Low uptake of HIV testing and no HIV positivity in stable serodiscordant heterosexual partners of long-term treated HIV-infected Thais.

The objective of this study was to characterize HIV-serodiscordant heterosexual couples and to evaluate acceptance for HIV testing and HIV prevalence in nonindex partners. We conducted a cross-sectional study with quantitative and qualitative components. Two cohorts of 1767 HIV-positive people were screened to identify heterosexual HIV-serodiscordant couples. HIV-positive partners (index) were administered a questionnaire; CD4, viral load (VL), and antiretroviral therapy (ART) history were gathered from clinical records. HIV-negative/unknown status partners (nonindex) were invited for a similar questionnaire and HIV testing. In-depth interviews with three HIV-serodiscordant couples were conducted. Two hundred and ninety-seven index partners agreed to enroll in this study. The median duration of the relationship was 10 years, and 81% were sexually active. All but two index partners were on ART, and 98% had VL < 1000 copies/mL. Only 111 (37%) nonindex partners came for HIV testing, and all of them tested HIV-negative. In addition, only 41% of nonindex partners had HIV testing in the last one year. The main reasons for the nonindex partners not to come for HIV testing were "no interest" (n = 117, 63%) and "nondisclosure of HIV status" (n = 46, 25%). The latter was substantiated and explained by the qualitative outcome of this study, suggesting relation to stigma against HIV-positive people. Our results support the WHO recommendation for starting ART for treatment and prevention in HIV-serodiscordant couples at any CD4 count. Furthermore, we recommend the dissemination of data showing that no HIV transmission in heterosexual couples through sex practice has been observed provided VL is suppressed. This could be a powerful tool for effective fight against stigma and self-stigma in people living with HIV.

Attitudes toward, and interest in, the test-and-treat strategy for HIV prevention among Thai men who have sex with men.

This study assessed the attitudes toward, and interest in, the test-and-treat strategy, comprising regular HIV testing and immediate antiretroviral treatment (ART) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 363 participants completed the questionnaires before and after learning about their HIV status. Previous HIV testing reported by 69.8% and 34.7% tested at least annually. Before pretest counseling, 83.2% expressed interest in regular HIV testing and 78.8% in immediate ART. MSM who tested HIV-positive at enrollment were less likely than those who tested HIV-negative to have been tested for HIV before (45.7% vs. 60.8%, p < 0.0001). Among MSM who tested HIV-positive (n = 69, 15.9%), the median level of willingness to take ART immediately increased significantly after learning about their positive results (90 vs.100%, p < 0.0001). Interest in regular HIV testing remained high among HIV-negative MSM after becoming aware of their status (70.9% before vs. 71.9% after, p = 0.55). MSM participants have a strong desire and willingness to start ART immediately upon receiving an HIV-positive test result; it is important to provide the necessary information on the health benefits of early ART and education to the community to maintain their health and prevent HIV transmission.

Same-day antiretroviral therapy initiation hub model at the Thai Red Cross Anonymous Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand: an observational cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: WHO has recommended rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, including same-day ART (SDART). However, data on the feasibility in real-world settings are limited. We implemented a cohort study at a stand-alone HIV testing centre to examine its applicability and effectiveness. METHODS: Data were collected from the Thai Red Cross Anonymous Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand, between July 2017 and July 2018 from clients who were ART-naïve and could return for follow-up visits. Baseline laboratory tests and chest X-ray were performed according to national guidelines, and clinical eligibility was determined based on physical examination and chest X-ray findings. Primary outcomes were retention in care and viral load suppression at 3, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: During the study period, 2427 people tested HIV positive. Of these, 2107 (2207/2427, 86.8%) met logistical criteria, and 1904 (1904/2427, 78.5%) agreed to SDART. One thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine (1729/2427, 71.2%) were placed on ART, with 1257 received same-day initiation and 1576 initiated ART within 7 days; 1198 clients were successfully referred to free, sustained ART sites. Retention among eligible clients who accepted SDART service at months 3, 6 and 12 was 79.8%, 75.2% and 75.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Same-day ART initiation hub model at a stand-alone HIV testing centre in an urban setting in Bangkok, Thailand, is highly feasible and has a potential for scaling up. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04032028.

Client and provider preferences for HIV care: Implications for implementing differentiated service delivery in Thailand.

