Ten-year results of the PORTEC-2 trial for high-intermediate risk endometrial carcinoma: improving patient selection for adjuvant therapy.

BACKGROUND: PORTEC-2 was a randomised trial for women with high-intermediate risk (HIR) endometrial cancer, comparing pelvic external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with vaginal brachytherapy (VBT). We evaluated long-term outcomes combined with the results of pathology review and molecular analysis. METHODS: 427 women with HIR endometrial cancer were randomised between 2002-2006 to VBT or EBRT. Primary endpoint was vaginal recurrence (VR). Pathology review was done in 97.4%, combined with molecular analysis. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 116 months; 10-year VR was 3.4% versus 2.4% for VBT vs. EBRT (p = 0.55). Ten-year pelvic recurrence (PR) was more frequent in the VBT group (6.3% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.004), mostly combined with distant metastases (DM). Ten-year isolated PR was 2.5% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.10, and DM 10.4 vs. 8.9% (p = 0.45). Overall survival for VBT vs. EBRT was 69.5% vs. 67.6% at 10 years (p = 0.72). L1CAM and p53-mutant expression and substantial lymph-vascular space invasion were risk factors for PR and DM. EBRT reduced PR in cases with these risk factors. CONCLUSION: Long-term results of the PORTEC-2 trial confirm VBT as standard adjuvant treatment for HIR endometrial cancer. Molecular risk assessment has the potential to guide adjuvant therapy. EBRT provided better pelvic control in patients with unfavourable risk factors.

Molecular-integrated risk profile to determine adjuvant radiotherapy in endometrial cancer: Evaluation of the pilot phase of the PORTEC-4a trial.

OBJECTIVE: The Post-Operative Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Carcinoma (PORTEC)-4a trial is a randomized trial for women with high-intermediate risk endometrial cancer (EC), comparing individualized adjuvant treatment based on a molecular-integrated risk profile to standard adjuvant treatment; vaginal brachytherapy. To evaluate patient acceptability and pathology logistics of determining the risk profile, a pilot phase was included in the study. METHODS: PORTEC-4a is ongoing and the first 50 patients enrolled were included in the pilot phase. Primary endpoints of the pilot phase were patient acceptance, evaluated by analyzing the screening logs of the participating centers, and logistical feasibility of determination of the risk profile within 2 weeks, evaluated by analyzing the pathology database. RESULTS: In the first year, 145 eligible women were informed about the trial at 13 centers, of whom 50 (35%) provided informed consent. Patient accrual ranged from 0 to 57% per center. Most common reasons for not participating were: not willing to participate in any trial (43.2%) and not willing to risk receiving no adjuvant treatment (32.6%). Analysis of the pathology database showed an average time between randomization and determination of the molecular-integrated risk profile of 10.2 days (1-23 days). In 5 of the 32 patients (15.6%), pathology review took >2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The PORTEC-4a trial design was proven feasible with a satisfactory patient acceptance rate and an optimized workflow of the determination of the molecular-integrated risk profile. PORTEC-4a is the first randomized trial to investigate use of a molecular-integrated risk profile to determine adjuvant treatment in EC.

A comparison of carboplatin and paclitaxel with cisplatinum and 5-fluorouracil in definitive chemoradiation in esophageal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: In esophageal cancer (EC) patients who are not eligible for surgery, definitive chemoradiation (dCRT) with curative intent using cisplatinum with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the standard chemotherapy regimen. Nowadays carboplatin/paclitaxel is also often used. In this study, we compared survival and toxicity rates between both regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multicenter study included 102 patients treated in five centers in the Northeast Netherlands from 1996 till 2008. Forty-seven patients received cisplatinum/5-FU (75 mg/m(2) and 1 g/m(2)) and 55 patients carboplatin/paclitaxel (AUC2 and 50 mg/m(2)). RESULTS: Overall survival (OS) was not different between the cisplatinum/5-FU and carboplatin/paclitaxel group {[P = 0.879, hazard ratio (HR) 0.97 [confidence interval (CI) 0.62-1.51]}, with a median survival of 16.1 (CI 11.8-20.5) and 13.8 months (CI 10.8-16.9). Median disease-free survival (DFS) was comparable [P = 0.760, HR 0.93 (CI 0.60-1.45)] between the cisplatinum/5-FU group [11.1 months (CI 6.9-15.3)] and the carboplatin/paclitaxel group [9.7 months (CI 5.1-14.4)]. Groups were comparable except clinical T stage was higher in the carboplatin/paclitaxel group (P = 0.008). High clinical T stage (cT4) was not related to OS and DFS in a univariate analysis (P = 0.250 and P = 0.201). A higher percentage of patients completed the carboplatin/paclitaxel regimen (82% versus 57%, P = 0.010). Hematological and nonhematological toxicity (≥grade 3) in the carboplatin/paclitaxel group (4% and 18%) was significantly lower than in the cisplatinum/5-FU (19% and 38%, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we showed comparable outcome, in terms of DFS and OS for carboplatin/paclitaxel compared with cisplatinum/5-FU as dCRT treatment in EC patients. Toxicity rates were lower in the carboplatin/paclitaxel group together with higher treatment compliance. Carboplatin/paclitaxel as an alternative treatment of cisplatinum/5-FU is a good candidate regimen for further evaluation.

