Erythrocyte membrane fluidity: A novel biomarker of residual cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: Improving the composition of circulating fatty acids (FA) leads to a reduction in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in high-risk individuals. The membrane fluidity of red blood cells (RBC), which reflects circulating FA status, may be a valid biomarker of cardiovascular (CV) risk in type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: Red blood cell membrane fluidity, quantified as general polarization (GP), was assessed in 234 subjects with T2D, 86 with prior major CVD. Based on GP distribution, a cut-off of .445 was used to divide the study cohort into two groups: the first with higher GP, called GEL, and the second, defined as lower GP (LGP). Lipidomic analysis was performed to evaluate FA composition of RBC membranes. RESULTS: Although with comparable CV risk factors, the LGP group had a greater percentage of patients with major CVD than the GEL group (40% vs 24%, respectively, p < .05). Moreover, in a logistic regression analysis, a lower GP value was independently associated with the presence of macrovascular complications. Lipidomic analysis showed a clear shift of LGP membranes towards a pro-inflammatory condition due to higher content of arachidonic acid and increased omega 6/omega 3 index. CONCLUSIONS: Increased membrane fluidity is associated with a higher CV risk in subjects with T2D. If confirmed in prospective studies, membrane fluidity could be a new biomarker for residual CV risk assessment in T2D.

Clusters of adipose tissue dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes identify those with worse lipidomic profile despite similar glycaemic control.

AIMS: To investigate clusters of adipose tissue dysfunction, that is, with adipose tissue insulin resistance (ADIPO-IR) and large waist circumference (WC), identify a worse lipidomic profile characterised by a high proportion of lipids rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hierarchical clustering based on WC and ADIPO-IR (calculated as fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acids times fasting plasma insulin, FFA×INS), was performed in 192 adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with metformin (HbA1c = 7.8%). Free fatty acid composition and lipidomic profile were measured by mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-MSQTOF). Indexes of fatty acid desaturation (stearoyl-coA desaturase-1 activity, SCD116 = palmitoleic acid/palmitic acid and SCD118 = oleic acid/stearic acid) and of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also calculated. RESULTS: Three clusters were identified: CL1 (ADIPO-IR = 4.9 ± 2.4 and WC = 96±7 cm, mean ± SD), CL2 (ADIPO-IR = 6.5 ± 2.5 and WC = 114 ± 7 cm), and CL3 (ADIPO-IR = 15.0 ± 4.7 and WC = 107 ± 8 cm). Insulin concentrations, ADIPO-IR, and HOMA-IR significantly increased from CL1 to CL3 (all p < 0.001), while fasting glucose concentrations, HbA1c, dietary lipids and caloric intake were similar. Moreover, CL3 showed significantly higher concentrations of monounsaturated free fatty acids, oleic and palmitoleic acids, triglycerides (TAG) rich in saturated FA and associated with de novo lipogenesis (i.e., TAG 46-50), higher SCD116, SCD118, ceramide (d18:0/18:0), and phosphatidylcholine aa(36:5) compared with CL1/CL2 (all p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: High ADIPO-IR and large WC identify a worse lipid profile in T2D characterised by complex lipids rich in SFA, likely due to de novo synthesis given higher plasma monounsaturated FFA and increased desaturase activity indexes. REGISTRATION NUMBER TRIAL: ID NCT00700856 https://clinicaltrials.gov.

