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1.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry ; 54(11): 1086-1094, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32538179

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Adverse childhood experiences are linked to the development of a number of psychiatric illnesses in adulthood. Our study examined the pattern of adverse childhood experiences and their relation to the age of onset of major psychiatric conditions in individuals from families that had ⩾2 first-degree relatives with major psychiatric conditions (multiplex families), identified as part of an ongoing longitudinal study. METHODS: Our sample consisted of 509 individuals from 215 families. Of these, 268 were affected, i.e., diagnosed with bipolar disorder (n = 61), obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 58), schizophrenia (n = 52), substance dependence (n = 59) or co-occurring diagnoses (n = 38), while 241 were at-risk first-degree relatives who were either unaffected (n = 210) or had other depressive or anxiety disorders (n = 31). All individuals were evaluated using the Adverse Childhood Experiences - International Questionnaire and total adverse childhood experiences exposure and severity scores were calculated. RESULTS: It was seen that affected males, as a group, had the greatest adverse childhood experiences exposure and severity scores in our sample. A Cox mixed effects model fit by gender revealed that a higher total adverse childhood experiences severity score was associated with significantly increased risk for an earlier age of onset of psychiatric diagnoses in males. A similar model that evaluated the interaction of diagnosis revealed an earlier age of onset in obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance dependence, but not in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that adverse childhood experiences were associated with an earlier onset of major psychiatric conditions in men and individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance dependence. Ongoing longitudinal assessments in first-degree relatives from these families are expected to identify mechanisms underlying this relationship.


Assuntos
Adultos Sobreviventes de Eventos Adversos na Infância/psicologia , Experiências Adversas da Infância , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Adulto , Idade de Início , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia
2.
Dev Cogn Neurosci ; 52: 101029, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34801857

RESUMO

Diminished physical growth is a common marker of malnutrition and it affects approximately 200 million children worldwide. Despite its importance and prevalence, it is not clear whether diminished growth relates to brain development and general cognitive ability. Further, diminished growth is more common in areas of extreme poverty, raising the possibility that it may mediate previously shown links between socioeconomic status (SES) and brain structure. To address these gaps, 79 children growing up in an extremely poor, urban area of Bangladesh underwent MRI at age six years. Structural brain images were submitted to Mindboggle software, a Docker-compliant and high-reproducibility tool for tissue segmentation and regional estimations of volume, surface area, cortical thickness, sulcal depth, and mean curvature. Diminished growth predicted brain morphometry and mediated the link between SES and brain morphometry most consistently for subcortical and white matter subcortical volumes. Meanwhile, brain volume in left pallidum and right ventral diencephalon mediated the relationship between diminished growth and full-scale IQ. These findings offer malnutrition as one possible pathway through which SES affects brain development and general cognitive ability in areas of extreme poverty.


Assuntos
Encéfalo , Pobreza , Criança , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
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