Psychosocial factors associated with mother-child violence: a household survey.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the psychosocial factors associated with violence by women against their children, using a household survey. METHODS: Households in two neighborhoods in Juiz de Fora, Brazil, with different socioeconomic profiles, were selected through probability sampling and surveyed. A total of 446 women with children up to 18 years of age were interviewed. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the CTSPC (Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales), the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) and the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) were applied. Using STATA statistical software, logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between psychosocial variables and domestic violence against children. RESULTS: The prevalence of violence by mothers against their children during the 3 months prior to data collection was as follows: psychological aggression, 70.5% (n = 304); corporal punishment, 51.4% (n = 232); and physical maltreatment, 9.8% (n = 46). Women with a higher educational level exhibited lower odds of committing psychological aggression (OR 0.47; CI 0.24-0.91) and corporal punishment (OR 0.32; CI 0.16-0.64). Age was associated with corporal punishment, with older women (OR 0.94; CI 0.91-0.97) reporting a lower frequency of this type of violence against their children. Residing in the neighborhood with higher socioeconomic status reduced the odds of reporting psychological aggression (OR 0.45; CI 0.27-0.75). Maternal depression (OR 3.75; CI 1.51-9.31) and harmful drinking (OR 4.73; CI 1.17-19.10) were risk factors for physical maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results point to the need for preventive strategies for mother-child violence in low and middle income countries, with a focus on the mothers' education and mental health, especially with regard to the younger ones.

Patterns of domestic violence and alcohol consumption among women and the effectiveness of a brief intervention in a household setting: a protocol study.

BACKGROUND: Domestic violence and harmful alcohol consumption are considered major public health problems worldwide. These phenomena often co-occur, and they share several risk factors. Nevertheless, few in-depth studies have supported integrated interventions for both phenomena, in particular among Latin American women. This project will study the consumption of alcoholic beverages among women and its relationship with patterns of domestic violence; furthermore, it will assess the effect of a brief intervention (BI) aimed at modifying these behaviors using a community household sample. METHODS/DESIGN: This project is divided into two studies. Study 1 will employ a cross-sectional observational design and will be conducted using a household sample of adult women (approximate sample size = 1600) to assess harmful alcohol consumption and domestic violence patterns. Study 2, will be a randomized clinical trial based on specific cases from Study 1, assessing the effect of a brief intervention on women who exhibit harmful levels of alcohol consumption (AUDIT ≥ 8). Approximately 73 women will be assigned to one of two groups, either a treated group (TG) or a control group (CG). A sociodemographic questionnaire, a questionnaire concerning general health and substance use, and four other standardized instruments (i.e., the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test [AUDIT; used to investigate problems related to alcohol consumption], the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D; used to measure depressive symptoms], and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales and Parent-child Conflict Tactics Scales [CTS2 and CTSPC; used to obtain information on violence among couples and between parents and children, respectively]) will be used to collect data. DISCUSSION: The study protocol will employ a household survey of a representative sample from a neighborhood in a middle income country, where well-conducted household surveys remain rare. The present work represents a step toward a better understanding of violence in women's lives and its interaction with alcohol consumption and expands the discussion on the potential strategies for public health actions seeking to prevent both domestic violence and harmful alcohol consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: RBR-7rjt4t. Registered 17 October 2013.

Prevalence of flu-like syndrome in healthcare workers in Brazil: a national study, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of reported symptoms of flu-like syndrome (FS) among HCW and compare HCW and non-HCW on the chance of reporting these symptoms, this study analyzed data of a population-based survey conducted in Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed with self-reported data from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD Covid-19) from May 2020. The authors analyzed a probability sample of 125,179 workers, aged 18 to 65, with monthly income lower than US$ 3 500. The variable HCW or non-HCW was the covariate of interest and having reported FS symptoms or not was the outcome variable. Authors tested interactions of HCW with other covariates. A logit model - when controlling for sociodemographic, employment, and geographic characteristics - investigated the chance of HCW reporting FS compared to non-HCW. RESULTS: HCW have a significant effect (odds ratio of 1.369) on reporting FS symptoms when compared to non-HCW. HCW account for 4.17% of the sample, with a higher frequency of FS (3.38%) than observed for non-HCW (2.43%). Female, non-white and older individuals had higher chance to report FS. CONCLUSIONS: The HCW had a higher chance of reporting symptoms than non-HCW aged over 18 years in the labor force. These results emphasize guidelines for preventive measures to reduce workplace exposures in the healthcare facilities. The prevalence is disproportionately affecting HCW women and HCW non-whites. In the regions North and Northeast the steeper progression is consistent with the hypothesis of socioeconomic factors, and it explains the greater prevalence in HCW and non-HCW living in those territories.

Social Vulnerability of Brazilian Metropolitan Schools and Teachers' Absence from Work Due to Vocal and Psychological Symptoms: A Multilevel Analysis.

Teachers' voices and psychological symptoms are the main reasons for absence from work. The objectives of this study were: (i) to spatially represent, through a webGIS, the standardized rates of teachers' absences due to voice (outcome 1) and psychological symptoms (outcome 2) in each Brazilian Federative Unit (FU = 26 states plus Federal District) and (ii) to analyze the relationship between each national outcome rate and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) of the municipality where urban schools are located, adjusted for sex, age, and working conditions. This cross-sectional study comprised 4979 randomly sampled teachers working in basic education urban schools, of which 83.3% are women. The national absence rates were 17.25% for voice symptoms and 14.93% for psychological symptoms. The rates, SVI, and school locations in the 27 FUs are dynamically visualized in webGIS. The multilevel multivariate logistic regression model showed a positive association between voice outcome and high/very high SVI (OR = 1.05 [1.03; 1.07]), whereas psychological symptoms were negatively associated with high/very high SVI (OR = 0.86 [0.85 0.88]) and positively associated with intermediate SVI (OR = 1.15 [1.13; 1.16]), in contrast with low/very low SVI. Being a woman (voice: OR = 1.36 [1.35; 1.38]; psychological: 1.22 [1.21; 1.24]) and working in schools with various precarious conditions (17 variables) increased the odds of being absent due to voice and psychological symptoms. The results confirm the need for investments to improve working conditions in schools.

COVID-19's intra-urban inequalities and social vulnerability in a medium-sized city.

