Exploring views of members of the public and policymakers on the acceptability of population level dietary and active-travel policies: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence on what shapes the acceptability of population level dietary and active-travel policies in England. This information would be useful in the decision-making process about which policies should be implemented and how to increase their effectiveness and sustainability. To fill this gap, we explored public and policymakers' views about factors that influence public acceptability of dietary and active-travel policies and how to increase public acceptability for these policies. METHODS: We conducted online, semi-structured interviews with 20 members of the public and 20 policymakers in England. A purposive sampling frame was used to recruit members of the public via a recruitment agency, based on age, sex, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Policymakers were recruited from existing contacts within our research collaborations and via snowball sampling. We explored different dietary and active-travel policies that varied in their scope and focus. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic reflexive analysis with both inductive and deductive coding. RESULTS: We identified four themes that informed public acceptability of dietary and active-travel policies: (1) perceived policy effectiveness, i.e., policies that included believable mechanisms of action, addressed valued co-benefits and barriers to engage in the behaviour; (2) perceived policy fairness, i.e., policies that provided everyone with an opportunity to benefit (mentioned only by the public), equally considered the needs of various population subgroups and rewarded 'healthy' behaviours rather than only penalising 'unhealthy' behaviours; (3) communication of policies, i.e., policies that were visible and had consistent and positive messages from the media (mentioned only by policymakers) and (4) how to improve policy support, with the main suggestion being an integrated strategy addressing multiple aspects of these behaviours, inclusive policies that consider everyone's needs and use of appropriate channels and messages in policy communication. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that members' of the public and policymakers' support for dietary and active-travel policies can be shaped by the perceived effectiveness, fairness and communication of policies and provide suggestions on how to improve policy support. This information can inform the design of acceptable policies but can also be used to help communicate existing and future policies to maximise their adoption and sustainability.

Ultraviolet radiation exposure to the face in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and healthy controls: applying a novel methodology to define photoprotection behaviour.

BACKGROUND: In xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), the main means of preventing skin and eye cancers is extreme protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Protection is most important for the face. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess how well patients with XP adhere to medical advice to protect against UVR by objectively estimating the mean daily dose of UVR to the face. METHODS: We objectively estimated the UVR dose to the face in 36 patients with XP and 25 healthy individuals over 3 weeks in the summer. We used a new methodology which combined UVR dose measurements from a wrist-worn dosimeter with an activity diary record of face photoprotection behaviour for each 15-min period spent outside. A protection factor was associated with each behaviour, and the data were analysed using a negative binomial mixed-effects model. RESULTS: The mean daily UVR dose (weighted for DNA damage capacity) to the face in the patients with XP was 0·13 standard erythemal doses (SEDs) (mean in healthy individuals = 0·51 SED). There was wide variation between patients (range < 0·01-0·48 SED/day). Self-caring adult patients had a very similar UVR dose to the face as cared-for patients (0·13 vs. 0·12 SED/day), despite photoprotecting much more poorly when outside, because the self-caring adults were outside in daylight much less. CONCLUSIONS: Photoprotection behaviour varies widely within the XP group indicating that nonadherence to photoprotection advice is a significant issue. The timing and duration of going outside are as important as photoprotective measures taken when outside, to determine the UVR exposure to the face. This new methodology will be of value in identifying the sources of UVR exposure in other conditions in which facial UVR exposure is a key outcome, particularly in patients with multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers.

Behaviour change during dietary Type 2 diabetes remission: a longitudinal qualitative evaluation of an intervention using a very low energy diet.