Eating habits and sleep quality in individuals with type 1 diabetes on continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sleep disorders are bidirectionally linked with eating behaviors and glucose metabolism, which could be clinically relevant in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated the relationship between dietary habits and sleep quality in individuals with T1D on insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a cross-sectional study, dietary habits (7-day food diary, EPIC questionnaire) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire) were assessed in 59 men and 58 women with T1D, aged 19-79 years, using CGM and insulin pump. Differences in dietary habits and blood glucose after dinner (6 h) between participants differing in sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleep onset latency were evaluated. Bad Sleepers (n = 81) were twice as prevalent as Good Sleepers (n = 36) and had a significantly higher intake of fat than Good Sleepers (dinner: 30.7 ± 10.7 vs. 24.0 ± 10.5 g, p = 0.004). Short sleepers had a significantly higher usual intake (g/1000 kcal) of coffee and tea (90.4 ± 71.7 vs. 62.0 ± 35.6), alcoholic (47.8 ± 51.1 vs. 28.9 ± 31.5) and carbonated beverages (21.8 ± 38.1 vs. 9.3 ± 17.2) (p < 0.05 for all) than Long Sleepers. Long Sleep Onset Latency was associated with a significantly higher fat intake at dinner (41.8 ± 7.4 vs. 38.1 ± 9.1 % total energy, p = 0.029) than Short Sleep Onset Latency. No significant differences in post-dinner blood glucose levels were detected between participants with good or bad sleep quality. CONCLUSION: Sleep disruption is common in T1D and is associated with unhealthy dietary choices, especially at dinner, independently of post-dinner blood glucose control.

High Amylose Wheat Bread at Breakfast Increases Plasma Propionate Concentrations and Reduces the Postprandial Insulin Response to the Following Meal in Overweight Adults.

BACKGROUND: High amylose starchy foods modulate the postprandial metabolic response in humans. However, the mechanisms of their metabolic benefits and their impact on the subsequent meal have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether glucose and insulin responses to a standard lunch are influenced by the consumption of amylose-rich bread at breakfast in overweight adults and whether changes in plasma short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations contribute to their metabolic effects. METHODS: Using a randomized crossover design, 11 men and 9 women, BMI 30 ± 3 kg/m2, 48 ± 19 y, consumed at breakfast 2 breads made with high amylose flour (HAF): 85%-HAF (180 g) and 75%-HAF (170 g), and control bread (120 g) containing 100% conventional flour. Plasma samples were collected at fasting, 4 h after breakfast, and 2 h after a standard lunch to measure glucose, insulin, and SCFA concentrations. ANOVA posthoc analyses were used for comparisons. RESULTS: Postprandial plasma glucose responses were 27% and 39% lower after breakfasts with 85%- and 70%-HAF breads than control bread (P = 0.026 and P = 0.003, respectively), with no difference after lunch. Insulin responses were not different between the 3 breakfasts, whereas there was a 28% lower response after the lunch following breakfast with 85%-HAF bread than the control (P = 0.049). Propionate concentrations increased from fasting by 9% and 12% 6 h after breakfasts with 85%- and 70%-HAF breads and decreased by 11% with control bread (P < 0.05). At 6 h after breakfast with 70%-HAF bread, plasma propionate and insulin were inversely correlated (r = -0.566; P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Amylose-rich bread reduces the postprandial glucose response after breakfast and insulin concentrations after the subsequent lunch in overweight adults. This second meal effect may be mediated by the elevation of plasma propionate due to intestinal fermentation of resistant starch. High amylose products could be a promising tool in a dietary prevention strategy for type 2 diabetes. THIS TRIAL WAS REGISTERED AT CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY AS: NCT03899974 (https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03899974).

Evaluation of eating habits by 7-day food record: web-PC vs. traditional paper format.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a web-based 7-day food-record using METADIETA-web link (Meteda s.r.l.) - a professional software used in nutritional practice and research - compared with the traditional paper format. Twenty-six healthy adults of both sexes were recruited in this cross-over study based on the number coming from the sample size calculation, and randomly assigned to start with METADIETA-web or traditional 7-Day Food-Diary. All the 7-day food-diaries were recorded in the Metadieta-software. The System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire was administered to evaluate the participants' preferences in terms of usability, acceptability, and feasibility. Differences in energy intake, nutrient composition, and SUS between the digital and traditional modalities were evaluated. Energy and nutrients were not significantly different between the two methods with a variation <15%, with alcohol intake showing the strongest relation (0.1% variation). The Interclass Correlation Coefficient showed a grade of consistency between the two methods excellent for alcohol, good for proteins, carbohydrates, and fibre, moderate for energy and saturated fat, and poor for total fat and cholesterol. SUS suggested that the web-based platform was in general well accepted, but highlighted some inconsistencies and complexity compared to the written food diary. The web-based 7-day food-record may allow an accurate and quicker analysis of food timing than conventional approaches, seeming reliable for energy and macronutrient composition, making it a potentially attractive tool for nutritional research. However, the reported inconsistencies and complexity must be considered and addressed.