BACKGROUND: Social conditions are related to the impact of epidemics on human populations. This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths from COVID-19 and its association with social vulnerability. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted in 81 urban regions (UR) of Juiz de Fora from March to November 2020. Exposure was measured using the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI), a synthetic indicator that combines socioeconomic and environmental variables from the Demographic Census 2010. Regression models were estimated for counting data with overdispersion (negative binomial generalized linear model) using Bayesian methods, with observed frequencies as the outcome, expected frequencies as the offset variable, and HVI as the explanatory variable. Unstructured random-effects (to capture the effect of unmeasured factors) and spatially structured effects (to capture the spatial correlation between observations) were included in the models. The models were estimated for the entire period and quarter. RESULTS: There were 30,071 suspected cases, 8,063 confirmed cases, 1,186 hospitalizations, and 376 COVID-19 deaths. In the second quarter of the epidemic, compared to the low vulnerability URs, the high vulnerability URs had a lower risk of confirmed cases (RR=0.61; CI95% 0.49-0.76) and a higher risk of hospitalizations (RR=1.65; CI95% 1.23-2.22) and deaths (RR=1.73; CI95% 1.08-2.75). CONCLUSIONS: The lower risk of confirmed cases in the most vulnerable UR probably reflected lower access to confirmatory tests, while the higher risk of hospitalizations and deaths must have been related to the greater severity of the epidemic in the city's poorest regions.

Prevalence of trachoma in Pernambuco State, Brazil (2014-2015).

To estimate the prevalence of cases of trachoma in the population at social risk aged 1-9 years in Pernambuco State and its mesoregions. This was a cross-sectional study in which secondary data from the National Household Survey on Trachoma (2014-2015) were analyzed. The study covered 96 census tracts distributed across the mesoregions of Pernambuco State (Metropolitan Region of Recife, Zona da Mata, Agreste, Sertao do Sao Francisco and Sertao Pernambucano). The study included all homes with children aged 1-9 years, and all of them were examined for trachoma, using the WHO criteria. Among the total of 7,423 children aged 1-9 years who participated in this survey, 446 presented with active trachoma. Thus, the prevalence of trachoma in Pernambuco State, in children between 1-9 years old was 6.65%, and it was higher among children aged 5-9 years (7.12%) and among girls (7.23%). This result was seen in the majority of the mesoregions studied, except in the Zona da Mata and Sertao do Sao Francisco, where there were higher prevalences in the age group of 1-4 years (5.55%) and among boys (5.90%). A tendency towards a higher prevalence between 1 and 6 years of age was observed. The follicular trachoma continues to be an important public health problem in Pernambuco State. It particularly affects poor people, including those living in urban areas of the State.

Sample design and participation in the Educatel Study. / Desenho da amostra e participação no Estudo Educatel.

Educatel Brazil 2015/2016 was a cross-sectional study conducted by telephone interview with the aim of producing information on health and absenteeism in Brazilian schoolteachers. The nationally representative sampling plan was based on the simple stratified sampling method, with stratification defined to meet the analytical domains established for the study (five major geographic regions, two census areas, four age brackets, sex, three types of school administration, five types of teacher employment, and six grade levels) and selection by simple random sampling of teachers in each stratum. Teacher selection was based on the 2014 School Census conducted by the Brazilian National Institute for Educational Studies and Research "Anísio Teixeira". Of the 2,229,269 teachers recorded in the Census, 13,243 were selected. A total of 119,378 telephone calls were made, identifying 7,642 eligible teachers (57.7% of the total initially sampled). A total of 6,510 interviews were finally completed, for a response rate of 85.2%. At the end of data collection, sample weights were assigned to each of the teachers interviewed. These weighting factors are connected not only to the Educatel sample design, but also to the adjustment terms for treatment of non-response during the data collection process.

O Educatel Brasil 2015/2016 foi um estudo transversal, realizado por entrevista telefônica, com o objetivo de oferecer informações a respeito da saúde e absenteísmo de professores da Educação Básica no país. O plano amostral adotado, com representatividade nacional, teve como base o método de amostragem estratificada simples, com estratificação definida visando a atender aos domínios de análise estabelecidos para o estudo (cinco regiões geográficas, duas áreas censitárias, quatro faixas etárias, sexo, três dependências administrativas da escola, cinco tipos de vínculo e seis etapas de ensino) e seleção por amostragem aleatória simples de professores dentro de cada estrato. O sorteio dos professores foi baseado no Censo Escolar de 2014, realizado pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira. Dos 2.229.269 professores registrados no censo, foram selecionados 13.243. Foram realizadas 119.378 ligações telefônicas, as quais permitiram identificar 7.642 professores elegíveis (57,7% do total inicialmente sorteado). Ao final, foram completadas 6.510 entrevistas, 85,2% de taxa de resposta. Ao término da coleta, pesos amostrais foram associados a cada um dos professores entrevistados. Esses fatores de ponderação estão conectados não apenas ao desenho amostral do Educatel, mas também aos termos de ajuste para tratamento dos casos de não resposta ocorridos durante o processo de coleta dos dados.

Educatel Brasil 2015/2016 fue un estudio transversal, realizado mediante entrevista telefónica, con el objetivo de ofrecer información respecto a la salud y absentismo de profesores de Educación Básica en el país. El plan de muestras adoptado, representativo nacionalmente, tuvo como base el método de muestra estratificada simple, con una estratificación definida, con el fin de atender los dominios de análisis establecidos para el estudio (cinco regiones geográficas, dos sectores censitarios, cuatro franjas de edad, sexo, tres dependencias administrativas de la escuela, cinco tipos de vínculo y seis etapas de enseñanza), y selección por muestra aleatoria simple de profesores dentro de cada estrato. El sorteo de los profesores se basó en el Censo Escolar de 2014, realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estudios e Investigaciones Educativas "Anísio Teixeira". De los 2.229.269 profesores registrados en el censo, fueron seleccionados 13.243. Se realizaron 119.378 llamadas telefónicas, que permitieron identificar a 7.642 profesores elegibles (57,7% del total inicialmente sorteado). Al final, se completaron 6.510 entrevistas, con un 85,2% de tasa de respuesta. Al término de la recogida, se asociaron los pesos de las muestras a cada uno de los profesores entrevistados. Estos factores de ponderación están conectados, no sólo por el diseño de muestras de Educatel, sino también por los términos de ajuste para el tratamiento de los casos de no respuesta producidos durante el proceso de recogida de datos.

