The NSW Pathology Atlas of Variation: Part I-Identifying Emergency Departments With Outlying Laboratory Test-Ordering Practices.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Abdominal pain and chest pain are leading reasons for emergency department (ED) presentations, with laboratory tests frequently ordered to aid the diagnostic process. Our study aims to identify EDs with outlying laboratory ordering practices for patients presenting with undifferentiated abdominal pain and chest pain. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of 519,597 patients who presented with the complaint of abdominal or chest pain at 44 major hospital EDs across New South Wales, Australia, from January 2017 to September 2018. For each condition, we evaluated the risk-adjusted rate of ordering at least 1 laboratory test and of each of the top 15 ordered tests. We used funnel plots to graph variations in test ordering and identify EDs with outlying test-ordering practices. EDs lying above or below the 99.8% funnel control limits were regarded as outliers. RESULTS: From 3,360,152 unplanned presentations, abdominal pain and chest pain represented 8.8% (n=296,809) and 6.6% (n=222,788) of all cases, respectively. No major outliers were observed for ordering at least one laboratory test; however, variations were observed for individual tests. For abdominal pain, the top 3 tests with the highest ordering variation included glucose (20 outlier EDs), C-reactive protein (10 outliers), and calcium-magnesium-phosphate (7 outliers). For chest pain, the top 3 tests with the highest ordering variation were glucose (21 outlier EDs), C-reactive protein (17 outliers), and liver function test (14 outliers). CONCLUSION: Identifying EDs with outlying laboratory-ordering practices is the first step in initiating context-specific evaluation of whether outlying variations are unwarranted.

Can patients contribute to enhancing the safety and effectiveness of test-result follow-up? Qualitative outcomes from a health consumer workshop.

BACKGROUND: Missed test-results and failure to follow-up test-results are major patient safety concerns. Strategies to improve test-results management have predominantly focused on clinician-based interventions, with patients principally involved in studies of test-result communication preferences, the impact of patient portals or experiences with reporting processes in primary care. OBJECTIVE: To identify consumer perspectives and experiences of the challenges they have faced with test-results management, through consumer participation in qualitative data analysis. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Volunteers (n = 10) were recruited to participate in a health consumer reference group workshop on test-results management. Prior to the workshop, consumers selected topics for discussion using a preference poll. During the workshop, consumers participated in qualitative data analysis of de-identified excerpts of previously collected interview data discussing hospital test-results management. Researchers (n = 5) guided consumers through the analytical process and discussion of themes. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed for qualitative analysis. RESULTS: Consumer-selected topics for discussion were 'Transitions of Care' and 'Access'. Consumer data analysis prompted broader discussion including lived experiences. Following the workshop, a second level of content analysis pinpointed issues with implications for patient safety highlighting that consumers were astutely aware of macrolevel 'Systems Factors' relating to 'Emergency Departments' and the health system, as well as microlevel 'Patient Factors' (eg patient preferences and circumstances) which impact a patient's understanding during the 'Communication' (clinician to patient/between clinicians) of test-results 'Information' (or lack thereof). CONCLUSIONS: Consumers identified the challenges patients experience with test-results management, and our findings highlight areas for potential improvement in patient safety. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Ten health consumer volunteers actively participated in the test-results management data analysis workshop conducted in this study. Two health consumers also volunteered to read and comment on the draft manuscript.

COVID-19: protocol for observational studies utilizing near real-time electronic Australian general practice data to promote effective care and best-practice policy-a design thinking approach.

