Unlocking genetic insights: Evaluating wheat RILs for physiobiochemical traits under terminal heat stress conditions.

BACKGROUND: The increasing impacts of heat stress on wheat production due to climate change has entailed the development of heat-resilient crop varieties. To address this, two hundred recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between WH711/WH1021 were evaluated in a randomized block design (RBD) with two replications at CCSHAU, Hisar, during 2018-19 under heat stress and non-stress conditions. Heat stress was induced by altering the date of sowing so that the grain filling stage coincide with heat stress. RESULTS: Heat stress adversely affects RILs performance, as illustrated by alterations in phenotypic traits. Highest coefficients of variations were recorded for TAA, CTD 1, WUE, CTD 2, Cc and A under non-stress and heat stress conditions whereas gs, WUEi and GY under non-stress and SPAD 1, SPAD 2, GY and NDVI 2 under heat-stress conditions recorded moderate estimates of coefficient of variations. CTD 2, TAA, E, WUE and A displayed a significant occurrence of both high heritability and substantial genetic advance under non-stress. Similarly, CTD 2, NDVI 2, A, WUEi, SPAD 2, gs, E, Ci, MDA and WUE exhibited high heritability with high genetic advance under heat-stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Complementary and duplicate types of interactions with number of controlling genes were observed for different parameters depending on the traits and environments. RILs 41, 42, 59, 74, 75, 180 and 194 were categorized as heat tolerant RILs. Selection preferably for NDVI 1, RWC, TAA, A, E and WUEi to accumulate heat tolerance favorable alleles in the selected RILs is suggested for development of heat resilient genotypes for sustainable crop improvement. The results showed that traits such as such as NDVI, RWC, TAA, A, E, and WUEi, can be effective for developing heat-resilient wheat genotypes and ensuring sustainable crop improvement.

Sunlight-mediated removal of endocrine disruptors from wastewater using trimetallic core-shell Ag-TeO2@ZnO nanocomposites.

The current work emphasizes the preparation of trimetallic core-shell Ag-TeO2@ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) by thermo-mechanical method for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and ß-naphthol pollutants. FE-SEM shows that Ag and TeO2nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of ZnO nanotubes. The band gap of pristine ZnO NPs and 5 wt% Ag-TeO2@ZnO nanocomposites are found to be 3.16 and 2.96 eV, respectively. The calculated specific surface area (SBET) of pristine ZnO NPs and 5 wt% Ag-TeO2@ZnO nanocomposites are 40.47 and 45.66 m2g-1respectively, confirming that Ag and TeO2nanoparticles contribute to increasing in surface area of pure ZnO. The synthesised nanocomposite showed excellent photocatalytic performance for the degradation of ß -naphthol (95.6%) in 40 min at the concentration of (0.6 mg ml-1) and 2,4-DCP (99.6%) in 180 min (0.4 mg ml-1) under natural sunlight. Cyclic Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy were carried out to study the electrochemical properties. The determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) confirmed that the degradation of the pollutants by 5 wt% Ag-TeO2@ZnO NCs was due to the formation of superoxide radicals. Electron paramagnetic resonance revealed the presence of sharp signals in pure ZnO nanoparticles at g ∼1.95 and oxygen vacancy peak at g ∼2.01 in 5 wt% Ag-TeO2@ZnO NCs. To study the mechanism behind the degradation of pollutants, Scavenger test using histidine and ascorbic acid (ROS scavengers) was performed. The synthesised nanocomposites are highly stable and showed enhanced efficiency up to three cycles, confirming their reusability as a photocatalyst.

Convenient One-Pot Synthesis of Kynurenic Acid Ethyl Ester and Exploration to Direct Synthesis of Neuroprotective Kynurenic Acid and Amide Derivatives.

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous molecule, which is a non-selective antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors and has been found to have neuroprotective activity. A supplement of KYNA may be applicable for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease, but it does not cross the blood-brain barrier due to its polar nature. Therefore, its different esters and amide derivatives were explored as a prodrug, which can cross blood-brain barrier and transform into KYNA in situ. However, many esters and amide derivatives of KYNA are synthesized via coupling reaction or multi-step synthesis using different organic or metallic catalysts. Herein, we developed a novel one-pot, catalyst-free, convenient synthesis of KYNA ethyl esters using aniline and diethyl acetylene dicarboxylate in DMF under heating. We also explored the synthesis of KYNA and KYNA amide derivative in a simple manner with overall good yields via hydrolysis and condensation, respectively.

