Efficacy of group intervention on tobacco cessation among male employees in health-care setting: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. World Health Organization has estimated that tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) is currently responsible for the death of about 7 million people across the world each year. The objective of the study was not only to find the effect of group intervention on tobacco cessation but also to describe certain epidemiological factors associated with tobacco cessation and make suitable recommendations to tackle this epidemic. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was carried out among male employees who were tobacco users in health-care setting in Western Maharashtra. In the study, 60 subjects each in intervention and control arm were taken. Pretested validated questionnaires were used for the study. The intervention comprised of two sessions delivered 5 weeks apart. Control arm received self-help material (Booklet) immediately after baseline data collection. The outcomes were measured using structured interview schedule. The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 20. RESULTS: Overall, 13.3% of the study subjects had quit tobacco use post intervention. In the intervention group 21.7% of the participants had quit tobacco since past one month and 5% in the control group (relative risk (RR) = 4.33). Low to moderate nicotine dependence (p = 0.023, RR = 6.46) and stage of contemplation (p = 0.018) were found to be important predictors of abstinence. CONCLUSION: Community-based group intervention for tobacco cessation is the way forward to tackle the tobacco epidemic.

Antimicrobial activity of metal based nanoparticles against microbes associated with diseases in aquaculture.

The emergence of diseases and mortalities in aquaculture and development of antibiotics resistance in aquatic microbes, has renewed a great interest towards alternative methods of prevention and control of diseases. Nanoparticles have enormous potential in controlling human and animal pathogens and have scope of application in aquaculture. The present investigation was carried out to find out suitable nanoparticles having antimicrobial effect against aquatic microbes. Different commercial as well as laboratory synthesized metal and metal oxide nanoparticles were screened for their antimicrobial activities against a wide range of bacterial and fungal agents including certain freshwater cyanobacteria. Among different nanoparticles, synthesized copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), silver (Ag) and silver doped titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2) showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity. On the contrary, nanoparticles like Zn and ZnO showed antifungal activity against fungi like Penicillium and Mucor species. Since CuO, ZnO and Ag nanoparticles showed higher antimicrobial activity, they may be explored for aquaculture use.

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Catla catla and its phylogenetic consideration.

Complete nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Catla catla (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) was determined in the present study. Its length is 16,594 bp and contains 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs and one non-coding control region. Most of the genes were encoded on the H-strand, while the ND6 and eight tRNA (Gln, Ala, Asn, Cys, Tyr, Ser (UCN), Glu and Pro) genes were encoded on the L-strand. The reading frames of two pair of genes overlapped: ATPase 8 with 6 and ND4L with ND4 by seven nucleotides each. The main non-coding region was 929 bp, with three conserved sequence blocks (CSB-I, CSB-II, and CSB-III) and an unusual simple sequence repeat, (TA)(7). Phylogenetic analyses based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences were in favor of the traditional taxonomy of family Cyprinidae. In conclusion present mitogenome of Catla catla adds more information to our understanding of diversity and evolution of mitogenome in fishes.

Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the high fluoride concentration in groundwater: a case study at the Boden block area, Orissa, India.

The present investigation reports the assessment of hydrochemical/geochemical processes controlling the concentration of fluoride in groundwater of a village in India (Boden block, Orissa). Boden block is one of the severely affected fluoride-contaminated areas in the state of Orissa (India). The sampling and subsequent analysis of water samples of the study area was carried out following standard prescribed methods. The results of the analysis indicate that 36.60% groundwater F(-) concentration exceeds the limit prescribed by the World Health Organization for drinking water. The rock interaction with groundwater containing high concentration of HCO(3)(-) and Na(+) at a higher pH value of the medium could be one of the important reasons for the release of F(-) from the aquatic matrix into groundwater. Geochemical classification of groundwater based on Chadha rectangular diagram shows that most of the groundwater samples having fluoride concentration more than 1.5 mg L(-1) belongs to the Na-K-HCO(3) type. The saturation index values evaluated for the groundwater of the study area indicated that it is oversaturated with respect to calcite, whereas the same is undersaturated with respect to fluorite content. The deficiency of calcium ion concentration in the groundwater from calcite precipitation favors fluorite dissolution leading to excess of fluoride concentration. The risk index was calculated as a function of fluoride level in drinking water and morbidity of fluorosis categorizes high risk for villages of Amera and Karlakote panchayat of Boden block.

Non-sinonasal isolated facio-orbital mucormycosis - A case report.