Two overlooked contributors to abandonment of childhood cancer treatment in Kenya: parents' social network and experiences with hospital retention policies.

BACKGROUND: The principal reason for childhood cancer treatment failure in low-income countries is treatment abandonment, the most severe form of nonadherence. Two often neglected factors that may contribute to treatment abandonment are as follows: (a) lack of information and guidance by doctors, along with the negative beliefs of family and friends advising parents, which contributes to misconceptions regarding cancer and its treatment, and (b) a widespread policy in public hospitals by which children are retained after doctor's discharge until medical bills are settled. OBJECTIVE: This study explored parents' experiences with hospital retention policies in a Kenyan academic hospital and the impact of attitudes of family and friends on parents' decisions about continuing cancer treatment for their child. METHODS: Home visits were conducted to interview parents of childhood cancer patients who had been diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and who had abandoned cancer treatment. RESULTS: Retrospective chart review revealed 98 children diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 whose parents had made the decisions to abandon treatment. During 2011-2012, 53 families (54%) could be reached, and 46 (87%) of these agreed to be interviewed. Parents reported the attitudes of community members (grandparents, relatives, friends, villagers, and church members); 61% believed that the child had been bewitched by some individual, and 74% advised parents to seek alternative treatment or advised them to stop medical treatment (54%). Parents also reported that they were influenced by discussions with other parents who had a child being treated, including that their child's life was in God's hands (87%), the trauma to the child and family of forced hospital stays (84%), the importance of completing treatment (81%), the financial burden of treatment (77%), and the incurability of cancer (74%). These discussions influenced their perceptions of cancer treatment and its usefulness (65%). Thirty-six families (78%) had no health insurance, and 19 of these parents (53%) could not pay their medical bills and were not allowed to take their child home when treatment ended. Parents reported feelings of desperation (95%), powerlessness (95%), and sadness (84%) and that their child has been imprisoned (80%), during the period of retention. The majority of parents (87%) felt that hospital retention of children must cease. CONCLUSIONS: The attitudes and beliefs of parents of children with cancer are impacted by those close to them and their community and may influence their perceptions of cancer treatment and decisions to stop treatment. Hospital retention policies are highly distressing for parents and may contribute to both treatment delays and treatment abandonment. These factors jeopardize treatment outcomes for young patients and require attention and modification.

Brachytherapy after external beam radiotherapy and limited surgery preserves bladders for patients with solitary pT1-pT3 bladder tumors.

BACKGROUND: Several French, Belgian and Dutch radiation oncologists have reported good results with the combination of limited surgery after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) followed by brachytherapy in early-stage muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 12 of 13 departments which are using this approach have been collected retrospectively, in a multicenter database, resulting in 1040 patients: 811 males and 229 females with a median age of 66 years, range 28-92 years. Results were analyzed according to tumor stage and diameter, histology grade, age and brachytherapy technique, continuous low-dose rate (CLDR) and pulsed dose rate (PDR). RESULTS: At 1, 3 and 5 years, the local recurrence-free probability was 91%, 80% and 75%, metastasis-free probability was 91%, 80% and 74%, disease-free probability was 85%, 68% and 61% and overall survival probability was 91%, 74% and 62%, respectively. The differences in the outcome between the contributing departments were small. After multivariate analysis, the only factor influencing the local control rate was the brachytherapy technique. Toxicity consisted mainly of 24 fistula, 144 ulcers/necroses and 93 other types. CONCLUSIONS: EBRT followed by brachytherapy, combined with limited surgery, offers excellent results in terms of bladder sparing for selected groups of patients suffering from bladder cancer.

Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: After surgery for intermediate-risk endometrial carcinoma, the vagina is the most frequent site of recurrence. This study established whether vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) is as effective as pelvic external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in prevention of vaginal recurrence, with fewer adverse effects and improved quality of life. METHODS: In this open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial undertaken in 19 Dutch radiation oncology centres, 427 patients with stage I or IIA endometrial carcinoma with features of high-intermediate risk were randomly assigned by a computer-generated, biased coin minimisation procedure to pelvic EBRT (46 Gy in 23 fractions; n=214) or VBT (21 Gy high-dose rate in three fractions, or 30 Gy low-dose rate; n=213). All investigators were masked to the assignment of treatment group. The primary endpoint was vaginal recurrence. The predefined non-inferiority margin was an absolute difference of 6% in vaginal recurrence. Analysis was by intention to treat, with competing risk methods. The study is registered, number ISRCTN16228756. FINDINGS: At median follow-up of 45 months (range 18-78), three vaginal recurrences had been diagnosed after VBT and four after EBRT. Estimated 5-year rates of vaginal recurrence were 1.8% (95% CI 0.6-5.9) for VBT and 1.6% (0.5-4.9) for EBRT (hazard ratio [HR] 0.78, 95% CI 0.17-3.49; p=0.74). 5-year rates of locoregional relapse (vaginal or pelvic recurrence, or both) were 5.1% (2.8-9.6) for VBT and 2.1% (0.8-5.8) for EBRT (HR 2.08, 0.71-6.09; p=0.17). 1.5% (0.5-4.5) versus 0.5% (0.1-3.4) of patients presented with isolated pelvic recurrence (HR 3.10, 0.32-29.9; p=0.30), and rates of distant metastases were similar (8.3% [5.1-13.4] vs 5.7% [3.3-9.9]; HR 1.32, 0.63-2.74; p=0.46). We recorded no differences in overall (84.8% [95% CI 79.3-90.3] vs 79.6% [71.2-88.0]; HR 1.17, 0.69-1.98; p=0.57) or disease-free survival (82.7% [76.9-88.6] vs 78.1% [69.7-86.5]; HR 1.09, 0.66-1.78; p=0.74). Rates of acute grade 1-2 gastrointestinal toxicity were significantly lower in the VBT group than in the EBRT group at completion of radiotherapy (12.6% [27/215] vs 53.8% [112/208]). INTERPRETATION: VBT is effective in ensuring vaginal control, with fewer gastrointestinal toxic effects than with EBRT. VBT should be the adjuvant treatment of choice for patients with endometrial carcinoma of high-intermediate risk. FUNDING: Dutch Cancer Society.

Brachytherapy quality assurance in the PORTEC-4a trial for molecular-integrated risk profile guided adjuvant treatment of endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The PORTEC-4a trial investigates molecular-integrated risk profile guided adjuvant treatment for endometrial cancer. The quality assurance programme included a dummy run for vaginal brachytherapy prior to site activation, and annual quality assurance to verify protocol adherence. Aims of this study were to evaluate vaginal brachytherapy quality and protocol adherence. METHODS: For the dummy run, institutes were invited to create a brachytherapy plan on a provided CT-scan with the applicator in situ. For annual quality assurance, institutes provided data of one randomly selected brachytherapy case. A brachytherapy panel reviewed and scored the brachytherapy plans according to a checklist. RESULTS: At the dummy run, 15 out of 21 (71.4%) institutes needed adjustments of delineation or planning. After adjustments, the mean dose at the vaginal apex (protocol: 100%; 7 Gy) decreased from 100.7% to 99.9% and range and standard deviation (SD) narrowed from 83.6-135.1 to 96.4-101.4 and 8.8 to 1.1, respectively. At annual quality assurance, 22 out of 27 (81.5%) cases had no or minor and 5 out of 27 (18.5%) major deviations. Most deviations were related to delineation, mean dose at the vaginal apex (98.0%, 74.7-114.2, SD 7.6) or reference volume length. CONCLUSIONS: Most feedback during the brachytherapy quality assurance procedure of the PORTEC-4a trial was related to delineation, dose at the vaginal apex and the reference volume length. Annual quality assurance is essential to promote protocol compliance, ensuring high quality vaginal brachytherapy in all participating institutes.

