ATP-binding cassette transporters expression profiling revealed its role in the development and regulating stress response in Solanum tuberosum.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene family plays a vital role in substance transportation, including secondary metabolites, and phytohormones across membranous structures. It is still uncovered in potato (Solanum tuberosum), grown worldwide as a 3rd important food crop. The current study identified a total of 54 Stabc genes in potato genome. The accumulative phylogenetic tree of Stabc with arabidopsis, divided into eight groups (ABCA to ABCH). ABCG was the most prominent group covering 90% of Stabc genes, followed by ABCB group. The number and architecture of exon-intron varied from gene to gene. In addition, the presence of stress-responsive elements in the regulatory regions depicted their role in environmental stress. Furthermore, the tissue-specific and stress-specific expression profiling of Stabc genes and their validation through real-time-qPCR analysis revealed their role in development and stress. The presented results provided useful information for further functional analysis of Stabc genes and can also use as a reference study for other important crops.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Litchi chinensis and its dynamic biological impact on microbial cells and human cancer cell lines.

Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted a great deal of attention from scientific community due to its biocompatibility and environment friendly nature. In the present study, silver nanoparticles were biologically synthesized using leave extracts of Litchi chinensis. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized and their applications were observed by different methodologies. Bio-reduction reaction was confirmed by the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles at 417 nm through UV-VIS spectrophotometer. FTIR analysis revealed that the amine groups present in the leaf extracts were responsible for the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles and their diameter was noted in the range of 41-55 nm by scanning electron microscopy. Antibacterial activity was observed against gram positive and gram negative strains of bacteria. Furthermore, human epithelial type 2 cancer cells (HEp-2) and Human breast adenocarcinoma cells lines (MCF-7) were treated with the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using MTT assay. The resulting cell death rate was noted up to 40.91+1.99%. This study concludes that plant mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles is the superior alternative compared to chemical and physical approaches, to utilize them as drug delivery tool and need to conjugate apoptosis inducing biological agents with silver nanoparticles to suppress the uncontrolled division of cancer cells.

Sequence-function correlations and dynamics of ERG isoforms. ERG8 is the black sheep of the family.

The transcription factor ERG is known to have divergent roles. On one hand, it acts as differentiation factor of endothelial cells. On the other hand, it has pathological roles in various cancers. Genomic analyses of the ERG gene show that it gives rise to several isoforms. However, functional differences between these isoforms, representing potential reasons for distinct effects in diverse cell types have not been addressed in detail so far. We set out to investigate the major protein isoforms and found that ERG8 contains a unique C-terminus. This isoform, when expressed as GFP-fusion protein, localized mainly to the cytosol, whereas the other major isoforms (ERG1-4) were predominantly nuclear. Using site directed mutagenesis and laser scanning microscopy of live cells, we could identify nuclear localization (NLS) and nuclear export sequences (NES). These analyses indicated that ERG8 lacks a classical NLS and the DNA-binding domain, but holds an additional NES within its distinctive C-terminus. All the tested isoforms were shuttling between nucleus and cytosol and showed a high degree of mobility. ERG's 1 to 4 were transcriptionally active on ERG-promoter elements whereas ERG8 was inactive, which is in line with the absence of a DNA-binding domain. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy revealed that ERG8 can bind to the transcriptionally active ERG's. Knockdown of ERG8 in endothelial cells resulted in upregulation of endogenous ERG-transcriptional activity implying ERG8 as an inhibitor of the active ERG isoforms. Quantitative PCR revealed a different ratio of active ERG's to ERG8 in cancer- versus non-transformed cells.

Proteomic approach to address low seed germination in Cyclobalnopsis gilva.

Seeds play essential roles in plant life cycle and germination is a complex process which is associated with different phases of water imbibition. Upon imbibition, seeds begin utilization of storage substances coupled with metabolic activity and biosynthesis of new proteins. Regeneration of organelles and emergence of radicals lead to the establishment of seedlings. All these activities are regulated in coordinated manners. Translation is the requirement of germination of seeds via involvements of several proteins like beta-amylase, starch phosphorylase. Some important proteins involved in seed germination are discussed in this review. In the past decade, several proteomic studies regarding seed germination of various species such as rice, Arabidopsis have been conducted. We face A paucity of proteomic data with respect to woody plants e.g. Fagus, Pheonix etc. With particular reference to Cyclobalnopsis gilva, a woody plant having low seed germination rate, no proteomic studies have been conducted. The review aims to reveal the complex seed germination mechanisms from woody and herbaceous plants that will help in understanding different seed germination phases and the involved proteins in C. gilva.

