An Exploratory Survey on the Care for Ataxic Patients in the American Continents and the Caribbean.

Little is known about access of rare disease carriers to health care. To increase this knowledge, the Pan American Hereditary Ataxia Network (PAHAN) conducted an exploratory survey about care for hereditary ataxias in American continents and the Caribbean. A questionnaire was sent to health professionals about the hereditary ataxias identified; access to care; and local teaching and research. The number of ataxics under current care per 100,000 inhabitants was subtracted from the expected overall prevalence of 6/100,000, to estimate the prevalence of uncovered ataxic patients. Local Human Development Indexes (HDI) were used to measure socio-economic factors. Twenty-six sites participated. Twelve sites had very high, 13 had high, and one site had medium HDI. Participants reported on 2239 and 602 patients with spinocerebellar ataxias and recessive forms under current care. The number of patients under current care per inhabitants varied between 0.14 and 12/100,000. The estimated prevalence of uncovered ataxic patients was inversely proportional to HDIs (rho = 0.665, p = 0.003). Access to diagnosis, pre-symptomatic tests, and rehabilitation were associated with HDIs. More and better molecular diagnostic tools, protocols and guidelines, and professional training for ataxia care were the top priorities common to all respondents. Evidence of inequalities was confirmed. Lower HDIs were associated with high potential numbers of uncovered ataxic subjects, and with lack of molecular diagnosis, pre-symptomatic testing, and rehabilitation. More and better diagnostic tools, guidelines, and professional training were priorities to all sites. PAHAN consortium might help with the last two tasks.

Familial Behr syndrome-like phenotype with autosomal dominant inheritance.

Behr syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by early-onset ataxia, optic atrophy and other signs such as pyramidal tract dysfunction. Autosomal dominant inheritance has also been described. In this case report we present a family pedigree of patients with an inherited autosomal dominant Behr syndrome-like phenotype emphasizing their clinical and neuroimaging features.

Tratamento da espasticidade: uma atualizaçäo / Treatment of spasticity: an update

Apresentamos revisao sobre o tratamento atual da espasticidade, enfocando a terapêutica farmacológica, fisioterápica e através da utilizaçao de toxina botulínica.

Malformaçöes de Chiari tipo I: relato de dois casos com apresentaçöes clínicas pouco usuais / Type I Chiari malformation: report of 2 cases with unusual clinical presentation

Relatamos dois casos de malformação de Chiari do tipo 1, com apresentações clínicas pouco usuais, o primeiro caso refere-se a uma paciente de 17 anos, com quadro agudo de insuficiência respiratória e o segundo caso a uma paciente com síndrome vestibular associada a síndrome cerebelar leve e cefaléia. Em ambos os casos o exame neurológico demonstrou a presença de nistagno do tipo "downbeating". Enfatizamos a valorização da semiologia neurológica, determinando a investigação complementar adequada e o tratamento efetivo.

Molecular characteristics of Machado-Joseph disease mutation in 25 newly described Brazilian families

A doença de Machado-Joseph (MJD) é uma forma de ataxia espinocerebelar (AEC) de herança autossômica dominante, que foi descrita inicialmente em pacientes norte-americanos provenientes das ilhas portuguesas dos Açores. Clinicamente essa doença é caracterizada por uma ataxia cerebelar progressiva, de início tardio e com algumas características associadas tais como: oftalmoplegia, sinais piramidais e extrapiramidais e amiotrofias. A mutaçäo responsável é uma expansäo de trinucleotídeos CAG localizada na regiäo codificadora do gene MJD1. Como parte de um estudo colaborativo sobre AEC no Brasil, nós identificamos 25 famílias, näo aparentadas, segregando a mutaçäo MJD. Nesse artigo nós relatamos as características moleculares do trinucleotídeo CAG presente no gene MJD1 em 62 indivíduos dessas famílias com MJD e em 63 indivíduos que näo apresentam a mutaçäo MJD (126 cromossomos normais) e que foram considerados como controles. Nós observamos uma grande diferença entre os tamanhos dos alelos CAG normais e expandidos. Os alelos normais variaram entre 12 e 33 CAGs (média de 23 CAGs), enquanto que os alelos expandidos tiveram de 66 a 78 CAGs (média de 71.5 CAGs). Näo encontramos nenhuma diferença entre o tamanho dos alelos expandidos em pacientes masculinos e femininos ou entre alelos transmitidos via paterna ou materna. Uma correlaçäo negativa significante foi observada entre a idade de início da doença e o tamanho do segmento de CAG expandido (r=-0,6, P=0,00006); no entanto o tamanho do segmento de CAG expandido foi responsável por somente 40 por cento da variabilidade na idade de início da doença (r2=0.4). Nós observamos também instabilidade do segmento expandido de CAG durante a transmissäo de pais para filhos. Expansöes e contraçöes foram observadas; contudo, houve uma tendência geral para expansäo, com um aumento médio de +2,4 CAGs. Essa tendência para expansäo, pareceu ser maior nas transmissöes paternas (aumento médio de +3,5 CAGs) que nas maternas (aumento médio de +1,3 CAGs). Antecipaçäo foi observada em todas as transmissöes nas quais as idades de início para pais e filhos eram conhecidas, porém, nem todas as antecipaçöes foram acompanhadas de aumento no tamanho do segmento de CAG expandido. Em conclusäo, os nossos resultados mostram que o diagnóstico molecular da mutaçäo responsável pela MJD pode ser estabelecido em todos os indivíduos que apresentam a doença, bem como excluído naqueles portadores de outras formas de AEC.

Frequency of the different mutations causing spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA1, SCA2, MJD/SCA3 and DRPLA) in a large group of Brazilian patients

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) and Machado-Joseph disease or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (MJD/SCA3) are three distinctive forms of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) caused by expansions of an unstable CAG repeat localized in the coding region of the causative genes. Another related disease, dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is also caused by an unstable triplet repeat and can present as SCA in late onset patients. We investigated the frequency of the SCA1, SCA2, MJD/SCA3 and DRPLA mutations in 328 Brazilian patients with SCA, belonging to 90 unrelated families with various patterns of inheritance and originating in different geographic regions of Brazil. We found mutations in 35 families (39 percent), 32 of them with a clear autosomal dominant inheritance. The frequency of the SCA1 mutation was 3 percent of all patients; and 6 percent in the dominantly inherited SCAs. We identified the SCA2 mutation in 6 percent of all families and in 9 percent of the families with autosomal dominant inheritance. The MJD/SCA3 mutation was detected in 30 percent of all patients; and in the 44 percent of the dominantly inherited cases. We found no DRPLA mutation. In addition, we observed variability in the frequency of the different mutations according to geographic origin of the patients, which is probably related to the distinct colonization of different parts of Brazil. These results suggest that SCA may be occasionally caused by the SCA1 and SCA2 mutations in the Brazilian population, and that the MJD/SCA3 mutation is the most common cause of dominantly inherited SCA in Brazil.