Long-term Immune Response to Yellow Fever Vaccination in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Individuals Depends on HIV RNA Suppression Status: Implications for Vaccination Schedule.

Background: In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the immune response over time to yellow fever vaccination (YFV) and the necessity for booster vaccination are not well understood. Methods: We studied 247 participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) with a first YFV after HIV diagnosis and determined their immune responses at 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years postvaccination by yellow fever plaque reduction neutralization titers (PRNTs) in stored blood samples. A PRNT of 1:≥10 was regarded as reactive and protective. Predictors of vaccination response were analyzed with Poisson regression. Results: At vaccination, 82% of the vaccinees were taking combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), 83% had suppressed HIV RNA levels (<400 copies/mL), and their median CD4 T-cell count was 536 cells/µL. PRNT was reactive in 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38%-53%) before, 95% (95% CI, 91%-98%) within 1 year, 86% (95% CI, 79%-92%) at 5 years, and 75% (95% CI, 62%-85%) at 10 years postvaccination. In those with suppressed plasma HIV RNA at YFV, the proportion with reactive PRNTs remained high: 99% (95% CI, 95%-99.8%) within 1 year, 99% (95% CI, 92%-100%) at 5 years, and 100% (95% CI, 86%-100%) at 10 years. Conclusions: HIV-infected patients' long-term immune response up to 10 years to YFV is primarily dependent on the control of HIV replication at the time of vaccination. For those on successful cART, immune response up to 10 years is comparable to that of non-HIV-infected adults. We recommend a single YFV booster after 10 years for patients vaccinated on successful cART, whereas those vaccinated with uncontrolled HIV RNA may need an early booster.

COVID-19 and the role of imaging: early experiences in Central Switzerland.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) was initially observed in a group of Chinese patients with unclear pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei [1] in late December 2019. The first positive case in Switzerland was confirmed on 25 February 2020 in a patient from canton Tessin, who most likely caught the virus during a visit to Milan, Italy [2]. The country has since been preparing for an imminent public health emergency caused by the pandemic. As of 14 May 2020, the Swiss healthcare system is facing a total of 30,463 corona virus-positive people [3]. With numbers of new infections decreasing after the first pandemic wave, the continuing endemic situation will continue to be a major challenge for the Swiss healthcare system. It remains crucial to separate the clinically low-symptomatic from the severely affected patients in order to offer a specific therapeutic strategy to every SARS-CoV-2 patient. Reports from Chinese cohorts describe an increasing role of imaging strategies in the detection and surveillance of COVID-19 patients because of insufficient testing sensitivity of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests [4]. Chest computed tomography (CT), with a reported sensitivity of up to 97% [5, 6], gained importance particularly in patients with false negative RT-PCR results. In this short communication, we describe our first clinical experiences with 55 COVID-19 patients in Central Switzerland, who were either imaged with a standard chest x-ray, chest CT, or both. We provide an illustrative and schematic description of typical COVID-19 imaging features and suggest that imaging plays an important role in the clinical work-up of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. This study was approved by the national ethics review committee (EKNZ, Switzerland) and patients’ informed consent was waived.

Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device-Related Infection Due to Granulicatella adiacens.

Cardiac implantable electronic device-related infection is clinically challenging. Curative treatment commonly includes system removal. A case caused by Granulicatella adiacens occurred in a 32-year-old woman. Clinical course, literature review, and biofilm investigations enabled successful antibiotic management without system removal.

Osteoarticular and skin and soft-tissue infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in elderly patients are frequently associated with bacteremia.

Older persons (≥65 years) are at risk for invasive group B streptococcal (GBS) infections. The most frequent clinical syndromes in 174 infection episodes were osteoarticular (40%) and skin and soft-tissue infections (30%). In 36% of episodes, a companion microorganism was isolated, and in 45%, blood culture results were positive. Antibiotics were streamlined after species identification in 29% of monomicrobial infections. These findings have clinical and therapeutic implications for GBS infections in the elderly.

Sellar Toxoplasmosis and Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenoma.

BACKGROUND: Sellar toxoplasmosis is associated with congenital infections or immunodeficiency. The finding of Toxoplasma bradycysts in a pituitary adenoma is very unusual. CASE DESCRIPTION: An otherwise healthy 27-year-old woman presented with secondary amenorrhea and moderately elevated prolactin levels. A macroprolactinoma was suspected on magnetic resonance imaging, and cabergoline was initiated. Although dopamine levels decreased, the tumor did not show significant shrinkage; after 2 years, transsphenoidal resection was indicated to clarify the diagnosis and to cure hyperprolactinemia. Histology showed an inactive pituitary adenoma and Toxoplasma bradycysts. Seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii, but neither immunodeficiency nor intracerebral spread, was found. During a postoperative follow-up period of 15 months, the patient did not show any recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Sellar toxoplasmosis in conjunction with pituitary adenoma is extremely rare. Nonfunctioning lesions should be suspected in cases of sellar masses and moderate hyperprolactinemia.