Electrooxidative double C-H/C-H coupling of phenols with 3-phenylbenzothiophenes: facile access to benzothiophene derivatives.

An efficient electrooxidative double C-H/C-H coupling of phenols with 3-phenylbenzothiophene has been developed under external oxidant- and catalyst-free conditions. This strategy could enable the highly tunable access to benzothiophene derivatives and exhibited broad substrate generality under mild conditions. The reaction is likely to proceed via the cross-coupling of the p-methoxylphenol radical and the 3-phenylbenzothiophene radical cation.

Investigation of Urinary Sestrin2 in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease seriously threatening individual health, which results in serious complications such as hypertension and stroke. These complications are associated with oxidative stress triggered by intermittent hypoxia in OSA. Sestrin2 is a crucial factor involved in oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to investigate if a relationship exists between OSA and Sestrin2. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 71 subjects, and 16 patients of them with severe OSA completed 4 weeks of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapy. We measured and compared the concentration of Sestrin2 in the urine of all subjects, as well as the changes between before and after nCPAP treatment. Additionally, the correlation between Sestrin2 and sleep parameters was analyzed, and the multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise selection was performed to explore the relationship between Sestrin2 and various factors. RESULTS: A total of 71 subjects were enrolled and divided into two groups: OSA group (n = 41), control group (n = 30). The level of urinary Sestrin2 in OSA patients was significantly higher than that of the control group, and increased with the severity of OSA, while it reduced after nCPAP treatment. Additionally, Sestrin2 was positively correlated with apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index, oxygen saturation < 90% percentage of recording time spent (PRTS) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), while negatively correlated with the lowest oxygen saturation. Importantly, Sestrin2 was independently associated with AHI, oxygen saturation < 90% PRTS and HDL. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary Sestrin2 is involved in OSA, and is a paramount marker of OSA severity.

Copper-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative dearomatization of indole derivatives: A new strategy to construct spirocyclic indolenines.

A concise copper-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative dearomatization of indole derivatives for the direct synthesis of spirocyclic indolenines containing fluorene and indeno[2,1-b]indole groups has been established. The utility of this method has also been successfully accomplished by dual oxidative dehydrogenative dearomatization to deliver the desired spirocyclic indolenines containing fluorene groups. According to mechanistic analyses, the C-H cleavage of the phenyl ring was not implicated in the rate-limiting phase. This transformation underwent a single-electron-transfer oxidation by copper(II) catalyst to afford a radical-cation intermediate, yielding the final product by nucleophilic attack and dual deprotonation.

Accessing Polycyclic Heteroarenes Enabled by Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative C-H/C-H [4 + 2] Annulation of 3-Arylindole Derivatives.

Several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are delivered at room temperature by copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative C-H/C-H [4 + 2] annulation of alkyl-substituted 3-arylindole derivatives. Specifically, dual aryl C-H functionalization is furnished under mild conditions through the 1,2-migration of copper catalyst and regioselective alkyne insertion. Mechanistic experiments demonstrate that the C-H bond cleavage on the indole and phenyl rings is not involved in the rate-limiting step.