Work absenteeism due to voice disorders in Brazilian schoolteachers. / Ausência ao trabalho por distúrbio vocal de professores da Educação Básica no Brasil.

The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and duration of work absenteeism due to voice disorders in Brazilian schoolteachers and the association with work-related factors and health status. This was a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 6,510 female and male schoolteachers in basic education, from October 2015 to March 2016. The dependent variable was the teacher's report of some work absence due to a voice problem in the previous 12 months. The independent variables related to work conditions and health status. A descriptive analysis was performed of the prevalence and duration of work absences due to voice problems. The association between the target event and the other variables was measured as the prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals, using Poisson regression. The main reason for teachers missing classroom work was voice disorders (17.7%), and most absences (78%) were short (seven days or less). In the final multivariate model adjusted by gender, higher prevalence of absence due to voice disorders was associated with schoolteachers in the North and Northeast of Brazil, longer time commuting to and from work, self-report of occupational disease, visit to health services, and report of psychological and respiratory problems during the same 12-month period. There was a high prevalence of short work absences due to voice problems, associated with comorbidities. Macrostructural factors suggest the social nature of the illness process and work absenteeism in Brazilian schoolteachers.

O objetivo foi investigar a prevalência e duração da ausência de professores ao trabalho por distúrbio vocal no Brasil e a associação com os fatores de trabalho e situação de saúde. Estudo transversal, com amostra representativa composta por 6.510 professores da Educação Básica, de ambos os sexos, realizado de outubro de 2015 a março de 2016. A variável dependente refere-se ao relato do professor quanto à ausência ao trabalho por problema de voz nos últimos 12 meses. As variáveis independentes tratam de questões da situação de trabalho e do sistema de saúde. Realizou-se análise descrita da prevalência e duração da ausência por problema vocal. A associação entre o evento de interesse e as demais variáveis foi baseada na razão de prevalência e intervalos de 95% de confiança, usando-se a regressão de Poisson. O principal motivo que afastou o professor da sala de aula foi o distúrbio de voz (17,7%), a duração da maioria dos afastamentos (78%) foi por um período curto (até sete dias). No modelo multivariado final, ajustado pela variável sexo, a maior prevalência de ausência por distúrbio vocal ocorreu entre os professores das regiões Norte e Nordeste, com maior duração de deslocamento para o trabalho, relato de diagnóstico de doença ocupacional e que procuraram pelo serviço de saúde, se ausentaram por problema emocional e problema respiratório no mesmo período de 12 meses. É elevada a prevalência de faltas ao trabalho por problema de voz por um curto período de tempo, que se mostrou associada à presença de outras comorbidades. Fatores macroestruturais indicam o caráter social do processo de adoecer e faltar ao trabalho dos docentes.

El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia y duración de ausencias de profesores de su trabajo, causados por disturbios vocales en Brasil, y su asociación con factores de trabajo y situación de salud. Un estudio transversal, con muestra representativa, compuesta por 6.510 profesores de la Educación Básica, de ambos sexos, fue realizado de octubre de 2015 a marzo de 2016. La variable dependiente se refiere al relato del profesor, respecto a la ausencia del trabajo por problemas de voz durante los últimos 12 meses. Las variables independientes tratan sobre cuestiones de situación laboral y del sistema de salud. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la prevalencia y duración de la ausencia por problemas vocales. La asociación entre el evento de interés y las demás variables se basó en la razón de prevalencia e intervalos de un 95% de confianza, usando la regresión de Poisson. El principal motivo de baja de profesores fue el disturbio de voz (17,7%); la duración de la mayoría de las bajas (78%) fue por un período corto (hasta siete días). En el modelo multivariado final, ajustado por la variable sexo, la mayor prevalencia de ausencia por disturbio vocal se produjo entre los profesores de las regiones Norte y Nordeste, con mayor duración en el desplazamiento hacia el trabajo, relato de diagnóstico de enfermedad ocupacional; además de buscar un servicio de salud, ausentarse por un problema emocional y problema respiratorio durante el mismo período de 12 meses. Es elevada la prevalencia de ausencias en el trabajo por problemas de voz durante un corto período de tiempo, que se mostró asociada a la presencia de otras comorbilidades. Factores macroestructurales indican el carácter social del proceso de enfermar y faltar al trabajo de los docentes.

Determinants of teachers' work ability in basic education in Brazil: Educatel Study, 2016. / Determinantes de capacidade para o trabalho no cenário da Educação Básica do Brasil: Estudo Educatel, 2016.

The study aimed to analyze the relationship between health, work characteristics, education, and skills on the work ability of teachers in basic education in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study using data from the Brazilian National Survey on Health, Work Conditions, and Absences in Schoolteachers in Basic Education (Educatel Study). A probabilistic sample of 6,510 teachers answered a telephone interview in 2015 with questions on sociodemographic data, health status, education and skills, work characteristics, and absenteeism. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in multivariate analysis and standardized coefficients (SC) were calculated to analyze direct and indirect effects between the outcomes. Health status showed a direct effect on work ability (SC = -0.83, p < 0.01). Work characteristics directly affected health status (SC = 0.60, p < 0.01) and work ability (SC = -0.25, p < 0.05), especially noise at work and students' unruliness. Total effect (sum of direct and indirect effects) of work characteristics on work ability was -0.75 (p < 0.01). The study concluded that the relations between health status and work characteristics of Brazilian teachers in basic education are complex and negatively affect work ability. Potential actions to promote and maintain work ability should take into account the psychosocial demands of teaching and measures to maintain order and discipline in the classroom.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a relação entre saúde, características do trabalho, educação e competências sobre a capacidade para o trabalho de professores da Educação Básica no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional, segundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde, Condições de Trabalho e Faltas dos Professores nas Escolas da Educação Básica (Estudo Educatel). Uma amostra probabilística composta por 6.510 professores respondeu a um questionário telefônico (2015) contendo informações sociodemográficas, estado de saúde, educação e competências, características do trabalho e absenteísmo. A modelagem de equações estruturais (MEE) foi usada como técnica multivariada e os coeficientes padronizados (CP) foram calculados para analisar os efeitos diretos e indiretos entre os desfechos. O estado de saúde apresentou um efeito direto sobre a capacidade para o trabalho (CP = -0,83, p < 0,01). As características do trabalho interferiram diretamente no estado de saúde (CP = 0,60, p < 0,01) e capacidade para o trabalho (CP = -0,25, p < 0,05), com destaque para ruído no trabalho e indisciplina dos alunos; o efeito total (soma dos efeitos direto e indireto) das características do trabalho sobre a capacidade para o trabalho foi igual a -0,75 (p < 0,01). Este estudo concluiu que as relações entre estado de saúde e características do trabalho dos professores da Educação Básica são complexas e afetam negativamente a capacidade para o trabalho. Potenciais ações de promoção e manutenção da capacidade para o trabalho devem considerar as exigências psicossociais da atividade docente e medidas para controlar a ordem e a disciplina na sala de aula.