BACKGROUND: Health systems around the world have been forced to make choices about how to prioritize care, manage infection control and maintain reserve capacity for future disease outbreaks. Primary healthcare has moved into the front line as COVID-19 testing transitions from hospitals to multiple providers, where tracking testing behaviours can be fragmented and delayed. Pooled general practice data are a valuable resource which can be used to inform population and individual care decision-making. This project aims to examine the feasibility of using near real-time electronic general practice data to promote effective care and best-practice policy. METHODS: The project will utilize a design thinking approach involving all collaborators (primary health networks [PHNs], general practices, consumer groups, researchers, and digital health developers, pathology professionals) to enhance the development of meaningful and translational project outcomes. The project will be based on a series of observational studies utilizing near real-time electronic general practice data from a secure and comprehensive digital health platform [POpulation Level Analysis and Reporting (POLAR) general practice data warehouse]. The study will be carried out over 1.5 years (July 2020-December 2021) using data from over 450 general practices within three Victorian PHNs and Gippsland PHN, Eastern Melbourne PHN and South Eastern Melbourne PHN, supplemented by data from consenting general practices from two PHNs in New South Wales, Central and Eastern Sydney PHN and South Western Sydney PHN. DISCUSSION: The project will be developed using a design thinking approach, leading to the building of a meaningful near real-time COVID-19 geospatial reporting framework and dashboard for decision-makers at community, state and nationwide levels, to identify and monitor emerging trends and the impact of interventions/policy decisions. This will integrate timely evidence about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic related to its diagnosis and treatment, and its impact across clinical, population and general practice levels.

Why is there variation in test ordering practices for patients presenting to the emergency department with undifferentiated chest pain? A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Up to one-third of laboratory tests ordered in the ED for adults presenting with undifferentiated chest pain are generally not indicated by current Australian guidelines. This study set out to undertake a qualitative investigation of clinician perceptions to identify the reasons for variations in pathology requesting. METHODS: For this study, we draw on data from semistructured interviews (n=38) conducted in the EDs and laboratories across three hospitals as part of a larger study on the test result management process from test request to result follow-up. Thematic analysis was conducted to determine what aspects of the clinical routines and environment might contribute to variations in pathology requesting. Informed by the findings from the analysis, targeted questions were developed and further focus groups (n=5) were held with clinicians, hospital management and electronic medical record (eMR) analysts to investigate in more detail the reasons for requesting outside of guidelines. RESULTS: Participants cited four main reasons for ordering outside of guidelines. Clinicians requested tests outside of guidelines and the ED scope of practice to facilitate the patient journey along the broader continuum of care, including admission to hospital or transfer to another site. Clinicians were also faced with multiple and inconsistent guidelines regarding appropriate test selection. Limited access to in-house specialty and diagnostic services also influenced ordering patterns in smaller non-referral hospitals. Finally, certain features of the current electronic ordering framework within the eMR facilitated overordering and failed to impose any real restrictions on ordering inappropriately or outside of scope of practice. CONCLUSION: Beyond the standardisation of pathology requesting advice across electronic decision support, order sets and guidelines, attempts to address issues related to the appropriateness and variation of laboratory test ordering should consider local and systemic factors which also shape the ordering process.

Managing Uncertainty During the Communication of Diagnostic Test Information Between Patients and Clinicians in Australian Emergency Care.

We sought (a) an inductive understanding of patient and clinician perspectives and experiences of the communication of diagnostic test information and (b) a normative understanding of the management of uncertainty that occurs during the clinical encounter in emergency care. Between 2016 and 2018, 58 interviews were conducted with patients and nursing, medical, and managerial staff. Interview data were sequentially analyzed through an inductive thematic analysis, then a normative theory of uncertainty management. Themes of "Ideals," "Service Efficiency," and "Managing Uncertainty" were inductively identified as influencing the communication of diagnostic test information. A normative theory of uncertainty management highlighted (a) how these themes reflected the interaction's sociocultural context, encapsulated various criteria by which clinicians and patients evaluated the appropriateness and effectiveness of their communication, and represented competing goals during the clinical encounter, and (b) how systemic tensions between themes accounted for when diagnostic test information communication occurred, was deferred or avoided.

Development of the turtle plastron, the order-defining skeletal structure.

