Total Synthesis of Psammaplysins A, M, O, and Q and Ceratinamide A.

The psammaplysins are a unique class of brominated marine alkaloids bearing a signature 5/7-spiroisoxazoline-oxepine core linked to a variable tyramine-derived unit. Here, we report the total synthesis of several members of this family via a dipolar cycloaddition between an in situ generated nitrile oxide and an unusual seven-membered enediol diether dipolarophile. Carefully orchestrated oxidative transformation toward the fully functionalized spirocycle and direct coupling with tyramine-derived amines provides access to five representative family members, psammaplysins A, M, O, and Q and ceratinamide A, the latter four for the first time. Additionally, kinetic resolution of a late-stage intermediate enables the first asymmetric synthesis of (-)-psammaplysin A, thereby confirming its absolute configuration.

Total Synthesis of (-)-Rauvomine B via a Strain-Promoted Intramolecular Cyclopropanation.

We describe the first total synthesis of the unusual cyclopropane-containing indole alkaloid (-)-rauvomine B via a strategy centered upon intramolecular cyclopropanation of a tetracyclic N-sulfonyltriazole. Preparation of this precursor evolved through two generations of synthesis, with the ultimately successful route involving a palladium-catalyzed stereospecific allylic amination, a cis-selective Pictet-Spengler reaction, and ring-closing metathesis as important bond-forming reactions. The key cyclopropanation step was found to be highly dependent on the structure and conformational strain of the indoloquinolizidine N-sulfonyltriazole precursor, the origins of which are explored computationally through DFT studies. Overall, our synthesis proceeds in 11 total steps and 2.4% yield from commercial materials.

Symmetry-Driven Total Synthesis of Myrioneurinol.

We report a total synthesis of the Myrioneuron alkaloid myrioneurinol enabled by the recognition of hidden symmetry within its polycyclic structure. Our approach traces myrioneurinol's complex framework back to a symmetrical diketone precursor, a double reductive amination of which forges its central piperidine unit. By employing an inexpensive chiral amine in this key desymmetrizing event, four stereocenters of the natural product including the core quaternary stereocenter are set in an absolute sense, providing the first asymmetric entry to this target. Other noteworthy strategic maneuvers include utilizing a bicyclic alkene as a latent cis-1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl) synthon and a topologically controlled alkene hydrogenation. Overall, our synthesis proceeds in 18 steps and ∼1% yield from commercial materials.

A Convenient C-H Functionalization Platform for Pyrroloiminoquinone Alkaloid Synthesis.

Pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids represent a structurally intriguing class of natural products that display an array of useful biological properties. Here, we present a versatile and scalable platform for the synthesis of this diverse family - and in particular the antitumor discorhabdins - built upon sequential selective C-H functionalization of tryptamine. The utility of this strategy is showcased through short formal syntheses of damirones A-C, makaluvamines D and I, and discorhadbin E. Additionally, we describe efforts to develop the first catalytic asymmetric entry to the discorhabdin subclass.

Fe-Catalyzed C-C Bond Construction from Olefins via Radicals.

This Article details the development of the iron-catalyzed conversion of olefins to radicals and their subsequent use in the construction of C-C bonds. Optimization of a reductive diene cyclization led to the development of an intermolecular cross-coupling of electronically-differentiated donor and acceptor olefins. Although the substitution on the donor olefins was initially limited to alkyl and aryl groups, additional efforts culminated in the expansion of the scope of the substitution to various heteroatom-based functionalities, providing a unified olefin reactivity. A vinyl sulfone acceptor olefin was developed, which allowed for the efficient synthesis of sulfone adducts that could be used as branch points for further diversification. Moreover, this reactivity was extended into an olefin-based Minisci reaction to functionalize heterocyclic scaffolds. Finally, mechanistic studies resulted in a more thorough understanding of the reaction, giving rise to the development of a more efficient second-generation set of olefin cross-coupling conditions.

Chemical Synthesis and Self-Assembly of a Ladderane Phospholipid.