Applications of some advanced sequencing, analytical, and computational approaches in medicinal plant research: a review.

The potential active chemicals found in medicinal plants, which have long been employed as natural medicines, are abundant. Exploring the genes responsible for producing these compounds has given new insights into medicinal plant research. Previously, the authentication of medicinal plants was done via DNA marker sequencing. With the advancement of sequencing technology, several new techniques like next-generation sequencing, single molecule sequencing, and fourth-generation sequencing have emerged. These techniques enshrined the role of molecular approaches for medicinal plants because all the genes involved in the biosynthesis of medicinal compound(s) could be identified through RNA-seq analysis. In several research insights, transcriptome data have also been used for the identification of biosynthesis pathways. miRNAs in several medicinal plants and their role in the biosynthesis pathway as well as regulation of the disease-causing genes were also identified. In several research articles, an in silico study was also found to be effective in identifying the inhibitory effect of medicinal plant-based compounds against virus' gene(s). The use of advanced analytical methods like spectroscopy and chromatography in metabolite proofing of secondary metabolites has also been reported in several recent research findings. Furthermore, advancement in molecular and analytic methods will give new insight into studying the traditionally important medicinal plants that are still unexplored.

Auxin response factors in plant adaptation to drought and salinity stress.

Salinity and drought stresses affect plant growth worldwide and limit crop production. Auxin is crucial in regulating plants' salinity and drought stress adaptative response. As a chemical messenger, auxin influences gene expression through a family of functionally distinct transcription factors, the DNA-binding AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs). Various studies have revealed the important roles of ARFs in regulating drought and salinity stress responses in plants. Different ARFs regulate soluble sugar content, promote root development, and maintain chlorophyll content under drought and saline stress conditions to help plants adapt to these stresses. The functional characterization of ARFs pertaining to the regulation of drought and salinity stress responses is still in its infancy. Interestingly, the small RNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of ARF expression has been shown to influence plant responses to both stresses. The current knowledge on the diverse roles of ARFs in conferring specificity to auxin-mediated drought and salinity stress responses has not been reviewed to date. In this review, we summarize the recent research concerning the role of ARFs in response to drought and salinity stresses: gene expression patterns, functional characterization, and post-transcriptional regulation under drought and salinity stresses. We have also reviewed the modulation of ARF expression by other molecular regulators in the context of drought and salt stress signaling.

Enzymes for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications.

Enzymes are highly efficient and selective biocatalysts, present in the living beings. They exist in enormous varieties in terms of the types of reactions catalyzed by them for instance oxidation-reduction, group transfers within the molecules or between the molecules, hydrolysis, isomerization, ligation, bond cleavage, and bond formation. Besides, enzyme based catalyses are performed with much higher fidelity, under mild reaction conditions and are highly efficient in terms of number of steps, giving them an edge over their chemical counter parts. The unique characteristics of enzymes makes them highly applicable fora number of chemical transformation reactions in pharmaceutical industries, such as group protection and deprotection, selective acylation and deacylation, selective hydrolysis, deracemization, kinetic resolution of racemic mixtures, esterification, transesterification, and many others. In this review, an overview of the enzymes, their production and their applications in pharmaceutical syntheses and enzyme therapies are presented with diagrams, reaction schemes and table for easy understanding of the readers.

Designing peptide-based vaccine candidates for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen 175.

Plasmodium falciparum leads to a virulent form of malaria. Progress has been achieved in understanding the mechanisms involved in the malarial infection, still there is no effective vaccine to prevent severe infection. An effective vaccine against malaria should be one which can induce immune responses against multiple epitopes in the context of predominantly occurring HLA alleles. In this study, an integrated approach was employed to identify promiscuous peptides of a well-defined sequence of erythrocyte binding antigen-175 and promiscuous peptides for HLA alleles were designed using bioinformatics tools. A peptide with 15 amino acids (ILAIAIYESRILKRK) was selected based on its high binding affinity score and synthesized. This promiscuous peptide was used as stimulating antigen in lymphoproliferative responses to evaluate the cellular immune response. It was observed this peptide evokes lymphoproliferative and cytokine responses in individuals naturally exposed to the malaria parasite. The intensity of PBMCs proliferation was observed to be higher in sera obtained from P. falciparum exposed as compared to unexposed healthy individuals, suggesting earlier recognition of peptide of this region by T cells. Furthermore, the binding mode of HLA-peptide complex and their interaction may lead to a rational and selective peptide-based vaccine candidate design approach which can be used as a malaria prophylaxis.