Good for the heart, good for the Earth: proposal of a dietary pattern able to optimize cardiovascular disease prevention and mitigate climate change.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Human and planetary health are inextricably interconnected through food systems. Food choices account for 50% of all deaths for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) - the leading cause of death in Europe - and food systems generate up to 37% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Based on a systematic revision of meta-analyses of prospective studies exploring the association between individual foods/food groups and the incidence of CVD, we identified a dietary pattern able to optimize CVD prevention.. This dietary pattern was compared to the current diet of the European population. The nutritional adequacy of both diets was evaluated according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended nutrient intake for the adult population, and their environmental impact was evaluated in terms of carbon footprint (CF). As compared to the current diet, the desirable diet includes higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, wholegrains, low glycemic index (GI) cereals, nuts, legumes and fish, and lower amounts of beef, butter, high GI cereals or potatoes and sugar. The diet here identified provides appropriate intakes of all nutrients and matches better than the current Europeans' one the EFSA requirements. Furthermore, the CF of the proposed diet is 48.6% lower than that of the current Europeans' diet. CONCLUSION: The transition toward a dietary pattern designed to optimize CVD prevention would improve the nutritional profile of the habitual diet in Europe and, at the same time, contribute to mitigate climate change by reducing the GHG emissions linked to food consumption almost by half.

A wheat aleurone-rich diet improves oxidative stress but does not influence glucose metabolism in overweight/obese individuals: Results from a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Aleurone is the innermost layer of wheat bran, rich in fiber, minerals, vitamins, phenolic compounds, and betaine. The metabolic effects of aleurone rich foods are still unknown. Our aim was to investigate the effects of consuming a Wheat Aleurone rich diet vs. a Refined Wheat diet for 8 weeks on fasting and postprandial glycemic and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in overweight/obese individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS: According to a randomized cross-over study design, 23 overweight/obese individuals, age 56 ± 9 years (M±SD), were assigned to two isoenergetic diet - Wheat Aleurone and Refined Wheat diets - for 8 weeks. The diets were similar for macronutrient composition but different for the aleurone content (40-50 g/day in the Wheat Aleurone diet). After each diet, fasting and postprandial plasma metabolic profile, ferulic acid metabolites and 8-isoprostane concentrations in 24-h urine samples were evaluated. Compared with the Refined Wheat Diet, the Wheat Aleurone Diet increased fasting plasma concentrations of betaine by 15% (p = 0.042) and decreased the excretion of 8-isoprostane by 33% (p = 0.035). Conversely, it did not affect the fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin and triglyceride responses, homocysteine, and C-Reactive Protein concentrations, nor excretion of phenolic metabolites. CONCLUSION: An 8-week Wheat Aleurone Diet improves the oxidative stress and increases plasma betaine levels in overweight/obese individuals with an increased cardiometabolic risk. However, further studies with longer duration and larger sample size are needed to evaluate the benefits of aleurone-rich foods on glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals with more severe metabolic abnormalities. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: NCT02150356, (https://clinicaltrials.gov).

Association between chronotype, sleep pattern, and eating behaviours in a group of Italian adults.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the possible relationship between chronotype, sleeping, and eating patterns in 74 Italian adults (71.6% women). Based on Morningness-Eveningness Questionnare (MEQ) score, participants were classified as morning (n = 24), intermediate (n = 25), and evening (n = 25) chronotypes. From analysis, no significant differences among chronotypes emerged for sleep habits. As to eating behaviours, the evening subjects showed a significant (p < 0.05) shift towards later hours of the day in the consumption of all meals, except dinner. In addition, the evening subjects had a later midpoint of energy intake (EI) of about 35 min and 1 h (p < 0.001), respectively, than the intermediate and morning subjects. Analysing the diet quality, morning subjects reported significantly (p = 0.030) lower consumption of sweets and sweeteners, and significantly (p = 0.035) lower intake of ultra-processed fats and seasonings. Evening subjects showed a significant delay in EI during the day, while morning subjects reported a better-quality diet.

