Coaching educators: Impact of a novel national faculty development program for didactic presentation skills.

BACKGROUND: Didactic lectures remain common in medical education. Many faculty physicians do not receive formal training on public presentations or leading instructional sessions. Coaching has emerged in medical education with the potential to positively impact skills. We sought to evaluate a novel, national faculty peer-coaching program created to improve lecture presentation skills and foster career development. METHODS: This was a mixed-methods study of participant and faculty perceptions after completing the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine Academy Coaching Program. Participants completed an online evaluative survey consisting of multiple choice and Likert-type items. Program coaches participated in semistructured interviews. Descriptive statistics were reported for survey data. Thematic qualitative analysis by two independent reviewers was performed on interview data. RESULTS: During 2012 to 2017, a total of 30 participants and 11 coaches from 37 residency programs across the United States engaged in the program. Twenty-four (80%) participants completed the survey. Eight (73%) coaches participated in semistructured interviews. Data were collected between October and December 2018. The mean ± SD numbers of national presentations participants had given before and after the coaching program were 6.92 ± 7.68 and 16.42 ± 15.43, respectively. Since their coaching, most participants (87.5%) have been invited to give a lecture at another institution. Many participants felt that the program improved their lecture evaluations, public speaking, ability to engage an audience, and professional development. Almost all (92%) would recommend the program to a colleague. The coaches perceived multiple benefits including improved skills, self-reflection, networking, career advancement, and personal fulfillment. Suggestions for improvement included improved administrative processes, more clear expectations, increased marketing, and increased participant and coach engagement. CONCLUSION: Participants and coaches perceived multiple benefits from this novel, national faculty coaching program. With identification of the success, challenges, and suggestions for improvement, others may benefit as they develop coaching programs in medical education.

The future of emergency medicine.

BACKGROUND: The specialty of emergency medicine (EM) continues to experience a significant workforce shortage in the face of increasing demand for emergency care. SUMMARY: In July 2009, representatives of the leading EM organizations met in Dallas for the Future of Emergency Medicine Summit. Attendees at the Future of Emergency Medicine Summit agreed on the following: 1) Emergency medical care is an essential community service that should be available to all; 2) An insufficient emergency physician workforce also represents a potential threat to patient safety; 3) Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education/American Osteopathic Association (AOA)-accredited EM residency training and American Board of Medical Specialties/AOA EM board certification is the recognized standard for physician providers currently entering a career in emergency care; 4) Physician supply shortages in all fields contribute to-and will continue to contribute to-a situation in which providers with other levels of training may be a necessary part of the workforce for the foreseeable future; 5) A maldistribution of EM residency-trained physicians persists, with few pursuing practice in small hospital or rural settings; 6) Assuring that the public receives high quality emergency care while continuing to produce highly skilled EM specialists through EM training programs is the challenge for EM's future; 7) It is important that all providers of emergency care receive continuing postgraduate education.

The future of emergency medicine.

Physician shortages are being projected for most medical specialties. The specialty of emergency medicine continues to experience a significant workforce shortage in the face of increasing demand for emergency care. The limited supply of emergency physicians, emergency nurses, and other resources is creating an urgent, untenable patient care problem. In July 2009, representatives of the leading emergency medicine organizations met in Dallas, TX, for the Future of Emergency Medicine Summit. This consensus document, agreed to and cowritten by all participating organizations, describes the substantive issues discussed and provides a foundation for the future of the specialty.

Multiple ING1 and ING2 genes in Xenopus laevis and evidence for differential association of thyroid hormone receptors and ING proteins to their promoters.

ING (INhibitor of Growth) tumor suppressor proteins are epigenetic factors involved in numerous cellular processes including apoptosis in species ranging from yeast to humans. We recently isolated ING1 and ING2 transcript variants in Xenopus laevis and showed that these transcripts were differentially regulated by thyroid hormone (TH) during postembryonic development. However, no information exists regarding ING gene structure and how it relates to these differential responses to TH. To further investigate the regulation of ING genes by TH, we isolated ING1 and ING2 gene sequences and demonstrated that there are at least duplicate genes for each. The relationship between transcript variants and their responsiveness to TH were examined through promoter sequence and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses on tail homogenates. Both TH receptors (TRs) differentially associated with ING1 and ING2 promoter regions with increased recruitment in the presence of TH. This occurred irrespective of gene transcript level response to this hormone. However, differential recruitment of RNA polymerase II corresponded well to transcript levels. ING proteins consistently associated with their own gene promoters except in the region generating the TH-inducible xING1b5 transcript. In this case, a substantial recruitment of TRbeta in the absence ING proteins occurred. These data establish the TH-dependent recruitment of transcription factors to ING promoter regions and suggest that differential TR recruitment in response to TH may not be a sufficient indicator for modulating the expression of ING in the tail.

An ectromelia virus profilin homolog interacts with cellular tropomyosin and viral A-type inclusion protein.