Identification and co-evolution pattern of stem cell regulator miR394s and their targets among diverse plant species.

BACKGROUND: Micro RNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, have been implicated in various aspects of plant development. miR394 is required for shoot apical meristem organization, stem cell maintenance and abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis, where it functions by negatively regulating the transcript level of target LEAF CURLING RESPONSIVENESS (LCR), which is an F-box protein-coding gene. The evolutionary conservation of stem cell regulatory miR394-LCR module among plants remains elusive. RESULTS: Our study has identified 79 miR394 and 43 target sequences across 40 plant species using various homology based search tools and databases, and analysed their co-evolution pattern. We customised an annotation workflow which computationally validates 20 novel miR394s from 14 plant species. Independent phylogenetic trees were reconstructed with precursor MIR394s, mature miR394s, and their target sequences along with complementary miR394 binding sites. The phylogeny revealed that mature sequences of miR394s as well as their targets belonging to the F-box protein encoding gene families, were highly conserved. Though, miR394-3p were complementary to miR394s/miR394-5p, they clustered separately. CONCLUSION: The existence and separate clustering of miR394-3p and miR394s/miR394-5p indicate their independent regulation. The phylogeny also suggests that miR394s had evolved at the beginning of gymnosperm-angiosperm divergence. Despite strong conservation, some level of sequence variation in miR394s and the complementary binding sites of their targets suggests possible functional diversification of miR394-LCR mediated stem cell regulation in plants.

Improved laser capture microdissection (LCM)-based method for isolation of RNA, including miRNA and expression analysis in woody apple bud meristem.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Isolation of high-quality RNA, including miRNA, from microscopic woody apple bud meristem using laser capture microdissection-based method. It is often challenging to study the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) or genes in less accessible inner tissues of tree species rich in polyphenols or polysaccharides. Here, we report a laser capture microdissection (LCM)-based method for efficient and cost-effective isolation and expression analysis of miRNAs and genes in the meristem tissue of woody apple bud. The tissue fixation, processing, infiltration, and sectioning steps were optimized for LCM-based excision and subsequent RNA isolation. Further, we have confirmed that RNA isolated from LCM-derived apple bud meristem contained miRNAs and was of good quantity and quality, sufficient for downstream expression analysis.

Enrichment of indigenous arsenate reducing anaerobic bacteria from arsenic rich aquifer sediment of Brahmaputra river basin and their potential role in as mobilization.

Anaerobic enrichment of As5+ reducing bacteria in the presence and/or absence of organic carbon (OC) and As5+ from As contaminated soil of Brahmaputra river basin (BRB) (Jorhat, Assam) was performed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of the 16SrRNA gene sequences amplified from the enriched microbial community indicated occurrence of maximum diversity under conditions receiving no OC (MSM) followed by moderate OC (LB). However, higher OC or As showed antagonistic effect on bacterial enrichment whereas together (BB + As) they showed a synergistic effect. Phylogenetic analysis of the prominent bands revealed an overall abundance of Lachnoanaerobaculum (39%), Clostridium (39%), Bacillus, Peptostreptococcaceae, Anaerostipes (13%), and Desulfotomaculum (8.7%). Moderate OC (LB) led to maximum As mobilization i.e. 27.42 µg/L, whereas presence of added As together with high OC (BB + As) enhanced the mobilization process. Mineralogical analyses of the sediments after incubation showed prominent weathering and loss of crystallinity in MSM and LB. Appearance of a new peak corresponding to arsenolamprite (As) in LB and LB + As indicated opening up of secondary phases of the minerals harboring As due to microbial leaching under moderate OC. This is the first study reporting Lachnoanaerobaculumas a potent As5+ dissimilating bacterium isolated from As contaminated subsurface sediment of BRB.

Plant small RNAs: advancement in the understanding of biogenesis and role in plant development.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Present review addresses the advances made in the understanding of biogenesis of plant small RNAs and their role in plant development. We discuss the elaborate role of microRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs) in various aspects of plant growth and development and highlight relevance of small RNA mobility. Small non-coding RNAs regulate various aspects of plant development. Small RNAs (sRNAs) of 21-24 nucleotide length are derived from double-stranded RNAs through the combined activity of several biogenesis and processing components. These sRNAs function by negatively regulating the expression of target genes. miRNAs and ta-siRNAs constitute two important classes of endogenous small RNAs in plants, which play important roles in plant growth and developmental processes like embryogenesis, organ formation and patterning, shoot and root growth, and reproductive development. Biogenesis of miRNAs is a multistep process which includes transcription, processing and modification, and their loading onto RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC-loaded miRNAs carry out post-transcriptional silencing of their target(s). Recent studies identified orthologues of different biogenesis components of novel and conserved small RNAs from different model plants. Although many small RNAs have been identified from diverse plant species, only a handful of them have been functionally characterized. In this review, we discuss the advances made in understanding the biogenesis, functional conservation/divergence in miRNA-mediated gene regulation, and the developmental role of small RNAs in different plant species.