INTRODUCTION: Differentiated service delivery (DSD) for antiretroviral therapy (ART) maintenance embodies the client-centred approach to tailor services to support people living with HIV in adhering to treatment and achieving viral suppression. We aimed to assess the preferences for HIV care and attitudes towards DSD for ART maintenance among ART clients and providers at healthcare facilities in Thailand. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaires was conducted in September-November 2018 at five healthcare facilities in four high HIV burden provinces in Thailand. Eligible participants who were ART clients aged ≥18 years and ART providers were recruited by consecutive sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics, preferences for HIV services and expectations and concerns towards DSD for ART maintenance. RESULTS: Five hundred clients and 52 providers completed the questionnaires. Their median ages (interquartile range; IQR) were 38.6 (29.8 to 45.5) and 37.3 (27.3 to 45.1); 48.5% and 78.9% were females, 16.8% and 1.9% were men who have sex with men, and 2.4% and 7.7% were transgender women, respectively. Most clients and providers agreed that ART maintenance tasks, including ART refill, viral load testing, HIV/sexually transmitted infection monitoring, and psychosocial support should be provided at ART clinics (85.2% to 90.8% vs. 76.9% to 84.6%), by physicians (77.0% to 94.6% vs. 71.2% to 100.0%), every three months (26.7% to 40.8% vs. 17.3% to 55.8%) or six months (33.0% to 56.7% vs. 28.9% to 80.8%). Clients agreed that DSD would encourage their autonomy (84.9%) and empower responsibility for their health (87.7%). Some clients and providers disagreed that DSD would lead to poor ART retention (54.0% vs. 40.4%), increased loss to follow-up (52.5% vs. 42.3%), and delayed detection of treatment failure (48.3% vs. 44.2%), whereas 31.4% to 50.0% of providers were unsure about these expectations and concerns. CONCLUSIONS: Physician-led, facility-based clinical consultation visit spacing in combination with multi-month ART refill was identified as one promising DSD model in Thailand. However, low preference for decentralization and task shifting may prove challenging to implement other models, especially since many providers were unsure about DSD benefits. This calls for local implementation studies to prove feasibility and governmental and social support to legitimize and normalize DSD in order to gain acceptance among clients and providers.

Acceptability of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV among high-risk heterosexual men in Thailand.

Limited data are available on circumcision prevalence and acceptability among Thai men to prevent human immunodeficiency virus. Of 408 high-risk heterosexual men, 12.3% were circumcised. 14.2% and 24.9% expressed willingness to be circumcised before and after circumcision education, respectively. Neonatal circumcision acceptability was relatively high. One participant underwent circumcision at 3-month follow-up.

An Integrated Approach to HIV Disclosure for HIV-Affected Families in Thailand.

Disclosure of HIV status to family members could improve communication, relationship, and cohesion. We evaluated the impact of a family-centered program designed to increase the readiness/willingness of parents to disclose HIV status to their children. People living with HIV (PLWH) with children ≥8 years were surveyed regarding HIV knowledge, family relationship, attitudes, willingness/readiness to disclose, and they were then invited to participate in group education and family camps. Of 367 PLWH surveyed, 0.8% had disclosed, 14.7% had not yet disclosed but were willing/ready to disclose, 50.4% were willing but not ready, and 33.2% did not wish to disclose. The educational sessions and camps led to significant improvements of HIV knowledge and disclosure techniques, and readiness/willingness to disclose. Given the benefits of group education and family camps in supporting PLWH to improve their communication with their families and disclose their HIV status, these supporting activities should be included in HIV programs.

No effect of interleukin-2 on IgE levels given in addition to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with CD4 >300 cells/mm3.

HIV-infected patients may have frequent atopy caused by an imbalance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether IL-2 given in addition to antiretrovirals (ARV) would result in lower IgE levels and less allergic symptoms. Patients naive to IL-2 (n=28) began IL-2 plus ARV and were followed for 12 months. IgE, eosinophil and CD4 counts, HIV RNA, symptom scoring, PFT and skin prick test (SPT) were performed. It was found that the baseline median CD4 and IgE were 386.5 cells/mm3 and 63.5 IU/ml, respectively. Four patients had allergic rhinitis (AR) and 61% had a positive SPT to at least 1 antigen. At month 12, patients had higher CD4 counts (p < 0.001) compared to the baseline; however, there were no differences in IgE levels, allergic symptom scores or HIV RNA. The eosinophil count was higher after IL-2 administration. It was concluded that IL-2 plus ARV resulted in higher CD4 counts but had no effect on atopy.