AIM: To understand the process of behaviour change through the experiences of people with Type 2 diabetes engaged in an 8-month diabetes remission intervention including a 2-month weight loss phase with the use of a very low energy diet (VLED), and a 6-month, structured weight maintenance phase. METHODS: Data were collected in three semi-structured interviews at baseline, week 8 (end of the weight loss phase), and month 8 (end of the weight maintenance phase). Longitudinal inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse participants' narratives and identify change over time. RESULTS: Eleven of 18 participants completed all three interviews. The following themes of change were identified in their narratives: (1) 'Building behavioural autonomy' as a process of growing confidence to engage in health behaviours that are independent of those of other people; (2) 'Behavioural contagion' describing how one's new health behaviours tend to affect those of other people; (3) 'From rigid to flexible restraint', reflecting the changes in attitudes and behaviours required for a successful adaptation from weight loss to weight maintenance; and (4) 'Shift in identity', representing changes in the participants' perceptions of themselves. CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal qualitative study provided new insights into how behaviour change is experienced by people with Type 2 diabetes engaged on a weight management intervention using VLED, contributing to theoretical and practical understanding of weight management behaviours. The themes identify potential areas in which individuals can be supported in achieving dietary diabetes remission and long-term maintenance of weight loss.

Views, experience and adherence among pregnant women with gestational diabetes participating in a weight loss study (WELLBABE).

AIMS: To investigate the views and experience of pregnant women newly diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus participating in a 1200 kcal/day diet to achieve moderate weight loss (the WELLBABE study), and to explore barriers to and facilitators of adherence. METHODS: Twelve participants engaged in semi-structured interviews after completion of the 4-week diet. An interview schedule was devised using open-ended questions guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Transcript responses were analysed thematically. RESULTS: Participants were anxious about their diagnosis of gestational diabetes, but concerns related to dieting in pregnancy were allayed by reassurance from the research team. Participants expected health benefits, improved knowledge and support from enrolling on the study. The participants' primary motivator to diet adherence was their baby's wellbeing. Other facilitatory factors included improving their own health and reducing any future risk of diabetes. Trying to provide reliable results and receiving extra care also facilitated adherence. Partners, friends and family were an important source of social support and no barrier caused by concern about weight loss in pregnancy was encountered. Observed and experienced physical changes and feedback from the research team positively reinforced adherence. The main barrier was that learning new skills was initially time-consuming. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss was acceptable to women with gestational diabetes provided with clear information about likely benefit. A randomized controlled trial of this intervention is now required, employing clear information and feedback of glycaemic benefit to facilitate efficacy.

Development of the MapMe intervention body image scales of known weight status for 4-5 and 10-11 year old children.

Background: Parents tend to visually assess children to determine their weight status and typically underestimate child body size. A visual tool may aid parents to more accurately assess child weight status and so support strategies to reduce childhood overweight. Body image scales (BIS) are visual images of people ranging from underweight to overweight but none exist for children based on UK criteria. Our aim was to develop sex- and age-specific BIS for children, based on British growth reference (UK90) criteria. Methods: BIS were developed using 3D surface body scans of children, their associated weight status using UK90 criteria from height and weight measurements, and qualitative work with parents and health professionals. Results: Height, weight and 3D body scans were collected (211: 4-5 years; 177: 10-11 years). Overall, 12 qualitative sessions were held with 37 participants. Four BIS (4-5-year-old girls and boys, 10-11-year-old girls and boys) were developed. Conclusions: This study has created the first sex- and age-specific BIS, based on UK90 criteria. The BIS have potential for use in child overweight prevention and management strategies, and in future research. This study also provides a protocol for the development of further BIS appropriate to other age groups and ethnicities.

Acceptability of a very-low-energy diet in Type 2 diabetes: patient experiences and behaviour regulation.

