RESUMO
How the human brain works is still a question, as is its implication with brain architecture: the non-trivial structure–function relationship. The main hypothesis is that the anatomic architecture conditions, but does not determine, the neural network dynamic. The functional connectivity cannot be explained only considering the anatomical substrate. This involves complex and controversial aspects of the neuroscience field and that the methods and methodologies to obtain structural and functional connectivity are not always rigorously applied. The goal of the present article is to discuss about the progress made to elucidate the structure–function relationship of the Central Nervous System, particularly at the brain level, based on results from human and animal studies. The current novel systems and neuroimaging techniques with high resolutive physio-structural capacity have brought about the development of an integral framework of different structural and morphometric tools such as image processing, computational modeling and graph theory. Different laboratories have contributed with in vivo, in vitro and computational/mathematical models to study the intrinsic neural activity patterns based on anatomical connections. We conclude that multi-modal techniques of neuroimaging are required such as an improvement on methodologies for obtaining structural and functional connectivity. Even though simulations of the intrinsic neural activity based on anatomical connectivity can reproduce much of the observed patterns of empirical functional connectivity, future models should be multifactorial to elucidate multi-scale relationships and to infer disorder mechanisms.
RESUMO
The purpose of the present study is to access the linkage between dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission, oxidative metabolism, and serine signaling in age-related cognitive decline. In this work, we evaluated the effect of natural aging in rats on the cognitive abilities for hippocampal-dependent tasks. Oxidative metabolism indicators are glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. In addition, neurotransmitter amino acid (L-Glutamic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), DL-Serine and DL-Aspartic acid) concentrations were studied in brain areas such as the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus (HPC). The spatial long-term memory revealed significant differences among experimental groups: the aged rats showed an increase in escape latency to the platform associated with a reduction of crossings and spent less time on the target quadrant than young rats. Glutathione levels decreased for analyzed brain areas linked with a significant increase in MDA concentrations and PLA2 activity in cognitive-deficient old rats. We found glutamate levels only increased in the HPC, whereas a reduced level of serine was found in both regions of interest in cognitive-deficient old rats. We demonstrated that age-related changes in redox metabolism contributed with alterations in synaptic signaling and cognitive impairment.
RESUMO
This study evaluates the contribution of peripheral biomarkers to comorbidities and clinical findings in autism. Seventeen autistic children and age-matched typically developing (AMTD), between three to nine years old were evaluated. The diagnostic followed the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DMS-IV) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was applied to classify the severity. Cytokine profile was evaluated in plasma using a sandwich type ELISA. Paraclinical events included electroencephalography (EEG) record. Statistical analysis was done to explore significant differences in cytokine profile between autism and AMTD groups and respect clinical and paraclinical parameters. Significant differences were found to IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-17, IL-12p40, and IL-12p70 cytokines in individuals with autism compared with AMTD (p < 0.05). All autistic patients showed interictalepileptiform activity at EEG, however, only 37.5% suffered epilepsy. There was not a regional focalization of the abnormalities that were detectable with EEG in autistic patients with history of epilepsy. A higher IL-6 level was observed in patients without history of epilepsy with interictalepileptiform activity in the frontal brain region, p < 0.05. In conclusion, peripheral inflammatory markers might be useful as potential biomarkers to predict comorbidities in autism as well as reinforce and aid informed decision-making related to EEG findings in children with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
RESUMO
La degeneración nigroestriatal que caracteriza a la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es estudiada en modelos experimentales en roedores por inyección de 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA). El presente estudio presenta una versión modificada del test de la barra transversal (TBT) que permite la cuantificación del déficit motor a través de: tiempo que demora la rata en alcanzar una de las plataformas (latencia de escape, LE); tiempo que demora en caer de la barra (latencia de caída, LC); número total de errores cometidos durante la ejecución en cada barra (número de errores, NE). La forma y el diámetro de la sección transversal de la barra se modificaron desde barras rectangulares y circulares de 2,5 cm de diámetro hasta barras con esta misma forma y 1 cm de diámetro respectivamente lo cual impuso la mayor dificultad a la ejecución del test. Tres grupos de ratas Wistar fueron evaluados: no tratadas (n=15), lesionadas con 6-OHDA (n=14) y falsas operadas (n=14). Todas las variables estudiadas mostraron diferencias signifi-cativas entre ratas controles y hemiparkinsonizadas. Para todos los tipos de barras, las variables LE y NE se incrementaron mientras que la LC disminuyó significativamente en las ratas hemiparkinsonizadas en comparación con las ratas controles. La LC mostró diferencias altamente significativas (p<0,001) entre las barras de mayor y menor diámetro. TBT es un test que explora la función sensoriomotora, no requiere grandes sesiones de entrenamiento previo ni motivación aversiva ni deprivación de alimento. Este test resulta de gran utilidad para evaluar las deficiencias motoras que se presentan en el modelo de hemiparkinsonismo unilateral así como en otros modelos experimentales de enfermedades neurodegenerativas.