El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre salud, características del trabajo, educación y competencias sobre la capacidad para el trabajo de profesores de educación básica en Brasil. Es un estudio transversal, de base poblacional, según datos de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud, Condiciones de Trabajo y Ausencias de los Profesores en las Escuelas de Educación Básica (Estudio Educatel). Una muestra probabilística, compuesta por 6.510 profesores, respondió a un cuestionario telefónico (2015), que contenía información sociodemográfica, estado de salud, educación y competencias, características del trabajo y absentismo. Se utilizó modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE) como técnica de análiseis multivariantes y se calcularon los coeficientes estandarizados (CP por sus siglas en portugués) para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos entre las variables. El estado de salud presentó un efecto directo sobre la capacidad para el trabajo (CP = -0,83, p < 0,01). Las características del trabajo interfirieron directamente en el estado de salud (CP = 0,60, p < 0,01) y capacidad para el trabajo (CP = -0,25, p < 0,05), destacando el ruido en el trabajo e indisciplina de los alumnos; el efecto total (suma de los efectos directo e indirecto) de las características de trabajo sobre la capacidad para el trabajo fue igual a -0,75 (p < 0,01). Este estudio concluyó que las relaciones entre estado de salud y características del trabajo de los profesores de educación básica son complejas y afectan negativamente la capacidad para el trabajo. Potenciales acciones de promoción y manutención de la capacidad para el trabajo deben considerar las exigencias psicosociales de la actividad docente y medidas para controlar el orden y la disciplina en la clase.

Hypotheses, design, and instruments in the Educatel Study, Brazil, 2015/2016. / Hipóteses, delineamento e instrumentos do Estudo Educatel, Brasil, 2015/2016.

The Educatel Study 2015/2016 was designed to evaluate health and work conditions in a representative sample of the 2,220,000 schoolteachers working in Basic Education in Brazil. The article aimed to describe the telephone survey's basis and design, using a questionnaire consisting of 54 short, simple questions, most of which with multiple-choice answers (closed questions) addressing diseases, accidents, absenteeism, frequency of healthy behaviors, physical and psychosocial environment, and employment characteristics. In the pilot stage, the multi-theme questionnaire was assessed in order to verify the effects of the terminology, the format of the questions and the multiple-choice answers, the questionnaire's internal organization, production of the answers, and duration of the interview. The interviewers' training and follow-up and listening of the calls in real time aimed to identify communications problems. The teachers were interviewed at school after prior contact with the school assistant to set appointments. The advantages and risks of biases related to the telephone interview modality should be considered to interpret the results. The results on the teachers' profile, illnesses, and school environment will provide inputs for elaborating inter-sector measures to improve the target group's health, which is related to Brazil's school system indicators based on the concepts presented here.

O Estudo Educatel 2015/2016 foi delineado para avaliar a saúde e as condições do trabalho realizado nas escolas, de uma amostra representativa dos 2.220.000 professores que atuavam na Educação Básica no Brasil. O objetivo do artigo foi descrever as bases e o delineamento da pesquisa telefônica, que utilizou questionário composto por 54 perguntas curtas e simples, a maioria composta de respostas preestabelecidas (questões fechadas), versando sobre morbidades, acidentes, absenteísmo, frequência dos comportamentos saudáveis, ambiente físico e psicossocial, e características do emprego. Na etapa piloto, o questionário multitemático foi avaliado a fim de verificar os efeitos da terminologia usada, o formato das questões e das alternativas de resposta, a organização interna das perguntas, a produção das respostas e a duração da entrevista. O treinamento dos entrevistadores, o acompanhamento e a escuta das chamadas em tempo real buscaram identificar problemas de comunicação. Os professores foram entrevistados na escola, após contato prévio com o assistente escolar para agendamento. Para interpretar os resultados, alerta-se sobre as vantagens e riscos de vieses relacionados à modalidade de entrevista por telefone. Os resultados sobre o perfil dos professores, adoecimento e ambiente escolar fornecerão insumos para a elaboração de ações intersetoriais para melhorar a saúde do grupo alvo que, de acordo com as concepções que foram aqui apresentadas, estaria relacionada aos indicadores educacionais brasileiros.

El Estudio Educatel 2015/2016 fue diseñado para evaluar la salud y las condiciones del trabajo realizado en las escuelas, de una muestra representativa de los 2.220.000 profesores que actuaban en la Educación Básica en Brasil. El objetivo del artículo fue describir las bases y el lineamiento de la encuesta telefónica, que utilizó un cuestionario compuesto por 54 preguntas cortas y simples, la mayoría compuesta de respuestas preestablecidas (cuestiones cerradas), que versaban sobre morbilidades, accidentes, absentismo, frecuencia de comportamientos saludables, ambiente físico y psicosocial, y características del empleo. En la etapa piloto, el cuestionario multitemático se evaluó a fin de verificar los efectos de la terminología usada, el formato de las cuestiones y de las alternativas de respuesta, la organización interna de las preguntas, la producción de las respuestas y la duración de la entrevista. El entrenamiento de los entrevistadores, el seguimiento y la escucha de las llamadas en tiempo real procuraron identificar problemas de comunicación. Los profesores fueron entrevistados en la escuela, tras un contacto previo con el asistente escolar para fijar citas. Con el fin de interpretar los resultados, se alerta sobre las ventajas y riesgos de sesgos relacionados con la modalidad de entrevista por teléfono. Los resultados sobre el perfil de los profesores, enfermedad y ambiente escolar proporcionarán insumos para la elaboración de acciones intersectoriales, con el objeto de mejorar la salud del grupo objetivo que, de acuerdo con las concepciones que fueron aquí presentadas, estaría relacionada con los indicadores educacionales brasileños.