The dorsal and ventral aspects of the turtle shell, the carapace and the plastron, are developmentally different entities. The carapace contains axial endochondral skeletal elements and exoskeletal dermal bones. The exoskeletal plastron is found in all extant and extinct species of crown turtles found to date and is synaptomorphic of the order Testudines. However, paleontological reconstructed transition forms lack a fully developed carapace and show a progression of bony elements ancestral to the plastron. To understand the evolutionary development of the plastron, it is essential to know how it has formed. Here we studied the molecular development and patterning of plastron bones in a cryptodire turtle Trachemys scripta We show that plastron development begins at developmental stage 15 when osteochondrogenic mesenchyme forms condensates for each plastron bone at the lateral edges of the ventral mesenchyme. These condensations commit to an osteogenic identity and suppress chondrogenesis. Their development overlaps with that of sternal cartilage development in chicks and mice. Thus, we suggest that in turtles, the sternal morphogenesis is prevented in the ventral mesenchyme by the concomitant induction of osteogenesis and the suppression of chondrogenesis. The osteogenic subroutines later direct the growth and patterning of plastron bones in an autonomous manner. The initiation of plastron bone development coincides with that of carapacial ridge formation, suggesting that the development of dorsal and ventral shells are coordinated from the start and that adopting an osteogenesis-inducing and chondrogenesis-suppressing cell fate in the ventral mesenchyme has permitted turtles to develop their order-specific ventral morphology.

The origin and loss of periodic patterning in the turtle shell.

The origin of the turtle shell over 200 million years ago greatly modified the amniote body plan, and the morphological plasticity of the shell has promoted the adaptive radiation of turtles. The shell, comprising a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron, is a layered structure formed by basal endochondral axial skeletal elements (ribs, vertebrae) and plates of bone, which are overlain by keratinous ectodermal scutes. Studies of turtle development have mostly focused on the bones of the shell; however, the genetic regulation of the epidermal scutes has not been investigated. Here, we show that scutes develop from an array of patterned placodes and that these placodes are absent from a soft-shelled turtle in which scutes were lost secondarily. Experimentally inhibiting Shh, Bmp or Fgf signaling results in the disruption of the placodal pattern. Finally, a computational model is used to show how two coupled reaction-diffusion systems reproduce both natural and abnormal variation in turtle scutes. Taken together, these placodal signaling centers are likely to represent developmental modules that are responsible for the evolution of scutes in turtles, and the regulation of these centers has allowed for the diversification of the turtle shell.

Emerging from the rib: resolving the turtle controversies.

Two of the major controversies in the present study of turtle shell development involve the mechanism by which the carapacial ridge initiates shell formation and the mechanism by which each rib forms the costal bones adjacent to it. This paper claims that both sides of each debate might be correct-but within the species examined. Mechanism is more properly "mechanisms," and there is more than one single way to initiate carapace formation and to form the costal bones. In the initiation of the shell, the rib precursors may be kept dorsal by either "axial displacement" (in the hard-shell turtles) or "axial arrest" (in the soft-shell turtle Pelodiscus), or by a combination of these. The former process would deflect the rib into the dorsal dermis and allow it to continue its growth there, while the latter process would truncate rib growth. In both instances, though, the result is to keep the ribs from extending into the ventral body wall. Our recent work has shown that the properties of the carapacial ridge, a key evolutionary innovation of turtles, differ greatly between these two groups. Similarly, the mechanism of costal bone formation may differ between soft-shell and hard-shell turtles, in that the hard-shell species may have both periosteal flattening as well as dermal bone induction, while the soft-shelled turtles may have only the first of these processes.

Reptilian heart development and the molecular basis of cardiac chamber evolution.

The emergence of terrestrial life witnessed the need for more sophisticated circulatory systems. This has evolved in birds, mammals and crocodilians into complete septation of the heart into left and right sides, allowing separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems, a key requirement for the evolution of endothermy. However, the evolution of the amniote heart is poorly understood. Reptilian hearts have been the subject of debate in the context of the evolution of cardiac septation: do they possess a single ventricular chamber or two incompletely septated ventricles? Here we examine heart development in the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans (a chelonian), and the green anole, Anolis carolinensis (a squamate), focusing on gene expression in the developing ventricles. Both reptiles initially form a ventricular chamber that homogenously expresses the T-box transcription factor gene Tbx5. In contrast, in birds and mammals, Tbx5 is restricted to left ventricle precursors. In later stages, Tbx5 expression in the turtle (but not anole) heart is gradually restricted to a distinct left ventricle, forming a left-right gradient. This suggests that Tbx5 expression was refined during evolution to pattern the ventricles. In support of this hypothesis, we show that loss of Tbx5 in the mouse ventricle results in a single chamber lacking distinct identity, indicating a requirement for Tbx5 in septation. Importantly, misexpression of Tbx5 throughout the developing myocardium to mimic the reptilian expression pattern also results in a single mispatterned ventricular chamber lacking septation. Thus ventricular septation is established by a steep and correctly positioned Tbx5 gradient. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism for the evolution of the amniote ventricle, and support the concept that altered expression of developmental regulators is a key mechanism of vertebrate evolution.