AIMS: To evaluate the acceptability of an 8-week very-low-energy diet for remission of Type 2 diabetes, and to identify barriers and facilitators of adherence and behaviour-regulation strategies used by participants in the Counterbalance study. METHODS: Eighteen of 30 participants in the Counterbalance study (ISRCTN88634530) took part in semi-structured interviews. Of these, 15 participants were interviewed before and after the 8-week very-low-energy diet intervention. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the narratives. RESULTS: The prospect of diabetes remission, considerable weight loss, and long-term health improvement provided participants with substantial initial motivation. This motivation was sustained through the experience of rapid weight loss, improvements in blood glucose levels, social support and increased physical and psychological well-being. Overall, adherence to the very-low-energy diet for 8 weeks was perceived as much easier than anticipated, but required personal effort. Participants addressed challenges by removing food from the environment, planning, avoidance of tempting situations or places, and self-distraction. Weight loss and improvements in blood glucose levels lead to a sense of achievement and improvements in physical and psychological wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary treatment for reversal of Type 2 diabetes is acceptable and feasible in motivated participants, and the process is perceived as highly gratifying. Research outside of controlled trial settings is needed to gauge the generalisability of these findings.

High prevalence of alcohol use disorders in patients with inflammatory skin diseases.

BACKGROUND: There is a known association between psoriasis and heavy alcohol consumption. The association between heavy alcohol consumption and other inflammatory skin diseases remains to be defined. OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of heavy drinking using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in patients with inflammatory skin disease. METHODS: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study in a single hospital outpatient department. We recruited 609 patients with either psoriasis, eczema, cutaneous lupus or other inflammatory disorders, and a reference population with skin lesions. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients in each group with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). RESULTS: The observed prevalence of AUD was 30·6% in patients with psoriasis, 33·3% in those with eczema, 12·3% in those with cutaneous lupus, 21·8% in those with other inflammatory disease and 14·3% in those with non-inflammatory disease. Odds ratios (OR) for AUD in patients in the inflammatory groups compared with those in the noninflammatory groups, adjusted for age and sex, were as follows: psoriasis 1·65 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·86-3·17], eczema 2·00 (95% CI 1·03-3·85), lupus 1·03 (95% CI 0·39-2·71), other inflammatory disease 1·32 (95% CI 0·68-2·56). ORs were reduced if also adjusted for Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The prevalence of DLQI ≥ 11 was 31·1% for psoriasis, 43·7% for eczema, 17·5% for cutaneous lupus, 17·2% for other inflammatory disease and 2·8% for noninflammatory disease. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with eczema attending a hospital clinic have been shown to have high levels of AUD of a similar level to patients with psoriasis and higher than patients with noninflammatory skin diseases.

Efficacy and acceptability of very low energy diets in overweight and obese people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analyses.

AIMS: To explore the efficacy and acceptability of very low energy diets in overweight or obese adults with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Controlled trials and qualitative studies of individuals with Type 2 diabetes that compared very low energy diets with standard care, minimal interventions, other weight loss interventions, less intensive very low energy diet interventions and very low energy diets with additional components were eligible for inclusion. Meta-analyses of changes in weight, blood glucose levels and attrition rates were performed. Acceptability of very low energy diets was assessed by attrition rates, number and severity of side effects, and by qualitative evaluations of the interventions. RESULTS: Four randomized, five non-randomized controlled trials and no qualitative studies (21 references, 9 studies, 346 participants) were identified. Meta-analyses showed that very low energy diets induced greater weight losses than minimal interventions, standard care or low energy diets at 3 and 6 months. No conclusive evidence for differences in outcomes between very low energy diets and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery was found. Greater differences in energy prescription between intervention and comparator arms were associated with greater differences in weight loss and fasting blood glucose levels at 3 months. Attrition rates did not differ between the very low energy diets and the comparator arms at any measurement point. CONCLUSIONS: Very low energy diets are effective in substantial weight loss among people with Type 2 diabetes. Levels of adherence to very low energy diets in controlled studies appear to be high, although details about behaviour support provided are usually poorly described.

Self-management in temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review of behavioural components.