Household Survey of Trachoma among Children Living in Pernambuco, Brazil.

This study analyzed the association between individual and household factors and the incidence of trachoma among a population aged between 1 and 9 years in the state of Pernambuco. This was a population-based household study conducted using a population-based sample of residents from 96 census sectors of the 1778 sectors considered to be at social risk in the state. The estimated odds ratio of the univariate analysis presented a confidence interval of 95%. Weights and clusters were adjusted through the Generalized Linear and Latent Mixed Model (GLLAM) method. Trachoma cases were the dependent variable in the multivariate analysis. The independent variables were selected through the stepwise forward method, with an input criterion of 20% (p < 0.20) and an output criterion of 10% (p < 0.10). The prevalence was 6.65%. Trachoma was associated with a female sex, age of 5-9 years, either the absence of use or infrequent use of soap to wash the hands and face, the presence of nasal secretion, a lack of piped water from a public supply system, a greater number of rooms used for sleeping, a greater number of people living in the same household, and a family income of up to one minimum monthly wage. The prevalence of follicular trachoma in Pernambuco was higher than what is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Prevalence of flu-like syndrome in healthcare workers in Brazil: a national study, 2020

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of reported symptoms of flu-like syndrome (FS) among HCW and compare HCW and non-HCW on the chance of reporting these symptoms, this study analyzed data of a population-based survey conducted in Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed with self-reported data from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD Covid-19) from May 2020. The authors analyzed a probability sample of 125,179 workers, aged 18 to 65, with monthly income lower than US$ 3 500. The variable HCW or non-HCW was the covariate of interest and having reported FS symptoms or not was the outcome variable. Authors tested interactions of HCW with other covariates. A logit model - when controlling for sociodemographic, employment, and geographic characteristics - investigated the chance of HCW reporting FS compared to non-HCW. RESULTS HCW have a significant effect (odds ratio of 1.369) on reporting FS symptoms when compared to non-HCW. HCW account for 4.17% of the sample, with a higher frequency of FS (3.38%) than observed for non-HCW (2.43%). Female, non-white and older individuals had higher chance to report FS. CONCLUSIONS The HCW had a higher chance of reporting symptoms than non-HCW aged over 18 years in the labor force. These results emphasize guidelines for preventive measures to reduce workplace exposures in the healthcare facilities. The prevalence is disproportionately affecting HCW women and HCW non-whites. In the regions North and Northeast the steeper progression is consistent with the hypothesis of socioeconomic factors, and it explains the greater prevalence in HCW and non-HCW living in those territories.

Factors associated with frailty in a community-dwelling population of older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze if demographic and socioeconomic factors and factors related to health and health services are associated with frailty in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 339 older adults (60 years old or more) living in Juiz de Fora, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015. A household survey was carried out and frailty was evaluated using the Edmonton Frail Scale. For the analysis of the factors associated with outcome, a theoretical model of determination was constructed with three hierarchical blocks: block 1 with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, block 2 with the health of the older adult (divided into three sub-levels: 2.1 self-reported health variables, 2.2 self-perceived health variables, and 2.3 geriatric syndromes), and block 3 with characteristics related to health services. The variables were adjusted in relation to each other within each block; those with significance level ≤ 0.20 were included in the Poisson regression model and adjusted to a higher level, considering a level of significance of 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty among older adults was 35.7% (95%CI 30.7-40.9). Of the total, 42.2% did not present frailty; 22.1% were apparently vulnerable. Among the frail ones, 52.9% presented mild frailty, 32.2% moderate frailty, and 14.9% severe frailty. Frailty was associated with difficulty walking, need for an auxiliary device to walk, presence of caregiver, depressive disorders, and functional dependence to perform instrumental activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is frequent among the older population and it is associated with health variables of the three sub-levels that make up block 2 of the theoretical hierarchical model of determination: self-reported health variables, self-perceived health variables, and geriatric syndromes.

[Opportunistic screening versus missed opportunities: non-adherence to Pap smear testing in women attending prenatal care]. / Rastreamento oportunístico versus perdas de oportunidade: não realização do exame de Papanicolaou entre mulheres que frequentaram o pré-natal.

The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of non-adherence to Pap smear testing in women attending prenatal care and to identify associated factors. This was a cross-sectional population-based study in 308 women from a rural municipality (county) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Complex stratified cluster sampling was used. Statistical analysis used the chi-square test and logistic regression model with the variables that presented p-value ≤ 0.05 in the bivariate model. Prevalence of lack of Pap smear test was 21.3%. Among women 25 years or older, prevalence was 15.1%. Non-adherence was more common in young, single women and those with low schooling. Low schooling remained associated with non-performance of Pap smear (OR = 0.41), indicating that women with more schooling enjoyed higher odds of testing. Contact with the prenatal clinic did not determine guaranteed access to the test, thus indicating missed opportunities when opportunistic screening is employed.

Ausência ao trabalho por distúrbio vocal de professores da Educação Básica no Brasil / Ausencia del trabajo por disturbios vocales en profesores de Educación Básica en Brasil / Work absenteeism due to voice disorders in Brazilian schoolteachers