Dietary influence on adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Here, we evaluate the effects of a diet rich in low-glycaemic index carbohydrates and fibre (CHO/Fibre diet) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet), on fasting and postprandial adiponectin concentrations and their relationship with the beneficial effects of the experimental diets on postprandial glucose metabolism and liver fat in type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: Fasting and postprandial adiponectin plasma concentrations were measured before and after dietary interventions in the participants to a randomized controlled trial (NCT01025856), wherein 37 men and 8 women with T2D, aged 35-70 years, followed a CHO/Fibre diet or a MUFA diet for an 8-week period. Hepatic fat content by 1 H NMR and fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and insulin measurements were also available. RESULTS: Fasting adiponectin plasma levels did not change after both diets. Postprandial adiponectin significantly increased after the CHO/fibre diet (9.9 ± 1.6 µg/mL vs. 10.8 ± 2.3 µg/mL; P = .033) but not after the MUFA diet (10.6 ± 1.8 µg/mL vs. 10.6 ± 1.6 µg/mL; P = .935) with a significant difference between changes (P = .035). In the combined CHO/Fibre and MUFA groups, fasting and postprandial adiponectin significantly and inversely correlated with postprandial insulin iAUC at baseline and after intervention, and with liver fat content after intervention. CONCLUSIONS: A diet rich in CHO/Fibre increased postprandial plasma adiponectin significantly more than a MUFA diet in patients with T2D. Independently of diet, adiponectin levels associated with postprandial insulin concentrations. The dietary interventions modulated the relationship between adiponectin and liver fat.

The Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARγ2 modulates beta cell function and failure to oral glucose-lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: We evaluate whether the Pro12Ala polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) has a role in the progression of diabetes by modulating the occurrence of treatment failure to glucose-lowering drugs. METHODS: We studied 215 patients with type 2 diabetes participating in the Thiazolidinediones Or Sulphonylureas and Cardiovascular Accidents Intervention Trial study. All participants were insufficiently controlled (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c ] 7.0%-9.0%) with metformin 2 g/day and were randomly allocated to add-on pioglitazone or a sulfonylurea. Treatment failure was defined as HbA1c ≥8% on two consecutive visits, 3 months apart. RESULTS: Carriers or non-carriers of the polymorphism had similar age, body mass index, and diabetes duration. Ala carriers had lower fasting plasma insulin, better insulin sensitivity (Homeostasis Model Assessment [HOMA]2-%S), and worse beta cell secretion (HOMA2-%B) than non-carriers. During 24 months of follow-up, 32.5% among the Ala carriers and 8.6% among non-carriers (P < 0.001) developed treatment failure with a cumulative incidence of 18.6 vs 4.6/100 person-years. Those patients who developed treatment failure were older, had a younger age at diabetes diagnosis (48 ± 10 vs 52 ± 7 years; P = 0.032), higher HbA1c (8.1 ± 0.5 vs 7.7 ± 0.5%; P < 0.001), and lower HOMA2-%B (30 ± 12 vs 46 ± 29; P = 0.015) at study entry, as compared to those who did not develop treatment failure. At multivariate analysis, the Pro12Ala polymorphism was significantly associated with treatment failure (hazard ratio [HR] 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.79-11.1; P < 0.001); HbA1c at study entry was the other independent predictor of failure in this study population. CONCLUSION: The Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with a greater insulin sensitivity, reduced beta cell function and a substantially increased risk of treatment failure.

