Intraneural OX7-saporin for neuroma-in-continuity in a rat model.

We employed 54 rats to devise a model of neuroma-in-continuity and explore the effect of the immunotoxin OX7-saporin on the neuroma. The left common peroneal, tibial or sciatic nerves were crushed by one 10-s application of a micro-artery forceps. At 3 and 6 weeks, the nerve was cut distal to the site of nerve crush, and retrograde fluorescent labeling was done. Pressure microinjection of 2 µl of natural saline or 2 µl of the immunotoxin conjugate OX7-saporin was done at the nerve stump 2 days later. Sacrifice was done after 3 weeks. In all control and saline-injection nerve specimens, gross observation and histology showed a neuroma-in-continuity. In 19 of the 24 OX7-saporin nerve specimens, gross observation showed a narrowed area at the site of nerve crush. Histology showed inhibition of neuroma-in-continuity formation. Fluorescent microscopy showed ablation of the labeled neurons in the dorsal root ganglia corresponding to the OX7-saporin subgroups.

Corticotropin-releasing factor regulates TLR4 expression in the colon and protects mice from colitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Defects in the colonic innate immune response have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, or corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) is a neuropeptide that mediates the stress response in humans, is an immunomodulatory factor with proinflammatory effects, and regulates transcription of Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR4. We investigated the role of CRF in an innate immunity-dependent mouse model of IBD. METHODS: Crh(-/-) and wild-type (Crh(+/+)) mice, which are glucocorticoid insufficient, were given dextran sodium sulfate in their drinking water to induce colitis; in some experiments, mice were also given glucocorticoids. Phenotypes of mice were compared; tissues were analyzed by histology and for expression of immune mediators. RESULTS: Crh(-/-) mice had more colonic inflammation than Crh(+/+) mice, characterized by reduced numbers of crypts and severe epithelial damage and ulcerations. Colonic tissue levels of the proinflammatory factors interleukin-12 and prostaglandin E(2) were increased in the Crh(-/-) mice. Colons of Crh(-/-) mice expressed lower levels of Tlr4 than wild-type mice before, but not after, colitis was induced. Administration of glucocorticoid at low levels did not prevent Crh(-/-) mice from developing severe colitis. Crh(-/-) mice were unable to recover from acute colitis, as indicated by their increased death rate. CONCLUSIONS: Mice deficient in CRF down-regulate TLR4 and are more susceptible to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. CRF has anti-inflammatory effects in innate immunity-dependent colitis and its recovery phase; these are independent of glucocorticoid administration. CRF might therefore be developed as a therapeutic target for patients with IBD.