale for Suicidal Ideation, 29 individuals (4%) had active suicidal ideation and 23 (3%) had passive suicidal ideation. The active suicidal ideators were young, physically ill and had higher levels of helplessness and hopelessness. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of suicidal ideation in Sri Lanka is lower than reported from the West and yet suicide rates are higher. Further work must explore cultural and religious factors.

HLA analysis of Sri Lankan Sinhalese predicts North Indian origin.

The origin of the Sinhalese population of Sri Lanka is debated. We subtyped HLA-A*02 in 101 Sinhalese and observed a preponderance of the rare allele HLA-A*0211 which was similar to reported frequencies in northern India. Taken with low-resolution typing for the remaining A, B, C, DR and DQ alleles, these data suggest a North Indian origin for the Sri Lankan Sinhalese.

Comparison of three instruments used in the assessment of dementia in Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is poorly recognized even by physicians. This study compares three instruments used to assess dementia in a community setting in Sri Lanka. METHOD: Translated and culturally adapted versions of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) were administered to 363 individuals selected by stratified random sampling in a periurban community in Sri Lanka. The results on the three instruments were compared with the independent psychiatric evaluation done on a concentrated sample of 37 individuals from the study population. RESULTS: Culturally adapted MMSE, IQCODE and CDR can be used to screen dementia in Sri Lanka. IQCODE is the best among the three instruments with a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 82.6% when 3.5 is the cut-off. In addition, IQCODE is culturally acceptable, easy to administer and can be used in those with a low level of literacy as well as in those with hearing or visual impairment. CONCLUSION: IQCODE was found to be more effective and culturally acceptable as a screening tool for dementia in Sri Lanka, compared with MMSE and CDR.

Ethical issues in community health care.

PIP: Health care professionals are expected to base their practice on a set of ethical principles, including truthfulness, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and confidentiality. Dilemmas can arise, however, when a medical professional is called upon to act in opposition to personal values or in cases where the values of patient, health care worker, and sponsoring institution conflict. The author outlines several of the ethical dilemmas that have arisen in community medicine in Sri Lanka. Since preventive medicine is based on the assumption that protection of public health is primary, individual rights and freedom of choice may be overruled, as, for example, in the case of mandatory testing and isolation for communicable diseases. Numerous ethical dilemmas arise in family planning, including whether physicians are mandated to refuse women a permanent method of fertility control when the required spousal consent has not been obtained. In these cases, the physician must weigh the administrative requirement for spousal consent against the principle of physician-patient confidentiality. Physicians are also placed in a difficult situation when patients request Depo-Provera--a contraceptive method that has been banned in the US due to its side effects but remains available in Sri Lanka--or postcoital contraception given the illegality of abortion in the country. Throughout the Third World, physicians constantly encounter challenges to the ethical principle of just, equitable distribution of health care resources.^ieng