The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to identify the behaviour change techniques most frequently employed in published temporomandibular disorder (TMD) self-management (SM) programmes. The reviewers matched the components of SM programmes into the relevant behaviour change technique domains according to the definitions of the behaviour change taxonomy (version 1). Electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials assessing an SM programme for TMD. Manual searches were also conducted for potentially important journals. Eligibility criteria for the review included: the type of study, the participants, the intervention utilised and the comparators/control. Fifteen randomised controlled trials with 554 patients were included in this review. The review concludes a minority of the available behaviour change techniques are currently employed in SM programmes. Other behaviour change techniques should be examined to see whether there is a theoretical underpinning that might support their inclusion in self-management programmes in TMD. Further trials are required to conclude that SM programmes are more effective than no treatment at all and or placebo. With more structured SM programmes, greater therapeutic benefits might be achieved, and certainly if SM programmes published in the literature define their components through use of the behaviour change taxonomy, it would be easier for clinicians to replicate efficacious programmes.

Overnourishment during lactation induces metabolic and haemodynamic heart impairment during adulthood.

AIM: In this study, the effects of postnatal overfeeding on heart energy homoeostasis and cardiac haemodynamics in adult male Swiss mice were examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: During the suckling period, the mice were divided into four groups of control or overfed pups in combination with baseline or ischaemia/reperfusion treatments (control group baseline, CGBL; overfed group baseline, OGBL; control group ischaemia/reperfusion, CGIR; and overfed group ischaemia/reperfusion, OGIR). End diastolic pressure (EDP), heart contraction speed (Max dP/dt), relaxation speed (Min dP/dt), isovolumetric relaxation time (Tau) and frequency by beats per minute (BPM) were measured. During baseline and ischaemia/reperfusion, key proteins such as AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, pAKT, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), pAMPK, insulin receptor beta (IRß), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), fatty acid binding protein (FABP), CD36, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) were studied. The expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) was studied as a marker of cardiac hypertrophy and energetic metabolism. Cardiac fibrosis was analyzed by quantifying collagen deposition, which is increased in the OGBL and OGIR groups compared with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The OGBL group showed reduced EDP compared with the CGBL group and high Max dP/dt compared with the OGBL group. Ischaemia/reperfusion increased EDP and Min dP/dt in the intragroup comparison. By contrast, Tau and frequency were not significantly different among groups. The OGIR mice showed significant alterations in heart metabolism proteins, including AKT2, pAKT/AKT1, pAKT/AKT2, AMPK, pAMPK/AMPK, PTP1B, IRS1, FABP and CD36. Furthermore, alterations in ANP, BNP, CPT1 and UCP3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression indicated hypertrophy and reduction in their efficiency, such that exclusive overnutrition in childhood induces a long-term effect on haemodynamics, metabolism and heart remodelling.

Effect of Surface Treatment on Titanium Surface Free Energy and its Relation to Bacterial Activity: A Systematic Review.

The surface properties of titanium dental implants, such as wettability and surface free energy, influence the adhesion of microorganisms responsible for inflammation and infection of peri-implant tissues. This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship of titanium surface treatments, surface free energy/wettability property and its relationship with bacterial activity. This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis) guidelines and was registered in the OpenScience Framework (osf.io/ejnct). PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Scopus library databases were used from custom search strategies. Inclusion criteria were research articles that studied titanium or its alloys for wetting property and its correlation with adhesion. Of the 697 articles initially identified, 27 were selected after full-text reading and application of the eligibility criteria. In general, the evaluated studies showed that regardless of the surface treatment, there was an increase in titanium hydrophilicity and concomitant reduction in bacterial adhesion. The surface treatment of titanium results in higher surface free energy and lower bacterial adhesion. Hydrophilic titanium surfaces prevent adhesion of hydrophobic bacteria in early stages.

Morphometric evaluation of the linea alba in fresh corpses.