Axial cortical involvement of metastatic lesions to identify impending femoral fractures; a clinical validation study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with advanced cancer may develop painful bone metastases, potentially resulting in pathological fractures. Adequate fracture risk assessment is of key importance to prevent fracturing and maintain mobility. This study aims to validate the clinical reliability of axial cortical involvement with a 30 mm threshold on conventional radiographs to assess fracture risk in femoral bone metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with bone metastases who received radiotherapy for pain included in two multicentre prospective studies were selected. Conventional radiographs obtained at a maximum of two months prior to radiotherapy were collected. Three experts independently measured lesions and scored radiographic characteristics. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. RESULTS: Hundred patients were included with a median follow-up of 23.0 months (95%CI: 10.6-35.5). Two fractures occurred in lesions with axial cortical involvement <30 mm, and 12 in lesions ≥30 mm. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of axial cortical involvement for predicting femoral fractures were 86%, 50%, 20% and 96%, respectively. Patients with lesions ≥30 mm had a 5.3 times higher fracture risk than patients with smaller lesions. CONCLUSION: Our validation study confirmed the use of 30 mm axial cortical involvement to assess fracture risk in femoral bone metastases. Until a more accurate and practically feasible method has been developed, this clinical parameter remains an easy method to assess femoral fracture risk to aid patients and clinicians to choose the optimal individual treatment modality.

Multicenter cohort study on treatment results and risk factors in stage II endometrial carcinoma.

The aim of this study was to report outcome data and prognostic factors from a large cohort of pathologic stage II endometrioid type endometrial carcinoma. One hundred forty-two stage IIA-B patients were included. A central histopathologic review was performed. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 217 months with a median of 61 months. End points of the study were local and locoregional recurrence rates, distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). The local failure rate was 5.1% for stage IIA patients and 10.8% for stage IIB patients. Grade was the only significant prognostic factor for local failure. With respect to DMFS, DFS, and DSS, grade 3 showed to be the most prominent prognostic factor in multivariate analyses. Lymphvascular space involvement combined with grades 3 and 2 and myometrial invasion greater than 0.5 also showed to be significant for DMFS and DFS. Our study showed grade 3 to be the most important single independent predictive factor for locoregional and distant recurrences in endometrial carcinoma stage II.

The Use of Guidelines for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Tanzania: A Lesson from Kilimanjaro Clinicians.

BACKGROUND: Evaluations of the guidelines for the management of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Tanzania is scant. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of the current Tanzanian treatment guideline for the management lower respiratory tract infection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross sectional study in 11 hospitals of different levels in the Kilimanjaro region Data were collected from May 2012 to July 2012 by semi-structured interview for clinicians using 2 dummy cases for practical assessment. Data were analyzed by STATA v11 (StataCorp, TX, USA). Qualitative narratives from the interviews were translated, transcribed then coded by colors into meaningful themes. RESULTS: A variety of principles for diagnosing and managing LRTI were demonstrated by 53 clinicians of Kilimanjaro. For the awareness, 67.9% (36/53) clinicians knew their responsibility to use Standard Treatment Guideline for managing LRTI. The content derived from Standard Treatment Guideline could be cited by 11.3% of clinicians (6/53) however they all showed concern of gaps in the guideline. Previous training in the management of patients with LRTI was reported by 25.9% (14/53), majority were pulmonary TB related. Correct microorganisms causing different forms of LRTI were mentioned by 11.3% (6/53). Exact cause of Atypical pneumonia and Q fever as an example was stated by 13.0% (7/53) from whom the need of developing the guideline for LRTI was explicitly elaborated. CONCLUSION: The current guidelines have not been used effectively for the management of LRTI in Tanzania. There is a need to review its content for the current practical use.

Revised exon-intron structure of human JAK3 locus.

Jak3, a member of the Janus tyrosine kinase family is an intracellular kinase functionally coupled to cytokine receptors that share a common gamma chain (gamma c). Defects in the gamma c or Jak3 result in T-B + severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). In order to clarify discrepancies between earlier reported genomic organisations of human JAK3, the present study was undertaken to redefine its whole exon-intron structure. The genomic structure of human JAK3 consists of 23 exons and 22 introns, and shows strong homology with the organisation of the murine JAK3 locus. The exon-intron sequences provided in this report can be used to facilitate the identification of new Jak3-deficient SCID patients, including prenatal diagnosis.

Peroperative brachytherapy with the use of a vicryl mat in advanced or recurrent pelvic tumors.

UNLABELLED: Uncontrolled tumor growth of pelvic tumors is a very serious problem. To test the possibility of combining intra-operative placement of brachytherapy catheters fixed in a vicryl mat, patients with pelvic tumors were subjected to surgery followed by brachytherapy plus external radiotherapy. IN CONCLUSION: the procedure is feasible.

Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy for gastric carcinoma with poor prognostic signs.

Fifty-seven patients with poor prognostic factors following resection with curative intent for gastric adenocarcinoma (T3 or T4, positive lymph nodes, positive resection line) received adjuvant radiotherapy. A dose of 30.0-50.0 Gy was given in 10-25 fractions in one course or with a split of 2 weeks after 15 fractions. This was combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (375 mg/m2) given i.v. as a bolus during the first 4 days of radiation (n = 49). The 5-year survival was 26%; this rate is higher than the figures mentioned in the literature after surgery alone. The only way to prove the role of adjuvant radiotherapy for gastric carcinoma is a prospective randomized trial.