Mediterranean diet consumption affects the endocannabinoid system in overweight and obese subjects: possible links with gut microbiome, insulin resistance and inflammation.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether a Mediterranean diet (MD) affected the plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids (ECs), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and their specific ratios in subjects with lifestyle risk factors for metabolic diseases. To identify the relationship between circulating levels of these compounds and gut microbiome, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. METHODS: A parallel 8-week randomised controlled trial was performed involving 82 overweight and obese subjects aged (mean ± SEM) 43 ± 1.4 years with a BMI of 31.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2, habitual Western diet (CT) and sedentary lifestyle. Subjects were randomised to consume an MD tailored to their habitual energy and macronutrient intake (n = 43) or to maintain their habitual diet (n = 39). Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like molecules, metabolic and inflammatory markers and gut microbiome were monitored over the study period. RESULTS: The MD intervention lowered plasma arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA, p = 0.02), increased plasma oleoylethanolamide/palmitoylethanolamide (OEA/PEA, p = 0.009) and OEA/AEA (p = 0.006) and increased faecal Akkermansia muciniphila (p = 0.026) independent of body weight changes. OEA/PEA positively correlated with abundance of key microbial players in diet-gut-health interplay and MD adherence. Following an MD, individuals with low-plasma OEA/PEA at baseline decreased homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (p = 0.01), while individuals with high-plasma OEA/PEA decreased serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that a switch from a CT to an isocaloric MD affects the endocannabinoid system and increases A. muciniphila abundance in the gut independently of body weight changes. Endocannabinoid tone and microbiome functionality at baseline drives an individualised response to an MD in ameliorating insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Clinical Trial Registry number and website NCT03071718; www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Putative metabolites involved in the beneficial effects of wholegrain cereal: Nontargeted metabolite profiling approach.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Wholegrain cereals have been implicated in the reduction of lifestyle-related chronic diseases risk including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial health effects are not entirely understood. The aims of this study were 1) to identify new potential plasma biomarker candidate metabolites of wholegrain cereal foods intake and 2) to examine whether some putative metabolites associated with wholegrain foods intake may play a role in the improvement of cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analysis have been conducted in 54 individuals with metabolic syndrome of both genders, age 40-65 years, randomly assigned to 2 dietary interventions lasting 12-week: 1) wholegrain enriched diet (n = 28), and 2) refined-wheat cereals diet (control diet) (n = 26). Nontargeted metabolite profiling analysis was performed on fasting plasma samples collected at baseline and at the end of the experimental diets. Our data show that, at the end of the intervention, a higher intake of wholegrain (tertile 3) was significantly associated with a marked increase in several lipid compounds, as PC (20:4/16:1), LPC (20:4), LPC (22:6), LPC (18:3), LPC (22:5), and a phenolic compound (P < .05 for all). In the wholegrain group, higher concentrations of these metabolites (tertile 3 vs tertile 1 of each metabolite) were significantly associated with lower postprandial insulin and triglyceride responses (P < .05) by 29% and 37%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest a possible role of lipid and polyphenol metabolites in the postprandial metabolic benefits of wholegrains in subjects at high risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, they provide insight into the role of these metabolites as potential candidate biomarkers of wholegrain foods. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT00945854).

The Mediterranean diet from past to future: Key concepts from the second "Ancel Keys" International Seminar.

The year 2020 celebrated the tenth anniversary of the recognition of the Mediterranean Diet as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee. This event represented a milestone in the history of nutrition, as the Mediterranean diet was the first traditional food practice to receive such award. Since then, a lot has been discussed not only on the beneficial aspects of the Mediterranean diet, but also on its complex role as a lifestyle model that includes a set of skills, knowledge and intercultural dialogue. This process ended up with the recognition in 2019 of Mediterranean diet as a possibly universal model of healthy diet from the EAT-Lancet Commission. These concepts were widely debated at the 2019 "Ancel Keys" International Seminar, held in Ascea (Italy) (for more information see: www.mediterraneandietseminar.org) with the aim to stimulate interest and awareness of a young group of participants on the current problems inherent to the effective implementation of the Mediterranean diet. The present article collects the contributions of several lecturers at the Seminar on key issues such as methodological and experimental approach, sustainability, molecular aspects in disease prevention, future exploitation, without neglecting a historical view of the Seven Countries Study. From the Seminar conclusions emerged a still vibrant and modern role of Mediterranean diet. The years to come will see national and international efforts to reduce the barriers that limit adherence to Mediterranean diet in order to plan for multi-factorial and targeted interventions that would guide our populations to a sustainable healthy living.