Mucormycosis is a rare clinical entity, often affect immunocompromised patients. It is an emergency situation and has poor prognosis. Prompt diagnosis with tissue biopsy, local control of the disease by aggressive surgical debridement and appropriate systemic antifungal treatment improve the prognosis and survival of the patients. Treatment of mucormycosis needs antifungal agents such as Amphotericin B and wide surgical debridement. Early diagnosis and treatment is often needed for survival of the patients. We describe a rare case of mucormycosis affecting facio-orbital area without involving sinon-nasal cavity.

Povidone iodine soaked gelfoam for the treatment of recalcitrant otomycosis - Our experiences at a tertiary care teaching hospital of eastern India.

INTRODUCTION: Otomycosis is a common clinical condition seen in outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology. The treatment of the otomycosis is also very simple. However, sometime it is difficult to treat otomycosis along with mastoid cavity, chronic suppurative otitis media, immunocompromised patient, etc. with conventional treatment, called recalcitrant otomycosis. Here, we describe a technique of treatment for recalcitrant otomycosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective observational study/clinical trial carried out on 44 patients of recalcitrant otomycosis. They are divided into two groups, each of 22. One group treated with routine clotrimazole topical eardrops whereas other group treated with povidone iodine soaked gelfoam, placed in the external auditory canal. RESULTS: There was no significance difference according to the age (P=0.134), gender (P=0.760) and causative agents (P=0.750) between treatment groups. The resolution of the symptoms showed statistically significant on itching (P=0.0001), otorrhoea (P=0.0033), fullness (P=0.0432) and earache (P=0.0259), whereas no statistical significant on hearing loss (P=0.0683), when treating with povidone iodine soaked gelfoam as compared to routine (clotrimazole) treatment. Resolution of signs like canal wall erythema (P=0.0045), tragal tenderness (P=0.0012) and congestion of tympanic membrane (P=0.0088) is statistically significant when comparing clotrimazole with povidone iodine. Apart from these, we did not reveal any adverse effects from the study populations treated with povidone iodine soaked gelfoam. CONCLUSION: Use of the povidone iodine soaked gelfoam at the external auditory canal in recalcitrant otomycosis is an effective and well-tolerated treatment.

Mechanical, degradation and drug-release behavior of nano-grained Fe-Ag composites for biomedical applications.

An original fabrication route of high-strength bulk Fe-5Ag and Fe-10Ag nanocomposites with enhanced degradation rate is reported. Near fully dense materials with fine nanostructures and uniform distribution of Ag nanoparticles were obtained employing high energy attrition milling of Fe-Ag2O powder blends followed by cold sintering - high pressure consolidation at ambient temperature that allowed the retention of the nanoscale structure. Annealing in hydrogen flow at 550 °C resulted in enhanced ductility without coarsening the nanostructure. The strength in compression of Fe5Ag and Fe10Ag nanocomposites was several-fold higher than the values reported for similar composites with micrometer grain size. The galvanic action of finely dispersed Ag nanoparticles greatly increased the corrosion rate and degradation kinetics of iron. Following four weeks immersion of Fe-Ag nanocomposites in saline solution, a more than 10% weight loss accompanied by less than 25% decrease in bending strength were measured. The interconnected nanoporosity of cold sintered Fe-Ag nanocomposites was utilized for incorporation of vancomycin that was gradually released upon immersion. In cell culture experiments, the Fe-Ag nanocomposites supported the attachment of osteoblast cells and exhibited no signs of cytotoxicity. The results suggest that the proposed Fe-Ag nanocomposites could be developed into attractive biodegradable load-bearing implant materials with drug delivery capability.

Bioresorbable ß-TCP-FeAg nanocomposites for load bearing bone implants: High pressure processing, properties and cell compatibility.

In this paper, the processing and properties of iron-toughened bioresorbable ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) nanocomposites are reported. ß-TCP is chemically similar to bone mineral and thus a good candidate material for bioresorbable bone healing devices; however intrinsic brittleness and low bending strength make it unsuitable for use in load-bearing sites. Near fully dense ß-TCP-matrix nanocomposites containing 30vol% Fe, with and without addition of silver, were produced employing high energy attrition milling of powders followed by high pressure consolidation/cold sintering at 2.5GPa. In order to increase pure iron's corrosion rate, 10 to 30vol% silver were added to the metal phase. The degradation behavior of the developed composite materials was studied by immersion in Ringer's and saline solutions for up to 1month. The mechanical properties, before and after immersion, were tested in compression and bending. All the compositions exhibited high mechanical strength, the strength in bending being several fold higher than that of polymer toughened ß-TCP-30PLA nanocomposites prepared by the similar procedure of attrition milling and cold sintering, and of pure high-temperature sintered ß-TCP. Partial substitution of iron with silver led to an increase in both strength and ductility. Furthermore, the galvanic action of silver particles dispersed in the iron phase significantly accelerated in vitro degradation of ß-TCP-30(Fe-Ag) nanocomposites. After 1month immersion, the composites retained about 50% of their initial bending strength. In cell culture experiments, ß-TCP-27Fe3Ag nanocomposites exhibited no signs of cytotoxicity towards human osteoblasts suggesting that they can be used as an implant material.