Analysis of equation of states for the suitability at high pressure: MgO as an example.

A simple theoretical model is developed to study the high pressure behavior of solids and is applied to evaluate the pressure for MgO in case of large compression along with Shanker, Tait, Vinet, and Birch-Murnaghan equation of states (EOSs). These EOSs are also tested for the basic requirements revealed from the fundamental thermodynamics for solids in the limit of extreme compressions, as given by Stacey. It is found that for the high pressure compression behavior of MgO the present model, Tait, Vinet, and Birch-Murnaghan EOSs give the results compatible with the experimental data. It has also been found that in the regime of ultrahigh pressure the present model and Birch-Murnaghan EOS satisfy the Stacey criterion.

Recent Developments and Applications of Biocatalytic and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis for the Generation of Diverse Classes of Drugs.

Biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic biosynthesis are powerful methods of organic chemistry that use enzymes to execute selective reactions and allow the efficient production of organic compounds. The advantages of these approaches include high selectivity, mild reaction conditions, and the ability to work with complex substrates. The utilization of chemoenzymatic techniques for the synthesis of complicated compounds has lately increased dramatically in the area of organic chemistry. Biocatalytic technologies and modern synthetic methods are utilized synergistically in a multi-step approach to a target molecule under this paradigm. Chemoenzymatic techniques are promising for simplifying access to essential bioactive compounds because of the remarkable regio- and stereoselectivity of enzymatic transformations and the reaction diversity of modern organic chemistry. Enzyme kits may include ready-to-use, reproducible biocatalysts. Its use opens up new avenues for the synthesis of active therapeutic compounds and aids in drug development by synthesizing active components to construct scaffolds in a targeted and preparative manner. This study summarizes current breakthroughs as well as notable instances of biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic synthesis. To assist organic chemists in the use of enzymes for synthetic applications, it also provides some basic guidelines for selecting the most appropriate enzyme for a targeted reaction while keeping aspects like cofactor requirement, solvent tolerance, use of whole cell or isolated enzymes, and commercial availability in mind.

Anti-competitive adsorption of gaseous benzene on hydrophilic microporous carbon in humid conditions.

The adsorption capture of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is of practical importance for air quality management. Herein, unique anti-competitive adsorption behavior of benzene on a hydrophilic activated carbon (Procarb-900 (P900)) is evidenced in the presence of competing components (e.g., formaldehyde (FA) and/or moisture). Contrary to general expectations, the adsorption capacity of 10 Pa benzene (QB) onto P900 (30 mg) at the 99 % breakthrough level improves from 144.8 to 187 mg g-1 as the relative humidity (RH) increases from 0 to 25 %. Such pattern is maintained at 183.9 mg g-1 even at the relatively high RH of 50 %. Furthermore, QB exhibits a remarkable increase of 56.1 % (to 226.0 mg g-1) in the binary phase (100 ppm benzene plus 50 ppm FA) relative to its single phase (144.8 mg g-1). The kinetic studies confirm the occurrence of anti-competitive adsorption of benzene under humid conditions with the unusual decrease in rate constants at the elevated RHs (i.e., 25 and 50 %). The thermodynamic studies suggest the exothermic nature of benzene adsorption onto P900. The hydrophilicity of P900's outer surface promotes the preferential adsorption of polar FA and water vapor over non-polar benzene, which deforms the activated carbon texture and lowers the pore size distribution (PSD). The narrow PSD enhances benzene uptake in the complex systems due to the confinement effect. Overall, this study offers insights into the unique anti-competitive adsorption of non-polar VOCs (e.g., benzene) on hydrophilic microporous adsorbents in the presence of potential interferences such as polar water vapor and FA. These findings offer a guideline for the practical implementation of adsorption techniques for gaseous VOCs in humid conditions.