Purpose: Diastasis recti abdominis is an increase in the distance between the medial borders of the two rectus muscles. It is most often triggered after intra-abdominal pressure increases, such as postpartum or in obesity. Most publications are based on radiological studies or are done in certain subgroups, without unanimous reference values of the distance between the rectus abdominis or standardization. Methods: Forty-one cadavers were studied. Exclusion criteria: signs of abdominal trauma, major burns, presence of scar from previous abdominal surgery, clinical signs of abdominal hernia, and identification of hernia during cadaver dissection. Linea alba (LA) length, width, and thickness were measured with a flexible tape measure and digital caliper. Anatomical landmarks were established, and subdivisions were described based on them to compare the cadavers. Results: Sex and age had little effect on LA width, thickness, or length. Obesity (compared to normal weight) was the only variable that promoted an increase in the LA width (p < 0.01). The supraumbilical length varied with the total height of the evaluated cadavers (p < 0.01), but the infraumbilical length did not (p = 0.11). Conclusion: The general statistical results of this study, regarding the evaluation of LA measurements in cadavers, showed that ethnicity, sex, and age have little effect on the width, thickness, or length of the LA. LA width differed significantly with abdominal circumference.

Adolescent sunscreen use in springtime: a prospective predictive study informed by a belief elicitation investigation.

Two studies aimed to understand springtime sunscreen use amongst adolescents and to compare the predictive utility of the theory of planned behavior, descriptive norms, prototype perceptions and planning. In Study 1, a belief elicitation study with N = 67 adolescents identified beliefs about, and strategies for, sunscreen use. In Study 2, N = 177 adolescents completed measures of direct and belief-based theory of planned behavior measures prototype evaluation and similarity, descriptive norms and planning. Sunscreen use was reported 2 months later. In Study 1, sunburn prevention and skin care emerged as the most relevant consequences of sunscreen use. Facilitators were supportive family norms. Sunscreen properties, costs and forgetting were main barriers which were commonly addressed with preparatory actions such as carrying sunscreen. In Study 2, gender, intention and prototype evaluation were predictive of sunscreen use. Positive evaluations of those who use sunscreen were related to lower sunscreen use when controlling for intention, descriptive norm and gender. Belief-based measures were the best predictors of intention. Behavioral, normative and control beliefs are crucial for understanding sunscreen. Future interventions should focus on these beliefs to change intentions.

Distribution of Taenia saginata metacestodes: a comparison of routine meat inspection and carcase dissection results in experimentally infected calves.

A comparison of techniques for detecting the presence of Cysticercus bovis in bovine carcasses was made by using carcass dissection and routine beef inspection guidelines. In the study, 28 calves were used after they were tested and found to be negative for the presence of anti-C. bovis serum antibodies and were inoculated orally with aliquots containing 6×10(4) Taenia saginata eggs. One hundred and twenty days after inoculation, the animals were slaughtered and a post mortem evaluation was done following Brazilian Federal Beef Inspection guidelines. This routine meat inspection was able to identify 71·42% of the assessed infected carcasses as being parasitized. This result implies that 28·58% of the infected carcasses would have been released as fit for human consumption since they would have been considered as free of C. bovis infection when using this method for carcass assessment. Only 3·07% of the total 2311 metacestodes present in the carcasses were identified by the conventional procedures of sanitary inspection. The assessment of different parts of the carcasses showed high infestation rates in shoulder clod (14·37%), head (11·21%), neck+chuck roll (8·05%), heart (7·75%) and top (inside) round (7·18%) which, together, were responsible for housing 48·51% of all the cysts found in the 24 beef cuts assessed. These numbers contrasted to the low incidence of cysts found in organs such as tongue (3·12%), diaphragm (1·69%) and esophagus (1·60%) which are usually described as predilection sites for the parasite.

Effect of Terbufos (Organophosphate) on the Cadaveric Colonization Process: Implications for Postmortem Interval Calculation.