Preparation of high strength macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffold.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder was prepared from CaNO3·4H2O and (NH4)2HPO4 by wet-chemical method and has phase stable up to 1250 °C. High strength macroporous HAp-naphthalene (HN) and HAp-naphthalene-benzene (HNB) scaffolds were fabricated by adapting sintering method. The resulting HAp scaffolds have porosity about 60 vol.% with compressive strength of ~11 MPa and average pore diameter in the range of ~125 µm. The incorporation of benzene in HN scaffold reduces the strength whereas enhanced both the porosity and pore size distribution. XRD, FTIR, SEM and mercury porosimeter techniques were used to study the phase purity, morphology, pore size and pore size distribution of scaffold. The study compared the effect of concentration of naphthalene on strength, porosity and pore size distribution on both HN and HNB scaffold. In-vitro bioactivity studies on HN and HNB scaffolds show the nucleation of spherical carbonated apatite particles on the surface in SBF solution.

Improvement in Dissolution Rate of Cefuroxime Axetil by using Poloxamer 188 and Neusilin US2.

A combination of fusion and surface adsorption techniques was used to enhance the dissolution rate of cefuroxime axetil. Solid dispersions of cefuroxime axetil were prepared by two methods, namely fusion method using poloxamer 188 alone and combination of poloxamer 188 and Neusilin US2 by fusion and surface adsorption method. Solid dispersions were evaluated for solubility, phase solubility, flowability, compressibility, Kawakita analysis, Fourier transform-infrared spectra, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction study, in vitro drug release, and stability study. Solubility studies showed 12- and 14-fold increase in solubility for solid dispersions by fusion method, and fusion and surface adsorption method, respectively. Phase solubility studies showed negative ΔG (0) tr values for poloxamer 188 at various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%) indicating spontaneous nature of solubilisation. Fourier transform-infrared spectra and differential scanning calorimetry spectra showed that drug and excipients are compatible with each other. Powder X-ray diffraction study studies indicated that presence of Neusilin US2 is less likely to promote the reversion of the amorphous cefuroxime axetil to crystalline state. in vitro dissolution studies, T50% and mean dissolution time have shown better dissolution rate for solid dispersions by fusion and surface adsorption method. Cefuroxime axetil release at 15 min (Q15) and DE15 exhibited 23- and 20-fold improvement in dissolution rate. The optimized solid dispersion formulation was stable for 6 months of stability study as per ICH guidelines. The stability was ascertained from drug content, in vitro dissolution, Fourier transform-infrared spectra and differential scanning calorimetry study. Hence, this combined approach of fusion and surface adsorption can be used successfully to improve the dissolution rate of poorly soluble biopharmaceutical classification system class II drug cefuroxime axetil.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Labeo rohita.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Labeo rohita, an important cultivable fish, was determined for the first time. The genome is 16,611 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and one control region. The gene organisation and its order were similar to other vertebrates. The overall base composition on heavy strand was as follows A: 32.5%, G: 15.2%, C: 27.7%, T: 24.47%, and the A+T content 56.9%. The control region contains a microsatellite, (TA)(12), a putative termination-associated sequence and three conserved sequence blocks. This mitogenome sequence data would play an important role in population genetics and phylogenetics of Indian major carps.

Goat serum as an alternative to establish cell culture from Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala.

Serum from goat, calf, and chicken sources were evaluated in terms of attachment, growth, and proliferation of explants of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. The attachment of explants viz. heart, liver, and kidney was directly proportional to the concentration of the serum. Among these sera, the highest percentage of attachment, growth, and proliferation was recorded for 10% goat serum and 15% newborn calf serum without affecting their cell morphology. On contrary to these sera, chicken serum at 15% concentration was found to be mildly toxic for all the explants. The cell count was significantly high for the kidney, liver, and heart at 10% goat serum among all the tested sera as well as concentration. Similarly, the liver, heart, and kidney explants were found to survive up to the tenth, seventh, and ninth passage, respectively. Therefore, the goat serum at 10% concentration can be used as effectively as newborn calf serum for routine culture of fish cells.