Connecting the Dots: Gender, Sexuality, and Societal Influences on Cognitive Aging and Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has many etiologies and the impact of gender on AD changes throughout time. As a consequence of advancements in precision medical procedures and methodology, Alzheimer's disease is now better understood and treated. Several risk factors may be addressed to lower one's chances of developing Alzheimer's disease or associated dementia (ADRD). The presence of amyloid-α protein senile plaques, intracellular tau protein neurofibrillary tangles (NfTs), neurodegeneration, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) characterizes Alzheimer's disease. NPS is common in persons with Alzheimer's disease dementia, although its presentation varies widely. Gender differences might explain this clinical variability. The fundamental goal of this review research is to 1) emphasize the function of old age, sex, and gender in the development of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and ADRD, and 2) explain the importance of sexual hormones, education, and APOE (Apolipoprotein E) status. This is a narrative summary of new ideas and concepts on the differences in the chance of developing dementia or Alzheimer's disease between men and women. A more thorough examination of risk and protective variables in both men and women might hasten research into the epidemiology of neurological illnesses such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, future preventive efforts should target men and women separately.

The effects of metal-oxide content in MnO2-activated carbon composites on reactive adsorption and catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde and toluene in air.

The deterioration in air quality caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become an important environmental issue. Here, activated carbon (AC) composites with manganese oxide (MnO2: 1 % to 50 %) are synthesized as MAC for the removal of formaldehyde (FA) and toluene in air through a combination of reactive adsorption and catalytic oxidation (RACO) at room temperature (RT). The best-performing composite (MAC-20: 20 % of MnO2) exhibits a 10 % breakthrough volume (BTV10%) of FA and toluene at 41.2 and 377 L g-1, respectively while realizing complete oxidation of FA and toluene into carbon dioxide (CO2) at 100 °C and 275 °C, respectively. The reaction kinetic rates (r) for 10 % removal efficiency of FA and toluene (XFA or T) at RT are estimated as 9.82E-02 and 3.20E-02 mmol g-1 h-1, respectively. The high performance of MAC-20 can be attributed to its enriched adsorption capacity of oxygen vacancy (OV) and the presence of adsorbed oxygen (OA), as shown by an Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio of 0.729 and an OA/lattice­oxygen (OL) ratio of 1.50. The results of this study highlight the interactive roles of oxygen abundance and temperature in the generation of distinctive oxidation patterns for FA in reference to toluene. This study is expected to offer practical guidance for the implementation of RACO against diverse VOCs for efficient management of air quality.

Smokeless Tobacco Use and Quit Behaviour Assessment in a Middle Aged to Elderly Population in a Rural Setting - An Evaluative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Expanding knowledge on tobacco use and quitting outcomes in Chhattisgarh, India, is crucial. Limited data hinder the assessment of tobacco use prevalence and quitting outcomes in the region. This household-based cross-sectional study aimed to assess smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and quit behaviour among village dwellers aged 35-44 and 65-74 years in Jamul, Chhattisgarh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was conducted among 450 participants, utilising a pretested questionnaire and data analysis using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v23. RESULTS: The study revealed that among the survey participants, 61.1% were males and 38.9% were females. The prevalence of SLT use was found to be 67.8%, with 59.1% of current SLT users reporting daily use. Middle-aged individuals predominantly chose gutkha, while khaini was more common among the elderly. Tobacco and paan with tobacco were also commonly used forms. Gudakhu, a popular SLT product for oral hygiene and easy defecation, was reported by 71.34% of participants. Television warnings and SLT packages proved to be successful methods for disseminating information about the dangers of SLT use. However, SLT users who attempted to quit independently reported encountering one or more withdrawal symptoms, which posed significant obstacles to quitting SLT. CONCLUSION: Community-based awareness programmes are implemented via regional television (TV) channels, coupled with cessation initiatives, including professional counselling, pharmaceutical interventions and support of peer. Changing attitudes against SLT use and promoting tobacco-free environments are prioritized. These strategies will effectively address SLT use and improve quitting outcomes in Jamul, Chhattisgarh, fostering a healthier community.

Oligomeric recombinant H5 HA1 vaccine produced in bacteria protects ferrets from homologous and heterologous wild-type H5N1 influenza challenge and controls viral loads better than subunit H5N1 vaccine by eliciting high-affinity antibodies.