Histological and Microscopic Analysis of Fats in Heart, Liver Tissue, and Blood Parameters in Experimental Mice.

The intake of various types and amounts of dietary fats influences metabolic and cardiovascular health. Hence, this study evaluated the impact of routinely consumed Pakistani dietary fats on their cardiometabolic impact. For this, we made four groups of mice, each comprising 5 animals: (1) C-ND: Control mice on a normal diet, (2) HFD-DG: High-fat diet mice on a normal diet plus 10% (w/w) desi ghee, (3) HFD-O: Mice on normal diet plus 10% (w/w) plant oil (4) HFD-BG: Mice on normal diet plus 10% (w/w) banaspati ghee. Mice were fed for 16 weeks, and blood, liver, and heart samples were collected for biochemical, histological, and electron microscopic analysis. The physical factors indicated that mice fed on HFD gained more body weight than the C-ND group. Blood parameters do not show significant differences, but overall, the glucose and cholesterol concentrations were raised in the mice fed with a fat-rich diet, with the highest concentrations in the HFD-BG group. The mice fed with HFD-BG and HFD-O had more lipid droplets in the liver, compared to HFD-DG and C-ND.

Diversification of Pakistani Amelogenin-Y-Null Male Haplotypes.

Amelogenin is a common sex typing marker encountered in forensic case work. Phenotypically normal males have been reported in the literature who exhibit anomalous amelogenin allele. These males express only a single amelogenin peak representing AMEL-X and are called as AMEL-Y-null males. Gender misclassification of such individuals is an obvious consequence of this mutation, as a male sample would falsely appear to be a female sample. This study was aimed to attribute the AMEL-Y-null male DNA profiles encountered in forensic casework in the Pakistani population to appropriate phylogenetic clade based on shared ancestry. A total of 18 null AMEL-Y males were screened out of the sample pool of 5000 male individuals, reflecting mutational frequency of 0.36%. A common phylogenetic ancestor is suggested for 17 individuals, based on computational analysis of the Y-STR haplotypes, shown to be belonging to the J haplogroup while only one sample belonged to the R group. The samples in J groups showed homology with subclades J2b2a M241 and J2b2a PH1648, while R group individual showed 100% homology with R1a. Data are reported after haplotype network development of AMEL-Y-null Pakistani males using Network 10.0 for the study of evolutionary distances and emergence of nodes.

Novel and facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Albizia procera leaf extract for dye degradation and antibacterial applications.

This project is focuses on novel, cost effective and simple plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using leaf extract of Albizia procera. The optical, structural and physical properties of green synthesized Ag-NPs have been investigated by UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), respectively. Prepared Ag-NPs are spherical in shape and crystalline in nature with an average size of 6.18 nm. Ag-NPs have showed promising potential in removal of organic pollutant methylene blue (MB) dye. Careful investigation on the removal of dye as a function of contact time, UV light and exposure time, dose of nanoparticles, temperature and pH have also been carried out. Moreover, Ag-NPs exhibit outstanding antibacterial activities against gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacterial pathogens.

Caveolin-1 and dynamin-2 overexpression is associated with the progression of bladder cancer.