Late-emigrating trunk neural crest cells in turtle embryos generate an osteogenic ectomesenchyme in the plastron.

BACKGROUND: The turtle plastron is composed of a keratinized epidermis overlying nine dermal bones. Its developmental origin has been controversial; recent evidence suggests that the plastral bones derive from trunk neural crest cells (NCCs). RESULTS: This study extends the observations that there is a turtle-specific, second wave of trunk NCC delamination and migration, after the original NCCs have reached their destination and differentiated. This second wave was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in whole-mounts and serial sections, by injecting DiI (1,1', di-octadecyl-3,3,3',3',-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate) into the lumen of the neural tube and tracing labeled cells into the plastron, and by isolating neural tubes from older turtle embryos and observing delaminating NCCs. This later migration gives rise to a plastral ectomesenchyme that expresses NCC markers and can be induced to initiate bone formation. CONCLUSIONS: The NCCs of this second migration have properties similar to those of the earlier NCCs, but also express markers characteristic of cranial NCCs. The majority of the cells of the plastron mesenchyme express neural crest markers, and have osteogenic differentiation capabilities that are similar or identical to craniofacial ectomesenchyme. Our evidence supports the contention that turtle plastron bones are derived from a late emigrating population of cells derived from the trunk neural crest.

Groundwater ages and mixing in the Piceance Basin natural gas province, Colorado.

Reliably identifying the effects of energy development on groundwater quality can be difficult because baseline assessments of water quality completed before the onset of energy development are rare and because interactions between hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers can be complex, involving both natural and human processes. Groundwater age and mixing data can strengthen interpretations of monitoring data from those areas by providing better understanding of the groundwater flow systems. Chemical, isotopic, and age tracers were used to characterize groundwater ages and mixing with deeper saline water in three areas of the Piceance Basin natural gas province. The data revealed a complex array of groundwater ages (<10 to >50,000 years) and mixing patterns in the basin that helped explain concentrations and sources of methane in groundwater. Age and mixing data also can strengthen the design of monitoring programs by providing information on time scales at which water quality changes in aquifers might be expected to occur. This information could be used to establish maximum allowable distances of monitoring wells from energy development activity and the appropriate duration of monitoring.

The delivery of safe and effective test result communication, management and follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: This paper reports on a program of research funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHRMC) partnership grant (2015-2021) entitled "Delivering safe and effective test result communication, management and follow-up". The project's objectives were to: 1) improve the effectiveness and safety of test-result management through the establishment of clear governance processes of communication, responsibility, and accountability; 2) harness health information technology to inform and monitor test-result management; and 3) enhance consumer contribution to the establishment of safe and effective test-result management systems. Type of program: The partnership project addressed its key objectives through: i) the development of a consumer-driven approach; ii) using diagnostic stewardship and digital health to enhance safety and quality; iii) identifying clinical workflows that can lead to timely and meaningful communication; and iv) contributing to the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and Australasian Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine's work on nationally harmonised alert thresholds for critical laboratory results. METHODS: The project employed a convergent mixed-methods approach using multistage studies across hospitals in South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health Districts. A consumer-centred approach, including patient reference groups and community forums, was used to identify mechanisms to enhance consumers' role in test-management governance processes and inform the direction of the research and interpretation of findings. Results and lessons learnt: The body of evidence generated by the project highlights the multilayered and interconnected components required to achieve safe and effective test results management. Addressing the significant patient safety risk associated with the failure to follow-up test results must include consideration of diagnostic clinical work tasks (involving multiple people across numerous clinical settings) and embrace patient-centred and digital health strategies for shared information and timely and meaningful communication.

A retrospective observational study of telehealth utilisation for mental health consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australian general practices.