Recombinant hemagglutinin from influenza viruses with pandemic potential can be produced rapidly in various cell substrates. In this study, we compared the functionality and immunogenicity of bacterially produced oligomeric or monomeric HA1 proteins from H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/04) with those of the egg-based licensed subunit H5N1 (SU-H5N1) vaccine in ferrets challenged with homologous or heterologous H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza strains. Ferrets were vaccinated twice with the oligomeric or monomeric rHA1 or with SU-H5N1 (Sanofi Pasteur) emulsified with Titermax adjuvant and were challenged with wild-type homologous (A/Vietnam/1203/04; clade 1) or heterologous (A/Whooperswan/Mongolia/244/2005; clade 2.2) virus. Only the oligomeric rHA1 (not the monomeric rHA1) immunogen and the SU-H5N1 vaccine provided protection against the lethality and morbidity of homologous and heterologous highly pathogenic H5N1. Oligomeric rHA1 generated more cross-neutralizing antibodies and higher levels of serum antibody binding to HA1, with stronger avidity and a better IgG/IgM ratio, than monomeric HA1 and SU-H5N1 vaccines, as determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Importantly, viral loads after heterologous H5N1 challenge were more efficiently controlled in ferrets vaccinated with the oligomeric rHA1 immunogen than in SU-H5N1-vaccinated ferrets. The reduction of viral loads in the nasal washes correlated strongly with higher-avidity antibodies to oligomeric rHA1 derived from H5N1 clade 1 and clade 2.2 viruses, as measured by SPR. This is the first study to show the role of antibody avidity for the HA1 globular head domain in reduction of viral loads in the upper respiratory tract, which could significantly reduce viral transmission.

Personalized Medicine: Advanced Treatment Strategies to Revolutionize Healthcare.

Personalized medicine (PM) is about developing an individualized approach to each patient's illness. Understanding how a patient's genomic portfolio renders them prone to various diseases may be enhanced by discovering genetic, epigenetic, and medical evidence. Medical therapy that is safe and effective for specific individuals may be predicted using the PM approach, which is a complete expansion of an older methodology (One-Size-Fits-All). Patient's well-being and longevity may improve and costs are reduced if PM is used. Using existing biomarkers and early genome and epigenomic processes to better understand PM may lead to earlier diagnosis of the disease, including carcinogenesis. A key focus of the PM technique is preventative medicine, which emphasizes proactive actions rather than depending only on reactive ones. More intrusive procedures may be avoided or postponed using this technique, resulting in a higher quality of life and lower financial burdens for patients. End-of-life care costs are putting a strain on governmentfunded healthcare systems across the globe, notably in the United States. When used in conjunction with present treatments, PM may help them work better and lessen the disadvantages of just non-PM methods. Using genetic profiling, doctors may choose a drug based on a participant's genetic profile that minimizes unwanted side effects and ensures a better result while also being less costly than a 'trial-and-error' approach to sickness treatment. The less effective non- PM ('trial-and-error') strategy leads to drug toxicity, severe adverse effects, reactive treatment, and misdiagnosis. PM and proactive therapeutic regimens should be used more often to save costs and enhance overall well-being.

Zinc-doped titanium oxynitride as a high-performance adsorbent for formaldehyde in air.

The potential utility of titanium oxynitride doped with 5% zinc (ZnTON) has been investigated as an adsorbent for the treatment of gaseous formaldehyde (FA) using a fixed-bed adsorption system. The adsorption capacity of ZnTON, when estimated at 10%/100% breakthrough (BT) levels from a dry feed gas consisting of 10 Pa FA, was far superior to two reference materials (i.e., commercial P25-TiO2 and activated carbon (AC)) by factors of 1.7/1.3 and 10/2.5, respectively. The adsorption capacity of ZnTON increased with the increase in the initial feeding concentration of FA (5-12.5 Pa), while decreasing with the rising temperature (25-100 oC). An increase in moisture level (0-100% relative humidity) also led to 5.4- and 2.5-fold reductions in adsorption capacity of ZnTON at 10% and 100% BT levels, respectively. Thermodynamically, the adsorption of FA onto ZnTON is an exothermic (ΔHo = - 9.69 kJ.mol-1) to be feasible in nature based on physisorption mechanism. Further, the adsorption of FA onto ZnTON was governed by surface interactions and monolayer surface coverage (Van der Waal's force/electrostatic attraction), as it obeyed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Regeneration tests indicated a positive effect of moisture on FA desorption and durability of ZnTON (i.e., over three adsorption-desorption cycles). This study offers valuable mechanistic insights into the synthesis of an advanced adsorbent for the efficient removal of hazardous volatile organic compounds under near-ambient conditions.