The determination of necrophagous fly specie's development time is considered an accurate method for estimating postmortem interval (PMI). However, pesticides and other chemicals can alter the flies' life cycle, inducing errors in PMI estimation. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of Terbufos (Organophosphates) on the temporal dispersion pattern and development of immature dipterans associated with decaying rat carcasses. For this, 150 g female Wistar rats received, via gavage, 200 µl of Terbufos (5 or 10 mg/kg) or distilled water (control) and, after 30 min of administration, the animals were euthanized and distributed in suspended traps to decompose under environmental conditions. The dispersing immatures were collected daily, and their development time was monitored until the emergence of adult flies. After data analysis, it was observed that Terbufos altered 1) the temporal pattern of larval dispersion; 2) the composition and structure of the colonizing assemblage (emerged adults); 3) species' development time, accelerating or delaying their cycle, depending on the dose used; and 4) the califorids and sarcophagids emergence rate, increasing the mortality of pupae from intoxicated carcasses. Thus, this work demonstrates experimentally that Terbufos directly influences the development of flies with forensic potential and discusses the implications for PMI estimation, which can assist in future investigative processes with suspected poisoning by this organophosphate.

Ku70 is required for DNA repair but not for T cell antigen receptor gene recombination In vivo.

Ku is a complex of two proteins, Ku70 and Ku80, and functions as a heterodimer to bind DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and activate DNA-dependent protein kinase. The role of the Ku70 subunit in DNA DSB repair, hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation, and V(D)J recombination was examined in mice that lack Ku70 (Ku70(-/-)). Like Ku80(-/-) mice, Ku70(-/-) mice showed a profound deficiency in DNA DSB repair and were proportional dwarfs. Surprisingly, in contrast to Ku80(-/-) mice in which both T and B lymphocyte development were arrested at an early stage, lack of Ku70 was compatible with T cell receptor gene recombination and the development of mature CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ T cells. Our data shows, for the first time, that Ku70 plays an essential role in DNA DSB repair, but is not required for TCR V(D)J recombination. These results suggest that distinct but overlapping repair pathways may mediate DNA DSB repair and V(D)J recombination.

Predicting Persistent Orofacial Pain: The Role of Illness Perceptions, Anxiety, and Depression.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent orofacial pain (POFP) can be caused by a range of conditions affecting the mouth and face and is often associated with significant disability. Biopsychosocial factors are known to be important predictors and have not yet been fully explored in this population. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore whether illness perceptions and psychological distress (anxiety and depression) could predict long-term outcome in a community-based sample of patients receiving routine care for POFP. METHODS: A longitudinal cohort design study assessed 198 patients recruited from primary or secondary health care settings on 5 separate occasions over a 2-y period. Outcome was measured by the Graded Chronic Pain Scale and dichotomized into good or poor outcome categories. Independent variables included subscale scores of the psychometrically shortened Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4, assessing anxiety and depressive symptomatology). Logistic regressions were performed to test whether scores on each subscale would be associated with different outcomes for patients at 12 and 24 mo and overall. RESULTS: Beliefs about consequences predicted outcome category (good vs. poor) above and beyond other illness perception subscales, anxiety, and depressive symptomatology (z = 3.78; P < 0.000; odds ratio [OR], 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71-5.43). Both depressive symptomatology, measured by the PHQ-2 (P = 0.001; OR, 4.06; 95% CI, 1.74-9.52), and psychological distress (mixed anxiety and depression; P = 0.029; OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.12-7.41), measured by the PHQ-4, were also predictive of poor outcome, but these effects were no longer significant once measures of illness perceptions were added. CONCLUSION: Beliefs about the consequences of POFP are important predictors of outcome independent of other variables and can easily and briefly be included in assessments to inform management decisions. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The results of this study are relevant because they will allow clinicians to consider the use of brief and easy-to-administer self-report measures to identify POFP patients at higher risk of poor outcome so that management can be planned accordingly.