Objectives and importance of study: Despite the abundance of mental health research during the pandemic, there is limited evidence exploring mental health presentations to Australian general practice. This study examined the utilisation of telehealth for mental health consultations in Australian general practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives were to: 1) determine the proportion of mental health services delivered via telehealth between March 2020 and November 2021; 2) determine the types of mental health consultations most frequently delivered via telehealth; and 3) model the sociodemographic characteristics of patients using telehealth mental health consultations, including consultation type. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective observational study. METHODS: We used Medicare Benefits Schedule service item numbers to distinguish mental health consultations in de-identified electronic general practice data. We stratified the proportions of face-to-face, video, and telephone mental health consultations by state and consultation type. We used two mixed-effects logistic models to assess the variation in the likelihood of i) a telehealth (video/telephone) compared to a face-to-face consultation and ii) a video compared to telephone consultation; by sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: The study comprised 874 249 mental health consultations. Telehealth use peaked in Victoria (61.6%) during July 2020 and in NSW during August 2021 (52.5%). Telehealth use continued throughout 2021 with an increase in video consultations from July 2021 onwards in both states. Proportions of mental health treatment plan consultations via telephone decreased from July 2021 with a concomitant increase in video. Telehealth was more likely to be used by females, in Victoria, in regional/remote regions and during 2020. Video was more likely to be used than telephone for mental health treatment plans/reviews compared with mental health consultations. Compared with people aged 25-29, video was most likely to be used by ages 20-24 and least by those aged 80 and over. There was no evidence for sex differences when comparing telephone and video. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a comprehensive understanding of the important role telehealth played in the delivery of mental health consultations during the first 21 months of the pandemic, including sociodemographics of patients utilising telehealth. The findings can assist general practices with future planning for the delivery of mental health services via telehealth.

Telehealth Uptake and Impact on Care Activities in Australian General Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift in the delivery of patient care, with telehealth rapidly scaled to facilitate access to care while reducing risks of COVID-19 transmission. In this paper, we present an overview of key findings regarding telehealth use from a large program of work examining the impact of the pandemic on general practice activity in Australia. Our findings demonstrate the pivotal role telehealth played in enabling patient access to care during the first two years of the pandemic. Importantly, however, we identified several facets of telehealth use including equitable access, workflow and infrastructure, and adequate funding, which require attention to optimise telehealth services in practice.

Turing's turtles all the way down: A conserved role of EDAR in the carapacial ridge suggests a deep homology of prepatterns across ectodermal appendages.

The scutes of the turtle shell are epidermal shields that begin their formation during the early stages of shell development. Like other skin appendages, turtle scutes are hypothesized to be patterned by reaction-diffusion systems. We have previously established ex vivo and in silico systems to study these mechanisms experimentally and have further shown that mathematical models can explain the dynamics of the induction of turtle scute primordia and the generation of final scute architecture. Using these foundations, we expand our current knowledge and test the roles of ectodysplasin and activin signaling in the development of turtle scutes. We find that these molecules play important roles in the prepatterning of scute primordia along the carapacial ridge and show that blocking Edar signaling may lead to a complete loss of marginal scute primordia. We show that it is possible to reproduce these observations using simple mathematical modeling, thereby suggesting a stabilizing role for ectodysplasin within the reaction-diffusion mechanisms. Finally, we argue that our findings further entrench turtle scutes within a class of developmental systems composed of hierarchically nested reaction-diffusion mechanisms, which is conserved across ectodermal organs.

A framework for conducting policy-relevant primary care research: a COVID-19 case study in Australia.

The onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the ensuing implementation of response measures directly impacted the delivery of Australian primary care services. Understanding how these measures affected practice activity is important for gauging both their effectiveness and implications for future service planning. During the first 2years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a research project was undertaken to determine the impact of the pandemic on Australian general practice activity as a collaborative undertaking between researchers, general practitioners, data custodians, and five primary health networks from New South Wales and Victoria, Australia. The project methodology was based on an established research approach called action research, which involves participatory involvement from key stakeholders throughout the research process. The strength and success of the project's methodological approach stemmed from the synergistic interrelationship between the four key elements of: collaboration, repeated action research cycles (utilising electronic general practice data), engaged governance, and the production and dissemination of apposite knowledge outcomes. The project approach, knowledge outputs and lessons learned can be adapted to future research undertakings across any primary care setting and highlight the utility of action research and interdisciplinary research collaboration to produce knowledge directly relevant to clinical practice.