Activation of pre- and postsynaptic protein kinase C during tetraethylammonium-induced long-term potentiation in the CA1 field of the hippocampus.

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) induces a form of long-term potentiation (LTP) that is independent on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation (LTP(K)). LTP(K) may be a suitable chemical model to study molecular mechanisms underlying LTP. We monitored the phosphorylation state of two identified neural-specific protein kinase C (PKC) substrates (the presynaptic protein GAP-43/B-50 and postsynaptic protein RC3) after different chemical depolarisations. TEA induced a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy in the CA1 field of the hippocampus and increased the phosphorylation of both GAP-43/B-50 and RC3 (51 and 56.1%, respectively). These effects were blocked by the voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonist nifedipine, but not by the NMDA receptor antagonist AP5. These data show that in LTP(K) the in situ phosphorylation of pre-and postsynaptic PKC substrates is increased, indicating that NMDA receptor-dependent and NMDA receptor-independent LTP share common Ca(2+)-dependent expression mechanisms, including activation of pre- and postsynaptic PKC.

Abandonment of childhood cancer treatment in Western Kenya.

BACKGROUND: The most important reason for childhood cancer treatment failure in low-income countries is treatment abandonment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore reasons for childhood cancer treatment abandonment and assess the clinical condition of these children. DESIGN: This was a descriptive study using semistructured questionnaires. Home visits were conducted to interview families of childhood cancer patients, diagnosed between January 2007 and January 2009, who had abandoned treatment at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH). RESULTS: Between January 2007 and January 2009, 222 children were newly diagnosed with a malignancy at MTRH. Treatment outcome was documented in 180 patients. Of these 180 patients, 98 (54%) children abandoned treatment. From December 2011 until August 2012, 53 (54%) of the 98 families were contacted. Due to lack of contact information, 45 families were untraceable. From 53 contacted families, 46 (87%) families agreed to be interviewed. Reasons for abandonment were reported by 26 families, and they were diverse. Most common reasons were financial difficulties (46%), inadequate access to health insurance (27%) and transportation difficulties (23%). Most patients (72%) abandoned treatment after the first 3 months had been completed. Of the 46 children who abandoned treatment, 9 (20%) were still alive: 6 (67%) of these children looked healthy and 3 (33%) ill. The remaining 37 (80%) children had passed away. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of childhood cancer treatment abandonment requires improved access to health insurance, financial or transportation support, proper parental education, psychosocial guidance and ameliorated communication skills of healthcare providers.

Local recurrence after breast conservation therapy for early stage breast carcinoma: detection, treatment, and outcome in 266 patients. Dutch Study Group on Local Recurrence after Breast Conservation (BORST).

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists concerning the roles of mammography and physical examination in the detection of local recurrence after conservation therapy for breast carcinoma. In addition, the prognostic factors for and optimal treatment of patients with local recurrence are uncertain. METHODS: At eight radiotherapy institutes, two cancer institutes, and one surgical clinic in the Netherlands, regular follow-up of patients who underwent breast conservation therapy between 1980 and 1992 identified 266 patients with local recurrence in the breast. These patients exhibited no clinical signs of distant metastases at the time of diagnosis of the local recurrence. Data on the method of detection were available for 189 patients (72%). Local recurrence was diagnosed by mammography alone in 47 cases (25%). Of all patients, 85% underwent salvage mastectomy, 8% underwent local excision, 4% received systemic treatment only, and 3% remained untreated. Specimens of the primary tumor were available for review from 238 of the 266 patients (89%). RESULTS: Local recurrences detected by mammography alone were smaller than those detected by physical examination (P = 0.04). At 5 years from the date of salvage treatment, the overall survival rate for all 266 patients was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55-67%), and the distant recurrence free survival rate was 47% (95% CI, 40-53%). For the 25 patients with noninvasive recurrence, these figures were 95% and 94%, respectively. Skin involvement, the extent of recurrence (< or = 10 mm vs. >10 mm), and both lymph node status and histologic grade of the primary disease were strong predictors for distant metastases in patients with invasive recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with invasive local recurrence more than 1 cm in size are at a substantial risk for distant disease. The better distant disease free survival for patients with recurrence measuring 1 cm or less may indicate that early detection can improve the treatment outcome. Recurrence with skin involvement should be considered generalized disease.