Resumo: O objetivo foi investigar a prevalência e duração da ausência de professores ao trabalho por distúrbio vocal no Brasil e a associação com os fatores de trabalho e situação de saúde. Estudo transversal, com amostra representativa composta por 6.510 professores da Educação Básica, de ambos os sexos, realizado de outubro de 2015 a março de 2016. A variável dependente refere-se ao relato do professor quanto à ausência ao trabalho por problema de voz nos últimos 12 meses. As variáveis independentes tratam de questões da situação de trabalho e do sistema de saúde. Realizou-se análise descrita da prevalência e duração da ausência por problema vocal. A associação entre o evento de interesse e as demais variáveis foi baseada na razão de prevalência e intervalos de 95% de confiança, usando-se a regressão de Poisson. O principal motivo que afastou o professor da sala de aula foi o distúrbio de voz (17,7%), a duração da maioria dos afastamentos (78%) foi por um período curto (até sete dias). No modelo multivariado final, ajustado pela variável sexo, a maior prevalência de ausência por distúrbio vocal ocorreu entre os professores das regiões Norte e Nordeste, com maior duração de deslocamento para o trabalho, relato de diagnóstico de doença ocupacional e que procuraram pelo serviço de saúde, se ausentaram por problema emocional e problema respiratório no mesmo período de 12 meses. É elevada a prevalência de faltas ao trabalho por problema de voz por um curto período de tempo, que se mostrou associada à presença de outras comorbidades. Fatores macroestruturais indicam o caráter social do processo de adoecer e faltar ao trabalho dos docentes.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia y duración de ausencias de profesores de su trabajo, causados por disturbios vocales en Brasil, y su asociación con factores de trabajo y situación de salud. Un estudio transversal, con muestra representativa, compuesta por 6.510 profesores de la Educación Básica, de ambos sexos, fue realizado de octubre de 2015 a marzo de 2016. La variable dependiente se refiere al relato del profesor, respecto a la ausencia del trabajo por problemas de voz durante los últimos 12 meses. Las variables independientes tratan sobre cuestiones de situación laboral y del sistema de salud. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la prevalencia y duración de la ausencia por problemas vocales. La asociación entre el evento de interés y las demás variables se basó en la razón de prevalencia e intervalos de un 95% de confianza, usando la regresión de Poisson. El principal motivo de baja de profesores fue el disturbio de voz (17,7%); la duración de la mayoría de las bajas (78%) fue por un período corto (hasta siete días). En el modelo multivariado final, ajustado por la variable sexo, la mayor prevalencia de ausencia por disturbio vocal se produjo entre los profesores de las regiones Norte y Nordeste, con mayor duración en el desplazamiento hacia el trabajo, relato de diagnóstico de enfermedad ocupacional; además de buscar un servicio de salud, ausentarse por un problema emocional y problema respiratorio durante el mismo período de 12 meses. Es elevada la prevalencia de ausencias en el trabajo por problemas de voz durante un corto período de tiempo, que se mostró asociada a la presencia de otras comorbilidades. Factores macroestructurales indican el carácter social del proceso de enfermar y faltar al trabajo de los docentes.

Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and duration of work absenteeism due to voice disorders in Brazilian schoolteachers and the association with work-related factors and health status. This was a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 6,510 female and male schoolteachers in basic education, from October 2015 to March 2016. The dependent variable was the teacher's report of some work absence due to a voice problem in the previous 12 months. The independent variables related to work conditions and health status. A descriptive analysis was performed of the prevalence and duration of work absences due to voice problems. The association between the target event and the other variables was measured as the prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals, using Poisson regression. The main reason for teachers missing classroom work was voice disorders (17.7%), and most absences (78%) were short (seven days or less). In the final multivariate model adjusted by gender, higher prevalence of absence due to voice disorders was associated with schoolteachers in the North and Northeast of Brazil, longer time commuting to and from work, self-report of occupational disease, visit to health services, and report of psychological and respiratory problems during the same 12-month period. There was a high prevalence of short work absences due to voice problems, associated with comorbidities. Macrostructural factors suggest the social nature of the illness process and work absenteeism in Brazilian schoolteachers.

Desenho da amostra e participação no Estudo Educatel / Diseño de la muestra y participación en el Estudio Educatel / Sample design and participation in the Educatel Study

Resumo: O Educatel Brasil 2015/2016 foi um estudo transversal, realizado por entrevista telefônica, com o objetivo de oferecer informações a respeito da saúde e absenteísmo de professores da Educação Básica no país. O plano amostral adotado, com representatividade nacional, teve como base o método de amostragem estratificada simples, com estratificação definida visando a atender aos domínios de análise estabelecidos para o estudo (cinco regiões geográficas, duas áreas censitárias, quatro faixas etárias, sexo, três dependências administrativas da escola, cinco tipos de vínculo e seis etapas de ensino) e seleção por amostragem aleatória simples de professores dentro de cada estrato. O sorteio dos professores foi baseado no Censo Escolar de 2014, realizado pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira. Dos 2.229.269 professores registrados no censo, foram selecionados 13.243. Foram realizadas 119.378 ligações telefônicas, as quais permitiram identificar 7.642 professores elegíveis (57,7% do total inicialmente sorteado). Ao final, foram completadas 6.510 entrevistas, 85,2% de taxa de resposta. Ao término da coleta, pesos amostrais foram associados a cada um dos professores entrevistados. Esses fatores de ponderação estão conectados não apenas ao desenho amostral do Educatel, mas também aos termos de ajuste para tratamento dos casos de não resposta ocorridos durante o processo de coleta dos dados.

Resumen: Educatel Brasil 2015/2016 fue un estudio transversal, realizado mediante entrevista telefónica, con el objetivo de ofrecer información respecto a la salud y absentismo de profesores de Educación Básica en el país. El plan de muestras adoptado, representativo nacionalmente, tuvo como base el método de muestra estratificada simple, con una estratificación definida, con el fin de atender los dominios de análisis establecidos para el estudio (cinco regiones geográficas, dos sectores censitarios, cuatro franjas de edad, sexo, tres dependencias administrativas de la escuela, cinco tipos de vínculo y seis etapas de enseñanza), y selección por muestra aleatoria simple de profesores dentro de cada estrato. El sorteo de los profesores se basó en el Censo Escolar de 2014, realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estudios e Investigaciones Educativas "Anísio Teixeira". De los 2.229.269 profesores registrados en el censo, fueron seleccionados 13.243. Se realizaron 119.378 llamadas telefónicas, que permitieron identificar a 7.642 profesores elegibles (57,7% del total inicialmente sorteado). Al final, se completaron 6.510 entrevistas, con un 85,2% de tasa de respuesta. Al término de la recogida, se asociaron los pesos de las muestras a cada uno de los profesores entrevistados. Estos factores de ponderación están conectados, no sólo por el diseño de muestras de Educatel, sino también por los términos de ajuste para el tratamiento de los casos de no respuesta producidos durante el proceso de recogida de datos.