Reproducibility and validity of a food-frequency questionnaire (NFFQ) to assess food consumption based on the NOVA classification in adults.

NOVA is a classification that divides foods into four groups according to processing. Since no questionnaires have been validated to assess the consumption of foods with different levels of processing in the general adult population, we tested the reliability and validity of a 94-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (NFFQ) designed to estimate the intake (g/day) and the weight ratio (%) of the NOVA food groups in Italian adults. Time reliability and validity were tested by administrating the NFFQ to 110 subjects on two different occasions and comparing it with a weighed dietary record (WDR). Strong correlations between NFFQs (r > 0.7, p < 0.001) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.851-0.940 indicated good test-retest reliability. Moderate correlations between the NFFQ and the WDR (0.6

Dietary inflammatory index score, glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors profile in people with type 2 diabetes.

We examined the relationships between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®), dietary habits and cardiovascular risk factor profiles in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™) scores were calculated from a Food Frequency Questionnaire in 2568 T2DM patients from different parts of Italy. Analyses were conducted according to quartiles of sex-specific E-DII scores. Higher, more pro-inflammatory, (quartile 4) E-DII scores were associated with overall poor quality of the diet characterised by higher content of refined carbohydrates, added sugars, saturated fat and cholesterol and lower unsaturated fat, fibre and polyphenols compared to quartile 1. Higher E-DII scores also were associated with higher waist circumference (105.4 vs. 103.5 cm; p = 0.002), triglycerides (154.6 vs. 146.1 mg/dL; p = 0.005), diastolic blood pressure (80.05 vs. 78.6 mmHg; p = 0.04) and lower HDL-cholesterol (45.3 vs. 47.4 mg/dL; p = 0.04). In conclusion, E-DII is a potent marker of overall quality of the diet and is associated with an unfavourable cardiovascular risk factor profile.

An Oily Fish Diet Improves Subclinical Inflammation in People at High Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Interest has arisen on the anti-inflammatory action of dietary components, including long-chain n-3 fatty acids (LCn3) and polyphenols (PP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets rich in PP and oily fish (high-LCn3 diets) on markers of subclinical inflammation and growth factors in people at high cardiometabolic risk. Individuals with high waist circumference and one more component of metabolic syndrome were randomized to one of the following isoenergetic diets: low LCn3&PP, high LCn3, high PP, high LCn3&PP. Before and after 8 weeks, fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of hs-CRP and fasting serum concentrations of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, INF-, TNF-, FGF, VEGF, PDGF-, G-CSF, and GM-CSF were determined. An oily fish diet reduced fasting plasma hs-CRP (1.28 ± 12.0, -12.5 ± 6.9, 22.5 ± 33.6, -12.2 ± 11.9; 8-week percent change, Mean ± SEM; low LCn3&PP, high LCn3, high PP, high LCn3&PP group, respectively), postprandial 6h-AUC hs-CRP (4.6 ± 16.3, -18.2 ± 7.2, 26.9 ± 35.1, -11.5 ± 11.8, 8-week percent change) and fasting IL-6 (20.8 ± 18.7, -2.44 ± 12.4, 28.1 ± 17.4, -9.6 ± 10.2), IL-17 (2.40 ± 4.9, -13.3 ± 4.9, 3.8 ± 4.43, -11.5 ± 4.7), and VEGF (-5.7 ± 5.8, -5.6 ± 7.5, 3.5 ± 5.8, -11.1 ± 5.5) (8-week percent change; p < 0.05 for LCn3 effect for all; no significant effect for PP; 2-factor ANOVA). An oily fish diet improved subclinical inflammation, while no significant effect was observed for dietary polyphenols.

Are Europeans moving towards dietary habits more suitable for reducing cardiovascular disease risk?

