Tracking between cardiovascular-related measures at 4 and 8 years of age in the INMA-Asturias cohort.

Identifying cardiovascular-related measures that track from early childhood into later ages may help inform early prevention targets for cardiovascular disease. In this study, the tracking of triglycerides (TG), high-density cholesterol (HDL-c), atherogenic coefficient (AC), waist circumference to height ratio (WC/Height), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was examined in the INMA-Asturias cohort between 4 and 8 years of age. The analysis was conducted in 307 children who participated in the INMA-Asturias cohort (Spain) at 4 and at 8 years of age. Quantile regression models were used to evaluate tracking between measures at both ages, with each measure at 8 years as the dependent variable and the rank transformation of the same measure at 4 years as the independent variable. We found a positive association between HDL-c rank at 4 years and higher quantiles of the HDL-c distribution at 8 years, with an increase of 2.93 mg/dL (95% CI: 1.98, 3.87) per decile in the 0.9 quantile. A positive association was also found for WC/Height, with an increase of 0.008 (95% CI: 0.004, 0.012) per decile in the 0.9 quantile. We observed that tracking for AC increased in the higher quantiles of the distribution at 8 years, with an increase of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.14) in the 0.6 quantile compared to an effect of 0.15 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.21) in the 0.9 quantile.  Conclusions: Adult markers of dyslipidemia and central obesity tracked between ages 4 and 8 years. For AC, tracking increased in the higher quantiles of the distribution. What is Known: • Atherosclerosis begins in early life, so preventive efforts that start in childhood may delay progression to clinical disease. Determine what cardiovascular risk factors track into time since childhood bring the opportunity to identified those subjects at risk for later cardiovascular disease. • The study of risk factors in health populations and, particularly in children, copes with not clear and/or controversial thresholds definition. This makes it challenging to study tracking in pediatric ages. What is New: • Quantile regression is a useful tool for assessing the tracking of risk factors for which there are no clinically meaningful thresholds. The increasing trend observed in the tracking of dyslipidemia suggests the possible difficulty that children with abnormal values at 4 years of age might have in normalizing them in future years. • The findings of this article may help to determine which cardiovascular-related measures could be screened and followed-up in children.

Cardiovascular risk factors and its patterns of change between 4 and 8 years of age in the INMA-Asturias cohort.

AIM: This study aimed to investigate whether there are subgroups of children with different clusters of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at 4 and 8 years of age, and their patterns of change between these two time points. METHODS: The analysis was conducted in 332 children who participated in the INMA-Asturias cohort (Spain) at 4 and at 8 years of age. The CVD risk factors were central obesity, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, and hypertension. Latent transition analysis was used to identify the different clusters and their probabilities of change. RESULTS: At 4 years, three subgroups were identified: no disorders (prevalence of 55.9%); some disorders (21.2%), and central obesity (22.9%). Three distinct subgroups were identified at 8 years: no disorders (59.8%); hypertension (17.9%), and central obesity (22.3%). Central obesity at 4 years tends to appear simultaneously with dyslipidaemia, while at 8 years it tends to appear simultaneously with dyslipidaemia and/or hypertension. Children aged 4 years with no disorders had a 93.7% probability of remaining in the same status at 8 years of age. Children aged 4 who had some disorders had a 67.7% of probability of having only hypertension and a 32.3% of probability of having central obesity. Children aged 4 in the central obesity subgroup had a 32.4% of probability of having no disorders at 8 years of age, while 67.6% still had central obesity. CONCLUSIONS: These exploratory findings suggest that children who do not present any disorder at 4 years of age tend to remain in that state at 8 years of age. And also that central obesity may play a major role in the development of other disorders, as the number of disorders with which it concomitantly occurs increases between the ages of 4 and 8 years.

