Assuntos
Agricultura/tendências , Biotecnologia , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Opinião Pública , Agricultura/economia , Agricultura/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Alimentos Geneticamente Modificados/efeitos adversos , Alimentos Geneticamente Modificados/economia , Alimentos Geneticamente Modificados/provisão & distribuição , Alimentos Orgânicos/economia , Alimentos Orgânicos/provisão & distribuição , Previsões , Saúde Global , Objetivos , Humanos , Desnutrição/prevenção & controle , Modelos Teóricos , Organizações , Comunicação Persuasiva , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Nações UnidasRESUMO
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are mainly known for regulating excitability of neurons. However, mGluR6 at the photoreceptor-ON bipolar cell synapse mediates sign inversion through glutamatergic inhibition. Although this is currently the only confirmed function of mGluR6, other functions have been suggested. Here we present Tg(mglur6b:EGFP)zh1, a new transgenic zebrafish line recapitulating endogenous expression of one of the two mglur6 paralogs in zebrafish. Investigating transgene as well as endogenous mglur6b expression within the zebrafish retina indicates that EGFP and mglur6b mRNA are not only expressed in bipolar cells, but also in a subset of ganglion and amacrine cells. The amacrine cells labeled in Tg(mglur6b:EGFP)zh1 constitute a novel cholinergic, non-GABAergic, non-starburst amacrine cell type described for the first time in teleost fishes. Apart from the retina, we found transgene expression in subsets of periventricular neurons of the hypothalamus, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, various cell types of the optic tectum, and mitral/ruffed cells of the olfactory bulb. These findings suggest novel functions of mGluR6 besides sign inversion at ON bipolar cell dendrites, opening up the possibility that inhibitory glutamatergic signaling may be more prevalent than currently thought. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2363-2378, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/biossíntese , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/biossíntese , Retina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Encéfalo/embriologia , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/genética , Retina/embriologia , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
Agricultural biotechnology, especially genetic engineering or genetic modification (GM), is a topic of considerable controversy worldwide. The public debate is fraught with polarized views and opinions, some are held with religious zeal. Unfortunately, it is also marked with much ignorance and misinformation. Here we explore some popular misconceptions encountered in the public debate.