AIMS: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in Europe. Food choices represent the most important factors undermining health and well-being; they account for as much as half of all CVD deaths in Europe. The aim of this viewpoint is to evaluate food choices of the European population and their temporal trends in relation to possible effects on the cardiovascular disease risk. DATA SYNTHESIS: The CVD death rate attributable to diet-related factors has fallen in Europe over the last 25 years; however, the pace of the reduction has slowed down in the last ten years. In parallel, in the last decade unfavorable changes in the dietary habits associated with CVD risk have occurred. CONCLUSIONS: A mismatch exists between the available evidence on the health-promoting potential of the diet and the relatively modest and inconsistent improvements of dietary habits in the European population observed in recent years. Nutritional education alone will not be enough to improve the lifestyle of people in Europe. Policy options to be considered to reach this aim should necessarily include also initiatives for facilitating production, marketing, availability and affordability of healthy foods in each and every European country.

Effects of polyphenols on cardio-metabolic risk factors and risk of type 2 diabetes. A joint position statement of the Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group of the Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), the Italian Association of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition (ADI) and the Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD).

AIM: A large body of evidence supports a role of polyphenols in the prevention of chronic diseases, i.e. type 2 diabetes (DMT2), cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer. In the present manuscript, the effect of polyphenol/phenolic compounds on the main cardio-metabolic risk factors (body weight, blood pressure, blood glucose concentrations, plasma lipids, inflammation and oxidative stress) in humans will be discussed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Epidemiological evidence supports the beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich diets in the prevention of T2D risk. However, the available evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials did not allow the identification of specific phenolic compounds or polyphenol-rich foods that effectively improve cardio-metabolic risk factors. The most promising results in terms of the management of cardio-metabolic risk factors derive from RCTs based on a long-term intake of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages. Therefore, future studies should focus on a diet containing different classes of polyphenols rather than a specific food or phenolic compound. The hypothesis is that a polyphenol-rich diet may have a pleiotropic effect on cardiometabolic risk factors thanks to the specific action of different polyphenol subclasses. CONCLUSION: The lack of conclusive evidence on the effectiveness of polyphenols in the management of cardio-metabolic risk factors does not allow recommendation of their use as supplements to reduce T2D and CVD risk. However, the daily consumption of naturally polyphenol-rich foods and beverages might be advised according to the current nutritional dietary recommendation.

Whole grain consumption and human health: an umbrella review of observational studies.

Whole grains have been associated with a number of health benefits. We systematically reviewed existing meta-analyses of observational studies and evaluated the level of evidence for their putative effects based on pre-selected criteria. Of the 23 included studies, we found convincing evidence of an inverse association between whole grain consumption and risk of type-2 diabetes and colorectal cancer; possible evidence of decreased risk of colon cancer and cardiovascular mortality with increased whole grain intake, as well as increased risk of prostate cancer. Limited or insufficient evidence was available for all other outcomes investigated. Overall findings are encouraging for a positive effect of whole grain consumption on certain diseases, especially highly prevalent metabolic diseases, however, uncertainty of some negative associations deserves further attention.

Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet in a population of South of Italy: factors involved and proposal of an educational field-based survey tool.

We developed and validated a tool assessing the adherence to the Mediterranean diet based on current nutritional recommendations for health promotion (MEDI-Quest). Four-hundred-and-eleven clinically healthy subjects completed both the MEDI-Quest-score and the validated MedDietScore (MDS). A good accordance between MEDI-Quest and MDS was observed (R = 0.638), as well as for the percentage of individuals having similar scores with both methods for each food group. Regarding socio-cultural-factors, higher adherence was observed in people with older-age (OR = 1.030, p < .0001), more qualifier-employment (OR = 1.136, p < .005), higher-income (OR = 1.925, p < .0001), interest in reading-food-labels (OR = 2.057, p < .0001), and having frequent physical activity (OR = 1.608, p < .05). In conclusion, our findings show that (1) the MEDI-Quest score well correlate with MDS, and (2) the adherence to the Mediterranean diet is not particularly high due to less cultural roots. It could be necessary to improve people's knowledge about food and nutrition, taking into consideration believes embedded in their family, tradition and religion.