Experimental evidence of charge transfer in a functionalized hexavanadate: a high resolution X-ray diffraction study.

A high resolution X-ray diffraction study has been carried out on [(C4H9)4N]2 [V6O13{(OCH2)3CCH2OCCH2CH3}2] (V6-C3) at 100 K. The V6 core possesses a negative charge, leading to a strong polarization of the anion. A nucleophilic region localized near the organic moiety and an electrophilic region in the vicinity of the V6 core provide an overall description of charge-transfer behavior.

Cytosine-cytosinium dimer behavior in a cocrystal with a decavanadate anion as a function of the temperature.

We have performed X-ray diffraction measurements on single crystals of Na(3)[V(10)O(28)](C(4)N(3)OH(5))(3)(C(4)N(3)OH(6))(3)·10H(2)O as a function of the temperature. When the sample is cooled, from room temperature to 100 K, we have observed additional peaks well indexed in P1, while the phase at room temperature crystallizes in P1. The molecular structure at 210 K indicates that the center of inversion is located between two cytosinium molecules, formally described with a charge of +0.5. When this crystal is heated to room temperature and the structure in P1 reindexed, some peaks remained unindexed. A protonation-deprotonation process gives rise to additional diffraction peaks at temperatures lower than 210 K. The triply bridged hydrogen bonded cytosine-cytosinum dimer is discussed according to the results of the charge density analysis and topological analysis at 210 K. The structure at 100 K has been completely solved based on a comparative study with other compounds containing cytosine-cytosinium dimer. This description could be considered as a reference for such dimer. It could help for discrimination between cytosine and cytosinium molecules, for any new structure containing a cytosine-cytosinium pair, and for which the quality does not allow a precise determination of the hydrogen localization.

Electronic properties of a cytosine decavanadate: toward a better understanding of chemical and biological properties of decavanadates.

We have synthesized and crystallized a cytosine-decavanadate compound, Na(3) [V(10)O(28)] (C(4)N(3)OH(5))(3)(C(4)N(3)OH(6))(3).10H(2)O, and its crystal structure has been determined from a single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A high resolution X-ray diffraction experiment at 210 K (in P1 space group phase) was carried out. The data were refined using a pseudo-atom multipole model to get the electron density and the electrostatic properties of the decavanadate-cytosine complex. Static deformation density maps and Atoms in Molecules (AIM) topological analysis were used for this purpose. To get insight into the reactivity of the decavanadate anion, we have determined the atomic net charges and the molecular electrostatic potential. Special attention was paid to the hydrogen bonding occurring in the solid state between the decavanadate anion and its environment. The comparison of the experimental electronic characteristics of the decavanadate anions to those found in literature reveals that this anion is a rigid entity conserving its intrinsic properties. This is of particular importance for the future investigations of the biological activities of the decavanadate anion.

Influence of decavanadate on rat synaptic plasma membrane ATPases activity.

The in vitro influence of decameric vanadate species on Na+/K+-ATPase, plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA)-calcium pump and ecto-ATPase activity, using rat synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) as model system was investigated, whereas the commercial porcine cerebral cortex Na+/K+-ATPase served as a reference. The thermal behaviour of the synthesized decavanadate (V10) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, while the type of polyvanadate anion was identified using the IR spectroscopy. The concentration-dependent responses to V10 of all enzymes were obtained. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the enzyme activity was achieved at (4.74 +/- 1.15) x 10(-7) mol/l for SPM Na+/K+-ATPase, (1.30 +/- 0.10) x 10(-6) mol/l for commercial Na+/K+-ATPase and (3.13 +/- 1.70) x 10(-8) mol/l for Ca2+-ATPase, while ecto-ATPase is significantly less sensitive toward V10 (IC50 = (1.05 +/- 0.10) x 10(-4) mol/l) than investigated P-type ATPases. Kinetic analysis showed that V10 inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase by reducing the maximum enzymatic velocity and apparent affinity for ATP (increasing K(m) value), implying a mixed mode of interaction between V10 and P-type ATPases.

Experimental and theoretical insights of functionalized hexavanadates on Na+/K+-ATPase activity; molecular interaction field, ab initio calculations and in vitro assays.