Caveolae-mediated endocytosis regulates cell adhesion and growth in an anchorage-dependent manner. Studies of the endocytic function of caveolae have suggested a wide-ranging list of cargoes, including a number of receptors and extracellular proteins, ligands and nutrients from the extracellular matrix. Disruption of the processes of caveolae-mediated endocytosis mediated by signaling proteins is critical to cellular integrity. Caveolin-1 and dynamin-2 are the 2 major proteins associated with endocytotic function. Mechanistically, dynamin-2 has a co-equal role with caveolin-1 in terms of caveolae-derived endosome formation. Recent studies have revealed the pathological outcomes associated with the dysregulation of caveolin-1 and dynamin-2 expression. Increased expression levels of the gene for caveolin, Cav-1, resulting in augmented cellular metastasis and invasion, have been demonstrated in various types of cancer, and overexpression of the gene for dynamin-2, DNM2, has been associated with tumorigenesis in cervical, pancreatic and lung cancer. An increased expression of Cav-1 and DNM2 is known to be associated with the invasive behavior of cancer cells, and with cancer progression. Furthermore, it has been previously demonstrated that, in caveolar assembly and caveolae mediated endocytosis, Cav-1 interacts directly with DNM2 during the processes. Altered expression of the 2 genes is critical for the normal function of the cell. The expression patterns of Cav-1 and DNM2 have been previously examined in bladder cancer cell lines, and were each demonstrated to be overexpressed. In the present study, the expression levels of these 2 genes in bladder cancer samples were quantified. The gene expression levels of Cav-1 and DNM2 were identified to be increased 8.88- and 8.62-fold, respectively, in tumors compared with the normal controls. Furthermore, high-grade tumors exhibited significantly increased expression levels of Cav-1 and DNM2 (both P<0.0001) compared with the low-grade tumors. In addition, compared with normal control samples, the expression of the 2 genes in tumor samples was observed to be highly significant (P<0.0001), with a marked positive correlation identified for the tumors (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r=0.80 for the tumor samples vs. r=0.32 in the normal control samples). Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that the overexpression of Cav-1 and DNM2 genes, and a determination of their correlation coefficients, may be a potential risk factor for bladder cancer, in addition to other clinical factors.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors block IFNγ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is important for innate and adaptive immunity. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) antagonize unbalanced immune functions causing chronic inflammation and cancer. Phosphorylation and acetylation regulate STAT1 and different IFNs induce phosphorylated STAT1 homo-/heterodimers, e.g. IFNα activates several STATs whereas IFNγ only induces phosphorylated STAT1 homodimers. In transformed cells HDACi trigger STAT1 acetylation linked to dephosphorylation by the phosphatase TCP45. It is unclear whether acetylation differentially affects STAT1 activated by IFNα or IFNγ, and if cellular responses to both cytokines depend on a phosphatase-dependent inactivation of acetylated STAT1. Here, we report that HDACi counteract IFN-induced phosphorylation of a critical tyrosine residue in the STAT1 C-terminus in primary cells and hematopoietic cells. STAT1 mutants mimicking a functionally inactive DNA binding domain (DBD) reveal that the number of acetylation-mimicking sites in STAT1 determines whether STAT1 is recruited to response elements after stimulation with IFNγ. Furthermore, we show that IFNα-induced STAT1 heterodimers carrying STAT1 molecules mimicking acetylation bind cognate DNA and provide innate anti-viral immunity. IFNγ-induced acetylated STAT1 homodimers are though inactive, suggesting that heterodimerization and complex formation can rescue STAT1 lacking a functional DBD. Apparently, the type of cytokine determines how acetylation affects the nuclear entry and DNA binding of STAT1. Our data contribute to a better understanding of STAT1 regulation by acetylation.

Interaction of the TNFR-receptor associated factor TRAF1 with I-kappa B kinase-2 and TRAF2 indicates a regulatory function for NF-kappa B signaling.

BACKGROUND: I-kappa B kinase 2 (IKK2 or IKK-beta) is one of the most crucial signaling kinases for activation of NF-kappa B, a transcription factor that is important for inflammation, cell survival and differentiation. Since many NF-kappa B activating pathways converge at the level of IKK2, molecular interactions of this kinase are pivotal for regulation of NF-kappa B signaling. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We searched for proteins interacting with IKK2 using the C-terminal part (amino acids 466-756) as bait in a yeast two-hybrid system and identified the N-terminal part (amino acids 1-228) of the TNF-receptor associated factor TRAF1 as putative interaction partner. The interaction was confirmed in human cells by mammalian two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. The IKK2/TRAF1 interaction seemed weaker than the interaction between TRAF1 and TRAF2, an important activating adapter molecule of NF-kappa B signaling. Reporter gene and kinase assays using ectopic expression of TRAF1 indicated that it can both activate and inhibit IKK2 and NF-kappa B. Co-expression of fluorescently tagged TRAF1 and TRAF2 at different ratios implied that TRAF1 can affect clustering and presumably the activating function of TRAF2 in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The observation that TRAF1 can either activate or inhibit the NF-kappa B pathway and the fact that it influences the oligomerization of TRAF2 indicates that relative levels of IKK2, TRAF1 and TRAF2 may be important for regulation of NF-kappa B activity. Since TRAF1 is an NF-kappa B induced gene, it might act as a feedback effector molecule.