Abstract: Educatel Brazil 2015/2016 was a cross-sectional study conducted by telephone interview with the aim of producing information on health and absenteeism in Brazilian schoolteachers. The nationally representative sampling plan was based on the simple stratified sampling method, with stratification defined to meet the analytical domains established for the study (five major geographic regions, two census areas, four age brackets, sex, three types of school administration, five types of teacher employment, and six grade levels) and selection by simple random sampling of teachers in each stratum. Teacher selection was based on the 2014 School Census conducted by the Brazilian National Institute for Educational Studies and Research "Anísio Teixeira". Of the 2,229,269 teachers recorded in the Census, 13,243 were selected. A total of 119,378 telephone calls were made, identifying 7,642 eligible teachers (57.7% of the total initially sampled). A total of 6,510 interviews were finally completed, for a response rate of 85.2%. At the end of data collection, sample weights were assigned to each of the teachers interviewed. These weighting factors are connected not only to the Educatel sample design, but also to the adjustment terms for treatment of non-response during the data collection process.

Determinantes de capacidade para o trabalho no cenário da Educação Básica do Brasil: Estudo Educatel, 2016 / Determinantes de capacidad para el trabajo en el escenario de la educación infantil de Brasil: Estudio Educatel, 2016 / Determinants of teachers' work ability in basic education in Brazil: Educatel Study, 2016

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a relação entre saúde, características do trabalho, educação e competências sobre a capacidade para o trabalho de professores da Educação Básica no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional, segundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde, Condições de Trabalho e Faltas dos Professores nas Escolas da Educação Básica (Estudo Educatel). Uma amostra probabilística composta por 6.510 professores respondeu a um questionário telefônico (2015) contendo informações sociodemográficas, estado de saúde, educação e competências, características do trabalho e absenteísmo. A modelagem de equações estruturais (MEE) foi usada como técnica multivariada e os coeficientes padronizados (CP) foram calculados para analisar os efeitos diretos e indiretos entre os desfechos. O estado de saúde apresentou um efeito direto sobre a capacidade para o trabalho (CP = -0,83, p < 0,01). As características do trabalho interferiram diretamente no estado de saúde (CP = 0,60, p < 0,01) e capacidade para o trabalho (CP = -0,25, p < 0,05), com destaque para ruído no trabalho e indisciplina dos alunos; o efeito total (soma dos efeitos direto e indireto) das características do trabalho sobre a capacidade para o trabalho foi igual a -0,75 (p < 0,01). Este estudo concluiu que as relações entre estado de saúde e características do trabalho dos professores da Educação Básica são complexas e afetam negativamente a capacidade para o trabalho. Potenciais ações de promoção e manutenção da capacidade para o trabalho devem considerar as exigências psicossociais da atividade docente e medidas para controlar a ordem e a disciplina na sala de aula.

El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre salud, características del trabajo, educación y competencias sobre la capacidad para el trabajo de profesores de educación básica en Brasil. Es un estudio transversal, de base poblacional, según datos de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud, Condiciones de Trabajo y Ausencias de los Profesores en las Escuelas de Educación Básica (Estudio Educatel). Una muestra probabilística, compuesta por 6.510 profesores, respondió a un cuestionario telefónico (2015), que contenía información sociodemográfica, estado de salud, educación y competencias, características del trabajo y absentismo. Se utilizó modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE) como técnica de análiseis multivariantes y se calcularon los coeficientes estandarizados (CP por sus siglas en portugués) para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos entre las variables. El estado de salud presentó un efecto directo sobre la capacidad para el trabajo (CP = -0,83, p < 0,01). Las características del trabajo interfirieron directamente en el estado de salud (CP = 0,60, p < 0,01) y capacidad para el trabajo (CP = -0,25, p < 0,05), destacando el ruido en el trabajo e indisciplina de los alumnos; el efecto total (suma de los efectos directo e indirecto) de las características de trabajo sobre la capacidad para el trabajo fue igual a -0,75 (p < 0,01). Este estudio concluyó que las relaciones entre estado de salud y características del trabajo de los profesores de educación básica son complejas y afectan negativamente la capacidad para el trabajo. Potenciales acciones de promoción y manutención de la capacidad para el trabajo deben considerar las exigencias psicosociales de la actividad docente y medidas para controlar el orden y la disciplina en la clase.

The study aimed to analyze the relationship between health, work characteristics, education, and skills on the work ability of teachers in basic education in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study using data from the Brazilian National Survey on Health, Work Conditions, and Absences in Schoolteachers in Basic Education (Educatel Study). A probabilistic sample of 6,510 teachers answered a telephone interview in 2015 with questions on sociodemographic data, health status, education and skills, work characteristics, and absenteeism. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in multivariate analysis and standardized coefficients (SC) were calculated to analyze direct and indirect effects between the outcomes. Health status showed a direct effect on work ability (SC = -0.83, p < 0.01). Work characteristics directly affected health status (SC = 0.60, p < 0.01) and work ability (SC = -0.25, p < 0.05), especially noise at work and students' unruliness. Total effect (sum of direct and indirect effects) of work characteristics on work ability was -0.75 (p < 0.01). The study concluded that the relations between health status and work characteristics of Brazilian teachers in basic education are complex and negatively affect work ability. Potential actions to promote and maintain work ability should take into account the psychosocial demands of teaching and measures to maintain order and discipline in the classroom.

Hipóteses, delineamento e instrumentos do Estudo Educatel, Brasil, 2015/2016 / Hipótesis, lineamiento e instrumentos del Estudio Educatel, Brasil, 2015/2016 / Hypotheses, design, and instruments in the Educatel Study, Brazil, 2015/2016

O Estudo Educatel 2015/2016 foi delineado para avaliar a saúde e as condições do trabalho realizado nas escolas, de uma amostra representativa dos 2.220.000 professores que atuavam na Educação Básica no Brasil. O objetivo do artigo foi descrever as bases e o delineamento da pesquisa telefônica, que utilizou questionário composto por 54 perguntas curtas e simples, a maioria composta de respostas preestabelecidas (questões fechadas), versando sobre morbidades, acidentes, absenteísmo, frequência dos comportamentos saudáveis, ambiente físico e psicossocial, e características do emprego. Na etapa piloto, o questionário multitemático foi avaliado a fim de verificar os efeitos da terminologia usada, o formato das questões e das alternativas de resposta, a organização interna das perguntas, a produção das respostas e a duração da entrevista. O treinamento dos entrevistadores, o acompanhamento e a escuta das chamadas em tempo real buscaram identificar problemas de comunicação. Os professores foram entrevistados na escola, após contato prévio com o assistente escolar para agendamento. Para interpretar os resultados, alerta-se sobre as vantagens e riscos de vieses relacionados à modalidade de entrevista por telefone. Os resultados sobre o perfil dos professores, adoecimento e ambiente escolar fornecerão insumos para a elaboração de ações intersetoriais para melhorar a saúde do grupo alvo que, de acordo com as concepções que foram aqui apresentadas, estaria relacionada aos indicadores educacionais brasileiros.