The influence of three functionalized hexavanadates (V6): Na2 [V6O13{(OCH2)3CCH3}2], [H2]2 [V6O13{(OCH2)3CCH2OCOCH2CH3}2] and [(C4H9)4N]2 [V6O13{(OCH2)3CCH2OOC(CH3)2-COOH}2 on Na+/K+-ATPase activity, was investigated in vitro. Including compounds already tested by Xu et al. (Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 161 (2016) 27-36), all functionalized hexavanadates inhibit the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in a dose-dependent manner but with different inhibitory potencies. Na2 [V6O13{(OCH2)3CCH3}2] was found to have the best inhibition properties - showing 50% inhibition IC50 = 5.50 × 10-5 M, while [(C4H9)4N]2 [V6O13{(OCH2)3CCH2OOC(CH3)2-COOH}2] showed the lowest inhibitory power, IC50 = 1.31 × 10-4 M. In order to understand the bioactivity of functionalized hexavanadates series, we have also used a combined theoretical approach: determination of electrostatic potential from ab initio theoretical calculations and computation of the molecular interaction field (MIF) surface.

Reactivity of 12-tungstophosphoric acid and its inhibitor potency toward Na+/K+-ATPase: A combined 31P NMR study, ab initio calculations and crystallographic analysis.

Influence of 12-tungstophosphoric acid (WPA) on conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the presence of Na+/K+-ATPase was monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that WPA exhibits inhibitory effect on Na+/K+-ATPase activity. In order to study WPA reactivity and intermolecular interactions between WPA oxygen atoms and different proton donor types (D=O, N, C), we have considered data for WPA based compounds from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), the Crystallographic Open Database (COD) and the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). Binding properties of Keggin's anion in biological systems are illustrated using Protein Data Bank (PDB). This work constitutes the first determination of theoretical Bader charges on polyoxotungstate compound via the Atom In Molecule theory. An analysis of electrostatic potential maps at the molecular surface and charge of WPA, resulting from DFT calculations, suggests that the preferred protonation site corresponds to WPA bridging oxygen. These results enlightened WPA chemical reactivity and its potential biological applications such as the inhibition of the ATPase activity.

A combined crystallographic analysis and ab initio calculations to interpret the reactivity of functionalized hexavanadates and their inhibitor potency toward Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase.

In vitro influence of five synthesized functionalized hexavanadates (V6) on commercial porcine cerebral cortex Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity has been studied. Dose dependent Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibition was obtained for all investigated compounds. Calculated half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 values, in mol/L, for Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were 7.6×10(-5), 1.8×10(-5), 2.9×10(-5), 5.5×10(-5) for functionalized hexavanadates (V6) with tetrabutylammonium (TBA) [V6-CH3][TBA]2, [V6-NO2][TBA]2, [V6-OH][TBA]2 and [V6-C3][TBA]2 respectively. [V6-OH][Na]2 inhibited Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity up to 30% at maximal investigated concentration 1×10(-3)mol/L. This reactivity has been interpreted using a study of the non-covalent interactions of functionalized hexavanadate hybrids through Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) analysis. Bibliographic searching has led to 18 different structures and 99 contacts. We have observed that C-H⋯O contacts consolidate the structures. We have also performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations and have determined electrostatic potential values at the molecular surface on a series of functionalized V6. These results enlightened their chemical reactivity and their potential biological applications such as the inhibition of the ATPase.

Topological features of both electron density and electrostatic potential in the bis(thiosemicarbazide)zinc(II) dinitrate complex.

The experimental electron density of the bis(thiosemicarbazide)zinc(II) dinitrate complex, [Zn(CH5N3S)2](NO3)2,was studied. The Hansen-Coppens multipole model was used to extract the electron density from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data collected at 100 K. Careful strategies were designed for the electron density refinements regarding the charge transfer between the anionic and the cationic parts of the complex. Particular attention was also paid to the treatment of the electron density of the zinc atom interacting with two thiosemicarbazide ligands in a tetrahedral coordination. Nevertheless, the filled 3d valence shell of Zn was found unperturbed, and only the 4s shell was engaged in the metal-ligand interaction. Topological properties of both electron density and electrostatic potential, including kinetic and potential energy densities, and atomic charges were reported to quantify a metal-ligand complex with particular Zn-S and Zn-N bonds and hydrogen-bonding features. Chemical activities were screened through the molecular surface on which the three-dimensional electrostatic potential function was projected. The experimental results were compared to those obtained from gas-phase quantum calculations, and a good agreement was reached between these two approaches. Finally, among other electrostatic potential critical points, the values at the maxima corresponding to the nuclear sites were used as indices of the hydrogen-bonding capacity of the thiosemicarbazide ligand.

7-Carboxylato-8-hydroxy-2-methylquinolinium monohydrate and 7-carboxy-8-hydroxy-2-methylquinolinium chloride monohydrate at 100 K.