General practice perspective on the use of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia using an Action Research approach: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: Telehealth has emerged as a viable and safe mode of care delivery in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, electronic general practice data reveal differences in uptake and consultation mode, which we hypothesise may be due to potential barriers impacting on quality of care. We aimed to identify the benefits and barriers of telehealth use in general practice, using an 'Action Research' approach involving general practitioners (GPs) and general practice stakeholders. DESIGN: Qualitative focus group performed within a broader Action Research methodology. SETTING: A focus group was held in August 2021, with general practice participants from Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: The study consisted of a purposive sample of 11 participants, including GPs (n=4), representatives from three primary health networks (n=4) and data custodian representatives (n=3) who were part of a project stakeholder group guided by an Action Research approach. METHODS: Semistructured interview questions were used to guide focus group discussions via videoconference, which were recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis. The transcript was analysed using an inductive thematic approach. RESULTS: Emerging themes included evolution of telehealth, barriers to telehealth (privacy, eligibility, technology, quality of care, sociodemographic and residential aged care barriers) and benefits of telehealth (practice, quality of care, sociodemographic and residential aged care benefits). CONCLUSION: The findings highlight a range of barriers to telehealth that impact general practice, but also provide justification for the continuation and development of telehealth. These results provide important context to support data-driven population-based findings on telehealth uptake. They also highlight areas of quality improvement for the enhancement of telehealth as a valuable tool for routine general practice patient care.

Brain injury environment critically influences the connectivity of transplanted neurons.

Cell transplantation is a promising approach for the reconstruction of neuronal circuits after brain damage. Transplanted neurons integrate with remarkable specificity into circuitries of the mouse cerebral cortex affected by neuronal ablation. However, it remains unclear how neurons perform in a local environment undergoing reactive gliosis, inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and scar formation, as in traumatic brain injury (TBI). To elucidate this, we transplanted cells from the embryonic mouse cerebral cortex into TBI-injured, inflamed-only, or intact cortex of adult mice. Brain-wide quantitative monosynaptic rabies virus (RABV) tracing unraveled graft inputs from correct regions across the brain in all conditions, with pronounced quantitative differences: scarce in intact and inflamed brain versus exuberant after TBI. In the latter, the initial overshoot is followed by pruning, with only a few input neurons persisting at 3 months. Proteomic profiling identifies candidate molecules for regulation of the synaptic yield, a pivotal parameter to tailor for functional restoration of neuronal circuits.

Telehealth use in patients with type 2 diabetes in Australian general practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The Australian government introduced temporary government-subsidised telehealth service items (phone and video-conference) in mid-March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The uptake of telehealth by patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) for consulting with GPs is unknown. AIM: To evaluate the uptake of telehealth consultations and associated patient characteristics in Australian general practice, including the frequency of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) tests and change in HbA1c levels by telehealth use, compared with guideline recommendations. DESIGN & SETTING: This exploratory study used electronic patient data from approximately 800 general practices in Victoria and New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A pre-COVID-19 period from March 2019-February 2020 was compared with a pandemic period from March 2020-February 2021. Patients diagnosed with T2DM before March 2018 were included. METHOD: Telehealth uptake patterns were examined overall and by patient characteristics. Generalised estimating equation models were used to examine patient probability of 6-monthly HbA1c testing and change in HbA1c levels, comparing between patients who did and patients who did not use telehealth. RESULTS: Of 57 916 patients, 80.8% had telehealth consultations during the pandemic period. Telehealth consultations were positively associated with patients with T2DM who were older, female, had chronic kidney disease (CKD), prescribed antidiabetic medications, and living in remote areas. No significant difference was found in 6-monthly HbA1c testing and HbA1c levels between telehealth users and patients who had face-to-face consultations only. CONCLUSION: Telehealth GP consultations were well utilised by patients with T2DM. Diabetes monitoring care via telehealth is as effective as face-to-face consultations.