Clostridium perfringens beta toxin DNA prime-protein boost elicits enhanced protective immune response in mice.

Clostridium perfringens beta toxin (CPB) is the primary pathogenic factor responsible for necrotic enteritis in sheep, cattle and humans. Owing to rapid progression of the disease, vaccination is the only possible recourse to avoid high mortality in animal farms and huge economic losses. The present study reports evaluation of a cpb gene-based DNA vaccine encoding the beta toxin of C. perfringens with homologous as well as heterologous booster strategy. Immunization strategy employing heterologous booster with heat-inactivated rCPB mounted stronger immune response when compared to that generated by homologous booster. Antibody isotyping and cytokine ELISA demonstrated the immune response to be Th1-biased mixed immune response. While moderate protection of immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice against rCPB challenge was observed with homologous booster strategy, heterologous booster strategy led to complete protection. Thus, beta toxin-based DNA vaccine using the heterologous prime-boosting strategy was able to generate better immune response and conferred greater degree of protection against high of dose rCPB challenge than homologous booster regimen, making it an effective vaccination approach against C. perfringens beta toxin.

B-cell epitope of beta toxin of Clostridium perfringens genetically conjugated to a carrier protein: expression, purification and characterization of the chimeric protein.

Beta toxin (btx) is the prime virulence factor for the pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens type C strain, known to cause necrotic enteritis and enterotoxaemia in mammalian species. The existing vaccines targeting btx are formaldehyde inactivated culture filtrates of Clostridium. These filtrates raise antigenic load in the host leading to nonspecific and poor responses. The present study aimed to overcome these drawbacks and generate a chimeric protein carrying in silico identified B-cell epitope of btx fused with a carrier protein as a vaccine candidate. Using bioinformatic tools, three stretches of amino acids were predicted as putative B-cell epitopes. One of the epitopes spanning 140-156 amino acid residues was genetically conjugated with B-subunit of heat labile enterotoxin (LTB) of Escherichia coli and expressed as a translational fusion in Vibrio cholerae secretory expression system. High level expression of the recombinant fusion protein rLTB-Btx140-156 was obtained and the protein was successfully purified. The recombinant protein retained the native LTB property to pentamerize and bind to GM1 ganglioside receptor of LTB. The antigenicity of both the epitope and the carrier protein was maintained in fusion protein as indicated by immunoblotting against anti-LTB and anti-btx antibody. The rLTB-Btx140-156 fusion protein therefore can be evaluated as a potential vaccine candidate against C. perfringens.

Molecular docking analysis of Clostridium perfringens beta toxin model with potential inhibitors from the ZINC database.

Beta toxin from Clostridium perfringens after being secreted in gut is capable of causing necrotic enteritis in humans and several other animal species and does not respond to routinely used antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need to design an effective inhibitor for the Clostridium perfringens beta toxin (CPB) using cutting edge drug discovery technologies. Hence, potential CPB inhibitors were identified using computer aided screening of compounds from the ZINC database. Further, we document the molecular docking analysis of Clostridium perfringens beta toxin model (that revealed 4 binding pockets, A-D) with the identified potential inhibitors. We show that ZINC291192 [N-[(1-methylindol-3-yl) methyl eneamino]-7,10-dioxabicyclo[4.4.0]deca-2,4,11-triene-8- carboxamide] has optimal binding features with calculated binding energy of -10.38 kcal/mol and inhibition constant of 24.76 nM for further consideration.

Molecular docking analysis of P2X7 receptor with the beta toxin from Clostridium perfringens.

Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin (CPB) is linked to necrotic enteritis (over proliferation of bacteria) in several species showing cytotoxic effect on primary porcine endothelial and human precursor immune cells. P2X7 receptor on THP-1 cells is known to bind CPB. This is critical to understand the mechanism of pore formation for effective drug design. The structure of CPB and P2X7 receptor proteins were modeled using standard molecular modeling procedures (I-TASSER and Robetta server). This is followed by protein-protein docking (HADDOCK server) to study their molecular interaction. Interacting residues (19 residues from CPB and 21 residues from P2X7) were identified using the PISA server. Thus, we document the molecular docking analysis of P2X7 receptor with the beta toxin from Clostridium perfringens towards drug design and development of drugs to control necrotic enteritis.

Electrostatically Doped Silicon Nanowire Arrays for Multispectral Photodetectors.

Nanowires have promising applications as photodetectors with superior ability to tune absorption with morphology. Despite their high optical absorption, the quantum efficiencies of these nanowire photodetectors remain low due to difficulties in fabricating a shallow junction using traditional doping methods. As an alternative, we report nonconventional radial heterojunction photodiodes obtained by conformal coating of an indium oxide layer on silicon nanowire arrays. The indium oxide layer has a high work function which induces a strong inversion in the silicon nanowire and creates a virtual p-n junction. The resulting nanowire photodetectors show efficient carrier separation and collection, leading to an improvement of quantum efficiency up to 0.2. In addition, by controlling the nanowire radii, the spectral responses of the In2O3/Si nanowire photodetectors are tuned over several visible light wavelengths, creating a multispectral detector. Our approach is promising for the development of highly efficient wavelength-selective photodetectors.

Immunization with recombinant fusion of LTB and linear epitope (40-62) of epsilon toxin elicits protective immune response against the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens type D.

Epsilon toxin (Etx) produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, a major causative agent of enterotoxaemia causes significant economic losses to animal industry. Conventional vaccines against these pathogens generally employ formalin-inactivated culture supernatants. However, immunization with the culture supernatant and full length toxin subjects the animal to antigenic load and often have adverse effect due to incomplete inactivation of the toxins. In the present study, an epitope-based vaccine against Clostridium perfringens Etx, comprising 40-62 amino acid residues of the toxin in translational fusion with heat labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) of E. coli, was evaluated for its protective potential. The ability of the fusion protein rLTB.Etx40-62 to form pentamers and biologically active holotoxin with LTA of E. coli indicated that the LTB present in the fusion protein retained its biological activity. Antigenicity of both the components in the fusion protein was retained as anti-fusion protein antisera detected both the wild type Etx and LTB in Western blot analysis. Immunization of BALB/c mice with the fusion protein resulted in a significant increase in all isotypes, predominantly IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b. Anti-fusion protein antisera neutralized the cytotoxicity of epsilon toxin both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the results demonstrate the potential of rLTB.Etx40-62 as a candidate vaccine against C. perfringens.

Identification of glutamate ABC-Transporter component in Clostridium perfringens as a putative drug target.

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic pathogen known to cause vast number of diseases in mammals and birds. Various toxins and hydrolysing enzymes released by the organism are responsible for the necrosis of soft tissues. Due to serious safety issues associated with current vaccines against C. perfringens, there is a need for new drug or vaccine targets. C. perfringens is extremely dependent on its host for nutrition which can be targeted for vaccine development or drug design. Therefore, it is of interest to identify the unique transport systems used by C. perfringens involved in uptake of essential amino acids that are synthesized by the host, so that therapeutic agents can be designed to target the specific transport systems. Use of bioinformatics tools resulted in the identification of a protein component of the glutamate transport system that is not present in the host. Analysis of the conservation profile of the protein domain indicated it to be a glutamate binding protein which also stimulates the ATPase activity of ATP Binding Cassettes (ABC) transporters. Homology modelling of the protein showed two distinct lobes, which is a characteristic of substrate binding proteins. This suggests that the carboxylates of glutamate might be stabilized by electrostatic interactions with basic residues as is observed with other binding proteins. Hence, the homology model of this potential drug target can be employed for in silico docking studies by suitable inhibitors.