Updated assessment of occupational safety and health hazards of climate change.

Workers, particularly outdoor workers, are among the populations most disproportionately affected by climate-related hazards. However, scientific research and control actions to comprehensively address these hazards are notably absent. To assess this absence, a seven-category framework was developed in 2009 to characterize the scientific literature published from 1988-2008. Using this framework, a second assessment examined the literature published through 2014, and the current one examines literature from 2014-2021. The objectives were to present literature that updates the framework and related topics and increases awareness of the role of climate change in occupational safety and health. In general, there is substantial literature on worker hazards related to ambient temperatures, biological hazards, and extreme weather but less on air pollution, ultraviolet radiation, industrial transitions, and the built environment. There is growing literature on mental health and health equity issues related to climate change, but much more research is needed. The socioeconomic impacts of climate change also require more research. This study illustrates that workers are experiencing increased morbidity and mortality related to climate change. In all areas of climate-related worker risk, including geoengineering, research is needed on the causality and prevalence of hazards, along with surveillance to identify, and interventions for hazard prevention and control.

Anteroposterior dysplasia indicator: an adjunct to cephalometric differential diagnosis.

1. Cephalograms of 102 children with normal occlusion (Group 1) and 874 children with various malocclusions were analyzed to determine which measurements would produce the highest correlation against the displacement of the molar relationships. 2. Molar displacement was measured directly on the study casts, and an average of the measurements of the right and the left sides was obtained. 3. The malocclusion sample was divided into groups according to molar displacement: 214 neutroclusion cases (Group 2), 624 distoclusion cases (Group 3), and 36 mesioclusion cases (Group 4). 4. The mean value of the anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) in the normal group was 81.4 degrees, with a standard deviation of 3.79. 5. The APDI reading was obtained by tabulating the facial angle plus or minus the A-B plane angle and plus or minus the palatal plane angle. 6. Among the measurements tested, the APDI was found to show the highest correlation against the molar displacement, with a correlation value of 0.643. 7. The four variable that produced the highest correlation coefficient value--that is, the ANB angle (-0.495), the A-B pland angle (0.566), the "Wits" appraisal (-0.639), and the APDI (0.643)--were subjected to a study of their frequency distribution patterns. High percentage of overlapping of the two extreme groups (distoclusion and mesioclusion groups) were found in the above variables, with the exception of the APDI. 8. A discussion of the differential diagnostic value of the APDI was presented, together with illustrations and various clinical examples.