[Alternative strategies to the use of glycosylated hemoglobin in monitoring the glycemic status of diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease]. / Estrategias alternativas al uso de la hemoglobina glicosilada en la monitorización del estado glucémico de los pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad renal crónica terminal.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the recommended glycemic marker to achieve an optimal glycemic control that is essential to prevent comorbidities associated with the disease. However, in patients on haemodialysis (HD) this marker has important limitations, this reason has led us to search alternative markers such as glycosylated albumin (AG), labile fraction of glycosylated hemoglobin (LHbA1c) or glycation indices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 47 patients in HD, 23 with DM, obtaining samples for the determination of de AG, HbA1c y LHbA1c. Glycation indices, which allow estimated the HbA1c using glucose, AG or LHbA1c, were calculated including a control group composed of 75 diabetic patients without kidney disease. RESULTS: Diabetic patients in HD had significantly higher mean values than patients without DM for glucose [160 (44) vs 96 (12)mg/dL], HbA1c [6,4 (1,0) vs 4,9 (0,3)%], AG [16,0 (5,1) vs 12,9 (1,6)%] and LHbA1c [2,0 (0,3) vs 1,7 (0,2)%]. HbA1c calculated using glycation indices was significantly higher than measured in all HD patients, regardless of the marker used for the estimation. CONCLUSIONS: The glycemic markers evaluated (glucose, AG and LHbA1c), could reflect a possible underestimation of the real glycemic state by HbA1c because of the limitations of this marker in HD patients. The use of alternative markers, knowing their limitations, could improve the monitoring of patients on HD and, therefore, reduce the risk of developing DM2 complications.

Assessment of patient safety culture in clinical laboratories in the Spanish National Health System.

INTRODUCTION: There is increasing awareness of the importance of transforming organisational culture in order to raise safety standards. This paper describes the results obtained from an evaluation of patient safety culture in a sample of clinical laboratories in public hospitals in the Spanish National Health System. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among health workers employed in the clinical laboratories of 27 public hospitals in 2012. The participants were recruited by the heads of service at each of the participating centers. Stratified analyses were performed to assess the mean score, standardized to a base of 100, of the six survey factors, together with the overall patient safety score. RESULTS: 740 completed questionnaires were received (88% of the 840 issued). The highest standardized scores were obtained in Area 1 (individual, social and cultural) with a mean value of 77 (95%CI: 76-78), and the lowest ones, in Area 3 (equipment and resources), with a mean value of 58 (95%CI: 57-59). In all areas, a greater perception of patient safety was reported by the heads of service than by other staff. CONCLUSIONS: We present the first multicentre study to evaluate the culture of clinical safety in public hospital laboratories in Spain. The results obtained evidence a culture in which high regard is paid to safety, probably due to the pattern of continuous quality improvement. Nevertheless, much remains to be done, as reflected by the weaknesses detected, which identify areas and strategies for improvement.

The concentrations of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and lipids are independently associated with venous thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) involves inflammation and a relation with dyslipidemia which remains controversial. The vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a ligand expressed by activated endothelium (and recruits leukocytes) whose soluble form (sVCAM-1) increases in atherosclerosis, severe hypertriglyceridemia or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in acute phase. We analyzed the association between VTE (> 6 months after), sVCAM-1 and lipid concentrations. DESIGN AND METHODS: Case-control study involving 126 consecutive patients (aged 25-80 years, 49% males) and 125 controls of similar age and gender. RESULTS: The patients had a more unfavorable lipid profile than controls [higher triglycerides (p<0.001), LDLc/HDLc ratio (p<0.01) or total cholesterol (TC) (p=0.07)] and higher sVCAM-1 concentration (p<0.01) even adjusting for arterial diseases. VTE was associated with extreme values of TC, LDL-c, triglycerides (>P90) and HDL-c (P90) (OR=4.2)(p<0.0001). The sVCAM-1 values were age-related (r=0.26, p<0.001) but independent of lipid levels. Hazards ratios from five-fold to ten-fold appeared when combining the sVCAM-1 top quartile (>970 ng/mL) with TC >250 mg/dL or HDL-c <45 mg/dL (p<0.01) irrespective of thrombophilic status. Recurrent or severe VTE cases (pulmonary embolism or proximal DVT vs. distal DVT) showed higher sVCAM-1 values (p<0.05). All the associations weakened among females. In stepwise logistic regression, obesity (p<0.001), sVCAM-1 (p<0.001) and LDL-c (p=0.004) in men and sVCAM-1 (p=0.02) and triglycerides (p=0.04) in women retained their independent association. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Although the exact mechanisms linking abnormal lipid and sVCAM-1 concentrations to VTE await clarification, both seem to be independently associated.