Ladderane lipids produced by anammox bacteria constitute some of the most structurally fascinating yet poorly studied molecules among biological membrane lipids. Slow growth of the producing organism and the inherent difficulty of purifying complex lipid mixtures have prohibited isolation of useful amounts of natural ladderane lipids. We have devised a highly selective total synthesis of ladderane lipid tails and a full phosphatidylcholine to enable biophysical studies on chemically homogeneous samples of these molecules. Additionally, we report the first proof of absolute configuration of a natural ladderane.

Pyrone Diels-Alder Routes to Indolines and Hydroindolines: Syntheses of Gracilamine, Mesembrine, and Δ(7) -Mesembrenone.

Although the Diels-Alder reaction has long been utilized for the preparation of numerous heterocycles, opportunities to extend its power remain. Herein, we detail a simple, modular, and robust approach that combines various amines regioselectively with 4,6-dichloropyrone to create substrates which, under appropriate conditions, can directly deliver varied indolines and hydroindolines through [4+2] cycloadditions with substitution patterns difficult to access otherwise. As an initial demonstration of the power of the strategy, several different natural products have been obtained either formally or by direct total synthesis, with efforts toward one of these-the complex amaryllidaceae alkaloid gracilamine-affording the shortest route to date in terms of linear step count.

A concise total synthesis of (+)-scholarisine A empowered by a unique C-H arylation.

The structurally unique akuammiline alkaloid (+)-scholarisine A was synthesized in 14 steps from a known enone (15 steps from commercial materials) through a route empowered by a unique C-H arylation reaction to forge its polycyclic core. Additional key steps include a pyrone Diels-Alder reaction and a radical cyclization/Keck allylation to fashion the core cage polycycle and one of the molecule's quaternary centers, as well as the use of a carefully positioned pendant hydroxyl group to facilitate the chemoselective reduction of an extremely unreactive lactam in the presence of a readily reduced lactone.

Synthetic Studies toward the Myrioneuron Alkaloids.

The Myrioneuron alkaloids are a relatively small family of plant-derived alkaloids that present an intriguing array of structural intricacy and biological properties. As such, these natural products have drawn interest from the synthetic community, resulting in creative total syntheses of several family members. This review showcases recent synthetic efforts towards these polycyclic alkaloids.

Modular Total Synthesis of the 5/5-Spirocyclic Spiroindimicins.

Total syntheses of the 5/5-spirocyclic indoline alkaloids (±)-spiroindimicins B, C, D, E, F, and G have been achieved via a modular approach. Our route features direct coupling of halogenated pyrrolemetal and isatin partners, Suzuki coupling to append the indole unit, Lewis acid-mediated spirocyclization, and divergent functionalization to give various family members. These syntheses are concise (six or seven steps from commercial materials) and highly amenable to analogue synthesis.

Extreme γ-butyrolactone overdose with severe metabolic acidosis requiring hemodialysis.

γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursor γ-butyrolactone (GBL) are commonly abused drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Therefore, overdoses occur readily with recreational use, and severe poisoning can occur after deliberate self-poisoning. We report the sequelae in a patient who ingested a massive dose of GBL, with suicidal intent. Severe metabolic acidosis and an asystolic cardiac arrest were successfully treated with standard resuscitation, supportive care, and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Plasma GHB concentrations were the highest reported to date. The acidosis was attributed to rapid systemic absorption of GBL, followed by rapid metabolism to GHB.

A general approach to 2,2-disubstituted indoxyls: total synthesis of brevianamide A and trigonoliimine C.

The indoxyl unit is a common structural motif in alkaloid natural products and bioactive compounds. Here, we report a general method that transforms readily available 2-substituted indoles into 2,2-disubstituted indoxyls via nucleophile coupling with a 2-alkoxyindoxyl intermediate and showcase its utility in short total syntheses of the alkaloids brevianamide A (7 steps) and trigonoliimine C (6 steps). The developed method is operationally simple and demonstrates broad scope in terms of nucleophile identity and indole substitution, tolerating 2-alkyl substituents and free indole N-H groups, elements beyond the scope of most prior approaches. Spirocyclic indoxyl products are also accessible via intramolecular nucleophilic trapping.