The nigrostriatal degeneration underlying Parkinsons disease (PD) is commonly studied in experimental animals by injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. The present study describes a modified version of a beam traversal test which allows the quantification of the motor deficit through the time spent to arrive to the platform once all four paws of the animals are in contact with the beam (escape latency, EL), the time spent before falling (tumbled down latency, TDL) and the number of errors (NE) committed for the animals in each beam. The shape and the diameter of the cross section of the beams were modified from rectangular and circular cross section with 2,5 cm of diameter to the same shape with 1 cm of diameter, which induced a high difficulty to the execution of the test. Three groups of Wistar rats were examined: untreated (n=15), lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine (n=14), and sham-operated (n=14). All variables studied showed significant differences between control and hemiparkinsonian rats. The EL and the NE were increased and the TDL was decreased in hemiparkinsonian rats for all beams in comparison with control rats. In TDL the significant differences between groups were more evident (p<0.001) for the beams with high cross section irrespective of the shape of the cross section. BTT is a convenient sensorimotor test that does not need to be trained extensively, and require adverse motivation or food deprivation and appears to be very useful in evaluating the motor deficits in established unilateral model of PD and also other experimental models.
RESUMO
Se realizó el estudio retrospectivo de una paciente extranjera con granuloma letal de línea media, diagnósticada en la Clínica Central "Cira García", durante el año 1998. En esta enfermedad, tiene lugar un proceso granulomatoso y necrótico, en forma progresiva, que destruye la nariz, senos perinasales y otras estructuras faciales; esta enfermedad es poco frecuente y puede ser producida por diferentes enfermedades infecciosas neoplásicas, autoinmunes e idiopáticas. La mayoría de los pacientes portadores de ésta, hacen una evolución a corto plazo. Valoramos los aspectos en que podríamos ayudar con un tratamiento médico con vistas a mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes y alargar, si es posible, la vida de estos. Por ser una enfermedad poco conocida y tener la oportunidad de brindarle atención, pudimos identificar los problemas que afectan el bienestar físico y serios trastornos del autoconcepto. El objetivo fundamental de nuestro trabajo consiste en demostrar la significativa atención con respecto a la atención que recibió esta paciente y sus familiares por parte del personal de enfermería(AU)
A retrospective study of a foreign patient with midline lethal granuloma diagnosed at the "Cira García" Central Clinic, in l998, was conducted. A granulomatous and necrotic process takes place progressively in this disease that destroys the nose, the perinasal sinuses and other facial structures. This is an uncommon disease and may be produced by different infectious neoplastic, autoimmune and idiopathic diseases. Most of the patients carriers of this disease had a short-term evolution. We assessed the aspects in which we could help with a medical treatment in order to improve the quality of life of the patients and to extend, if possible, their life. As it is a little known disease and we had the opportunity to give it attention, we were able to identify those problems affecting physical well -being, as well as serious problems of selfconcept. The main objective of our paper is to show the significant nursing care received by these patients and their relatives(AU)