Both 7-carboxylato-8-hydroxy-2-methylquinolinium monohydrate, C11H9NO3.H2O, (I), and 7-carboxy-8-hydroxy-2-methylquinolinium chloride monohydrate, C11H10NO3+.Cl-.H2O, (II), crystallize in the centrosymmetric P-1 space group. Both compounds display an intramolecular O-H...O hydrogen bond involving the hydroxy group; this hydrogen bond is stronger in (I) due to its zwitterionic character [O...O = 2.4449 (11) A in (I) and 2.5881 (12) A in (II)]. In both crystal structures, the HN+ group participates in the stabilization of the structure via intermolecular hydrogen bonds with water molecules [N...O = 2.7450 (12) A in (I) and 2.8025 (14) A in (II)]. In compound (II), a hydrogen-bond network connects the Cl- anion to the carboxylic acid group [Cl...O = 2.9641 (11) A] and to two water molecules [Cl...O = 3.1485 (10) and 3.2744 (10) A].

Comparison of two polymeric transition metal complexes with 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate ions as bridging ligands, [Co(C8H4O4)(C12H8N2)(H2O)] and [Cu(C8H4O4)(C10H9N3)].H2O.

The title complexes, catena-poly[[aqua(1,10-phenanthroline-kappa(2)N,N')cobalt(II)]-micro-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylato-kappa(2)O(1):O(4)], [Co(C(8)H(4)O(4))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)], (I), and catena-poly[[[(di-2-pyridyl-kappaN-amine)copper(II)]-micro-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylato-kappa(4)O(1),O(1'):O(4),O(4')] hydrate], [Cu(C(8)H(4)O(4))(C(10)H(9)N(3))].H(2)O, (II), take the form of zigzag chains, with the 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate ion acting as an amphimonodentate ligand in (I) and a bis-bidentate ligand in (II). The Co(II) ion in (I) is five-coordinate and has a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry. The Cu(II) ion in (II) is in a very distorted octahedral 4+2 environment, with the octahedron elongated along the trans O-Cu-O bonds and with a trans O-Cu-O angle of only 137.22 (8) degrees.

Molecular reactivity of busulfan through its experimental electrostatic properties in the solid state.

PURPOSE: In the route of developing novel liquid phase formulations based on the encapsulation of busulfan into liposomes in nontoxic solvents, drug crystallization inevitably occurs. In order to better understand the reactivity of busulfan, the characterization of its molecular properties was therefore considered as a key point. Also, preliminary attempts to prevent crystallization using cyclodextrins were explored. METHODS: An accurate single-crystal high-resolution X-ray diffraction experiment at 100 K has been carried out. The experimental electron density of busulfan was refined using a multipole model. Busulfan/beta-cyclodextrin coprecipitates were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS: The electrostatic properties of busulfan and the methylsulfonate fragment dipole moment (3.2 D) were determined. The polar moieties play a key role in the crystallization of busulfan, which presents a nucleophilic region surrounding the sulfonate part, whereas the carbon chain displays an electrophilic character. This highlights the subtle busulfan/beta-cyclodextrin association. CONCLUSIONS: Busulfan electrostatic properties were used to quantify its chemical reactivity. This explains the difficulty to formulate busulfan into liposomes due to a strong polar character of the methylsulfonate terminal groups. The complexation with cyclodextrins deserves to be further investigated to allow the formulation of busulfan in nontoxic solvents.

Crystallographic/experimental electron density characterizations and reactions with nucleophiles of beta-enaminonitriles possessing a pyrrolobenzazepine core.

In connection with a total synthesis of cephalotaxine (1a), we have examined the addition of various nucleophilic reagents to [ABC] subunits 2 and 7 possessing a pyrrolobenzazepine core. In fact, this reaction implicates invariably the carbonyl group of 2. Regarding the reaction of 7 with nucleophiles, the most striking aspect is the complete lack of reactivity of the enaminonitrile moiety. For instance, the condensation of 7 with methylmagnesium bromide involves exclusively the cleavage of the dioxole ring, yielding regioisomers 9 and 10. With the aim of understanding the unexpected reactivity of 2 and 7 toward nucleophiles, crystallographic studies of 2 and 7 and an experimental electron density determination of 7 were carried out. The marked reactivity of the carbonyl group of 2 was interpreted by invoking the weakness of the amide resonance, due to a pronounced delocalization of the N(9) lone pair over the enaminonitrile moiety. The electron density study of 7 reveals this electron delocalization along the enaminonitrile fragment, highlighted and quantified through the bond geometries, topological indicators, and atomic charges, a phenomenon that is responsible for the failure of the addition of nucleophilic species.