Enantioselective Cyclobutenylation of Olefins Using N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-Triazoles as Vicinal Dicarbene Equivalents.

Cyclobutenes are highly useful synthetic intermediates as well as important motifs in bioactive small molecules. Herein, we report a regio-, chemo-, and enantioselective synthesis of cyclobutenes from olefins using N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles as vicinal dicarbene equivalents or alkyne [2 + 2] cycloaddition surrogates. Terminal and cis-olefins can be transformed into enantioenriched cyclopropanes via rhodium catalysis. Then, in one pot, treatment of these intermediates with tosyl hydrazide and base effects diazo formation followed by rhodium-catalyzed ring expansion to yield enantioenriched cyclobutenes. These cyclobutenes can be transformed into highly substituted, enantioenriched cyclobutanes, including structures relevant to natural product scaffolds.

Total synthesis of (+)-spiroindimicin A and congeners unveils their antiparasitic activity.

The spiroindimicins are a unique class of chlorinated indole alkaloids characterized by three heteroaromatic rings structured around a congested spirocyclic stereocenter. Here, we report the first total synthesis of (+)-spiroindimicin A, which bears a challenging C-3'/C-5''-linked spiroindolenine. We detail our initial efforts to effect a biomimetic oxidative spirocyclization from its proposed natural precursor, lynamicin D, and describe how these studies shaped our final abiotic 9-step solution to this complex alkaloid built around a key Pd-catalyzed asymmetric spirocyclization. Scalable access to spiroindimicins A, H, and their congeners has enabled discovery of their activity against several parasites relevant to human health, providing potential starting points for new therapeutics for the neglected tropical diseases leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness.

Fluid Balance and Recovery of Native Lung Function in Adult Patients Supported by Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.

Fluid overload is associated with increased mortality in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. In patients requiring venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO), the effects of fluid removal on survival and lung recovery remain undefined. We assessed the impact of early fluid removal in adult patients supported by VV-ECMO and concomitant continuous renal replacement therapy, in an 18-bed tertiary intensive care unit between 2010 and 2015. Twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria, of these 15 (63%) survived to hospital discharge. In our patient group, a more negative cumulative daily fluid balance was strongly associated with improved pulmonary compliance (2.72 ml/cmH2O per 1 L negative fluid balance; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61-3.83; P < 0.001). In addition, a more negative mean daily fluid balance was associated with improved pulmonary compliance (4.37 ml/cmH2O per 1 L negative fluid balance; 95% CI: 2.62-6.13; P < 0.001). Survivors were younger and had lower mean daily fluid balance (-0.33 L [95% CI: -1.22 to -0.06] vs. -0.07 L [95% CI: -0.76 to 0.06]; P = 0.438) and lower cumulative fluid balance up to day 14 (-4.60 L [95% CI: -8.40 to -1.45] vs. -1.00 L [95% CI: -4.60 to 0.90]; P = 0.325), although the fluid balance effect alone did not reach statistical significance.

Synthesis of (+)-Tacamonine via Stereoselective Radical Cyclization.

A concise, asymmetric synthesis of the indole alkaloid (+)-tacamonine is reported involving a stereoselective radical cyclization of a 1-phenylsulfanyl tetrahydro-ß-carboline bearing a pendant enoate ester side chain as a key step. In this process, a single stereocenter in the side chain allows for the formation of two stereocenters of the natural product in a highly diastereoselective fashion. Computational investigations of this key cyclization support the experimentally observed outcome and shed light on the factors impacting its stereoselectivity.

A 7-Step Formal Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Strictamine via an Asymmetric Propargylation and Metal-Mediated Cyclization.

Herein is shown how a novel catalytic asymmetric propargylation of 3,4-dihydro-ß-carboline, followed by a designed Au(I)/Ag(I)-mediated 6-endo-dig cyclization, can directly deliver the indolenine-fused methanoquinolizidine core of the akuammiline alkaloid strictamine in its native oxidation state, ultimately achieving a 7-step formal asymmetric total synthesis. Also demonstrated are how the cyclization products can rearrange into vincorine-type skeletons and a further use for the developed propargylation with the first catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of decarbomethoxydihydrogambirtannine.