El Estudio Educatel 2015/2016 fue diseñado para evaluar la salud y las condiciones del trabajo realizado en las escuelas, de una muestra representativa de los 2.220.000 profesores que actuaban en la Educación Básica en Brasil. El objetivo del artículo fue describir las bases y el lineamiento de la encuesta telefónica, que utilizó un cuestionario compuesto por 54 preguntas cortas y simples, la mayoría compuesta de respuestas preestablecidas (cuestiones cerradas), que versaban sobre morbilidades, accidentes, absentismo, frecuencia de comportamientos saludables, ambiente físico y psicosocial, y características del empleo. En la etapa piloto, el cuestionario multitemático se evaluó a fin de verificar los efectos de la terminología usada, el formato de las cuestiones y de las alternativas de respuesta, la organización interna de las preguntas, la producción de las respuestas y la duración de la entrevista. El entrenamiento de los entrevistadores, el seguimiento y la escucha de las llamadas en tiempo real procuraron identificar problemas de comunicación. Los profesores fueron entrevistados en la escuela, tras un contacto previo con el asistente escolar para fijar citas. Con el fin de interpretar los resultados, se alerta sobre las ventajas y riesgos de sesgos relacionados con la modalidad de entrevista por teléfono. Los resultados sobre el perfil de los profesores, enfermedad y ambiente escolar proporcionarán insumos para la elaboración de acciones intersectoriales, con el objeto de mejorar la salud del grupo objetivo que, de acuerdo con las concepciones que fueron aquí presentadas, estaría relacionada con los indicadores educacionales brasileños.

The Educatel Study 2015/2016 was designed to evaluate health and work conditions in a representative sample of the 2,220,000 schoolteachers working in Basic Education in Brazil. The article aimed to describe the telephone survey's basis and design, using a questionnaire consisting of 54 short, simple questions, most of which with multiple-choice answers (closed questions) addressing diseases, accidents, absenteeism, frequency of healthy behaviors, physical and psychosocial environment, and employment characteristics. In the pilot stage, the multi-theme questionnaire was assessed in order to verify the effects of the terminology, the format of the questions and the multiple-choice answers, the questionnaire's internal organization, production of the answers, and duration of the interview. The interviewers' training and follow-up and listening of the calls in real time aimed to identify communications problems. The teachers were interviewed at school after prior contact with the school assistant to set appointments. The advantages and risks of biases related to the telephone interview modality should be considered to interpret the results. The results on the teachers' profile, illnesses, and school environment will provide inputs for elaborating inter-sector measures to improve the target group's health, which is related to Brazil's school system indicators based on the concepts presented here.

Socioeconomic Factors and Intimate Partner Violence: A Household Survey / Fatores Socioeconômicos e Violência entre Parceiros Íntimos: Um Levantamento Domiciliar / Factores Socioeconómicos y Violencia de Pareja: Una Encuesta de Hogares

Abstract This study aimed to describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence in a community sample, as well as identify associations between these behaviors and socioeconomic factors. Given the predominance of these studies in high-income countries, more investigations are needed in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence of types of intimate partner violence was investigated in a probabilistic sample of 532 women between 18 and 60 years. A sociodemographic questionnaire and The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) were used. Considering recent episodes, the rates of women victimized by their partners were: 48.31%, 10.81% and 7.79%, for psychological, physical and sexual violence, respectively. The rates of these modalities of violence perpetrated by the women were 51.89%, 13.73% and 4.47%, respectively. Logistic regressions indicated that higher educational and socioeconomic levels are associated with a lower likelihood of women being victims or perpetrators of violence. According to the literature, these factors represent nonlinear influences on violence between partners, however, are important for developing intervention strategies for this problem.

Resumo O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de descrever a prevalência da violência entre parceiros íntimos em amostra comunitária, bem como identificar associações entre essas condutas e fatores socioeconômicos. Há predominância desses estudos em países de alta renda, sendo necessárias investigações em países de baixa e média renda. Investigou-se prevalências dos tipos de violência entre parceiros íntimos em amostra probabilística de 532 mulheres entre 18 e 60 anos. Foram aplicados: questionário sociodemográfico e Escala de Táticas de Conflito Revisada (CTS2). Abordando episódios recentes, as taxas de vitimização da mulher pelo parceiro foram: 48,31%, 10,81% e 7,79%, para violência psicológica, física e sexual, respectivamente. As taxas de agressão perpetradas pelas mulheres nessas modalidades foram: 51,89%, 13,73% e 4,47%, respectivamente. Regressões logísticas indicaram que maiores níveis educacionais e socioeconômicos associam-se a menor probabilidade da mulher praticar e sofrer violência. Segundo a literatura, esses fatores representam influências não lineares na violência entre parceiros, mas são importantes na elaboração de estratégias de intervenção junto ao problema.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la prevalencia de la violencia de pareja en muestra de la comunidad y la identificación de la asociación entre estos comportamientos y los factores socioeconómicos. Hay un predominio de estos estudios en los países de altos ingresos, y la investigación necesaria en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Se investigó la prevalencia de tipos de violencia de pareja en una muestra aleatoria de 532 mujeres de entre 18 y 60 años. Se aplicaron: cuestionario sociodemográfico y Escalas de Tácticas de Conflicto Revisadas (CTS2). Dirigiéndose a los últimos episodios, socio de los índices de victimización de las mujeres eran 48,31%, 10,81% y 7,79%, para psicológica, física y sexual, respectivamente. Las tasas de agresiones perpetradas por las mujeres en estos arreglos fueron 51,89%, 13,73% y 4,47%, respectivamente. Regresiones logísticas indicaron que los mayores niveles educativos y socioeconómicos están asociados con una menor probabilidad de que las mujeres que sufren la violencia y la práctica. Según la literatura, estos factores representan influencias no lineales en la violencia de pareja, pero son importantes en el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención con el problema.