Effects of Bioactive Agents on Dentin Mineralization Kinetics After Dentin Bleaching.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated effects of Bioglass 45S5 (BG) and Biosilicate (BS) remineralization on the chemical composition and bond strength of control dentin (CD) and bleached dentin (BD) surfaces. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Dentin bleaching treatment was performed using the walking bleaching technique with 0.01 g of sodium perborate and 0.5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide for 14 days. Remineralization treatment was carried out by rubbing a remineralization solution (0.015 g of BG or BS diluted in 1.35 mL of distilled water) on the etched dentin surface for 30 seconds. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) was used to quantitatively analyze the mineral matrix ratios of CD and BD (n=5) after remineralization treatment with BG and BS over 15 days of incubation in artificial saliva. The CD and BD discs (n=10) with and without remineralization treatment with BG and BS were restored using a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system (Optibond S, Kerr) and five layers of 1-mm-thick composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). The restored dentin discs were sectioned into nine bonded beams with cross-sectional areas of approximately 0.9 mm2 and tested for microtensile bond strength (µTBS). The dentin surface of one fractured beam per tooth was submitted to MRS to characterize the physicochemical composition (n=10) at the interface. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test (p<0.005). RESULTS: MRS bioactive analyses revealed that both BG and BS promoted increased mineral matrix ratios in the CD and BD. Significantly higher µTBS values were found after CD treatment with BG (CD: 57 MPa±11; CD-BG: 78 MPa±15) and when BG and BS were applied to the BD (BD: 42 MPa±5; BD-BG: 71 MPa±14; BD-BS: 64 MPa±11) (p<0.005). The MRS analysis of the fractured dentin beam showed that the remineralization treatment significantly increased the dentin relative mineral concentration and promoted the appearance of new interface peaks, indicating a chemical interaction (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: Remineralization of BD is an effective therapy to restore damage caused by dentin bleaching and acid conditioning. This approach not only increases dentin mineral compounds but also improves dentin's ability to interact chemically with the adhesive system.

Decision-making in the management of TMJ disc displacement without reduction: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR) may suffer sudden-onset painful/limited mouth opening and immediately seek care from clinicians at the frontline. Currently, there is a lack of understanding of frontline, and specialist, clinicians' decision-making processes when encounter DDwoR patients. Understanding these processes and what influences them is an essential first-step towards the development of an evidence-informed behavioural intervention to improve first-line care of DDwoR patients. The objective of this study was to examine clinicians' decision-making processes in managing DDwoR and influences upon them. METHODS: A qualitative study informed by the Theoretical behaviour change Domains Framework (TDF) was conducted. The TDF-based topic guide was utilised in semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of medical and dental frontline and specialist clinicians who might encounter patients with DDwoR. Interviews continued until data saturation across the theoretical domains was achieved (n = 21) and were analysed using the TDF to structure coding alongside framework analysis. RESULTS: The results highlighted the complexity of decision-making process and demonstrated the influences of all the domains on clinicians' decisions. Of the influential factors identified, the frontline clinicians placed most emphasis on their lack of: 'knowledge', 'skills', and 'experience' with DDwoR management. CONCLUSION: The clinicians at the frontline showed high degree of diagnostic and management uncertainty and preferred to refer DDwoR patients early. The frontline clinicians displayed lack of knowledge, experience, and training to diagnose and treat DDwoR. There is a need to enhance the clinicians' knowledge and skills in managing DDwoR at the first-point of contact. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The frontline clinicians showed unfamiliarity with DDwoR presentation and inability to diagnose and, consequently, treat DDwoR. This indicates that DDwoR patients may, currently, receive sub-optimal first-line care in the UK. Designing a behaviour change intervention informed by the identified theoretical domains can support the clinicians' decisions and improve patients' care.

Winged helix transcription factor BF-1 is essential for the development of the cerebral hemispheres.

We generated mice with a null mutation of the forebrain-restricted transcription factor BF-1 to examine its function in brain development. Heterozygous animals have an apparently normal phenotype. Homozygous null BF-1 mutants die at birth and have a dramatic reduction in the size of the cerebral hemispheres. The development of the ventral telencephalon is more severely affected than that of the dorsal telencephalon. Telencephalic neuroepithelial cells are specified in the BF-1 mutant, but their proliferation is reduced. Dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelial cells also differentiate prematurely, leading to early depletion of the progenitor population. These results suggest that BF-1 controls the morphogenesis of the telencephalon by regulating the rate of neuroepithelial cell proliferation and the timing of neuronal differentiation.