BACKGROUND: Profilins are critical to cytoskeletal dynamics in eukaryotes; however, little is known about their viral counterparts. In this study, a poxviral profilin homolog, ectromelia virus strain Moscow gene 141 (ECTV-PH), was investigated by a variety of experimental and bioinformatics techniques to characterize its interactions with cellular and viral proteins. RESULTS: Profilin-like proteins are encoded by all orthopoxviruses sequenced to date, and share over 90% amino acid (aa) identity. Sequence comparisons show highest similarity to mammalian type 1 profilins; however, a conserved 3 aa deletion in mammalian type 3 and poxviral profilins suggests that these homologs may be more closely related. Structural analysis shows that ECTV-PH can be successfully modelled onto both the profilin 1 crystal structure and profilin 3 homology model, though few of the surface residues thought to be required for binding actin, poly(L-proline), and PIP2 are conserved. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identified two proteins that interact with ECTV-PH within infected cells: alpha-tropomyosin, a 38 kDa cellular actin-binding protein, and the 84 kDa product of vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve (VACV-WR) 148, which is the truncated VACV counterpart of the orthopoxvirus A-type inclusion (ATI) protein. Western and far-western blots demonstrated that the interaction with alpha-tropomyosin is direct, and immunofluorescence experiments suggest that ECTV-PH and alpha-tropomyosin may colocalize to structures that resemble actin tails and cellular protrusions. Sequence comparisons of the poxviral ATI proteins show that although full-length orthologs are only present in cowpox and ectromelia viruses, an ~ 700 aa truncated ATI protein is conserved in over 90% of sequenced orthopoxviruses. Immunofluorescence studies indicate that ECTV-PH localizes to cytoplasmic inclusion bodies formed by both truncated and full-length versions of the viral ATI protein. Furthermore, colocalization of ECTV-PH and truncated ATI protein to protrusions from the cell surface was observed. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a role for ECTV-PH in intracellular transport of viral proteins or intercellular spread of the virus. Broader implications include better understanding of the virus-host relationship and mechanisms by which cells organize and control the actin cytoskeleton.

Modulation of thyroid hormone-dependent gene expression in Xenopus laevis by INhibitor of Growth (ING) proteins.

BACKGROUND: INhibitor of Growth (ING) proteins belong to a large family of plant homeodomain finger-containing proteins important in epigenetic regulation and carcinogenesis. We have previously shown that ING1 and ING2 expression is regulated by thyroid hormone (TH) during metamorphosis of the Xenopus laevis tadpole. The present study investigates the possibility that ING proteins modulate TH action. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Tadpoles expressing a Xenopus ING2 transgene (Trans(ING2)) were significantly smaller than tadpoles not expressing the transgene (Trans(GFP)). When exposed to 10 nM 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), premetamorphic Trans(ING2) tadpoles exhibited a greater reduction in tail, head, and brain areas, and a protrusion of the lower jaw than T(3)-treated Trans(GFP) tadpoles. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) demonstrated elevated TH receptor ß (TRß) and TH/bZIP transcript levels in Trans(ING2) tadpole tails compared to Trans(GFP) tadpoles while TRα mRNAs were unaffected. In contrast, no difference in TRα, TRß or insulin-like growth factor (IGF2) mRNA abundance was observed in the brain between Trans(ING2) and Trans(GFP) tadpoles. All of these transcripts, except for TRα mRNA in the brain, were inducible by the hormone in both tissues. Oocyte transcription assays indicated that ING proteins enhanced TR-dependent, T(3)-induced TRß gene promoter activity. Examination of endogenous T(3)-responsive promoters (TRß and TH/bZIP) in the tail by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that ING proteins were recruited to TRE-containing regions in T(3)-dependent and independent ways, respectively. Moreover, ING and TR proteins coimmunoprecipitated from tail protein homogenates derived from metamorphic climax animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We show for the first time that ING proteins modulate TH-dependent responses, thus revealing a novel role for ING proteins in hormone signaling. This has important implications for understanding hormone influenced disease states and suggests that the induction of ING proteins may facilitate TR function during metamorphosis in a tissue-specific manner.

Cowpox virus inhibits the transporter associated with antigen processing to evade T cell recognition.

Cowpox virus encodes an extensive array of putative immunomodulatory proteins, likely contributing to its wide host range, which includes zoonotic infections in humans. Unlike Vaccinia virus, cowpox virus prevents stimulation of CD8(+) T cells, a block that correlated with retention of MHC class I in the endoplasmic reticulum by the cowpox virus protein CPXV203. However, deletion of CPXV203 did not restore MHC class I transport or T cell stimulation. Here, we demonstrate the contribution of an additional viral protein, CPXV12, which interferes with MHC class I/peptide complex formation by inhibiting peptide translocation by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Importantly, human and mouse MHC class I transport and T cell stimulation was restored upon deletion of both CPXV12 and CPXV203, suggesting that these unrelated proteins independently mediate T cell evasion in multiple hosts. CPXV12 is a truncated version of a putative NK cell ligand, indicating that poxviral gene fragments can encode new, unexpected functions.

Multiple variants of the ING1 and ING2 tumor suppressors are differentially expressed and thyroid hormone-responsive in Xenopus laevis.

The tumor suppressor candidate, inhibitor of growth (ING) is implicated in the control of apoptosis, cell cycle progression, chemosensitivity, and senescence. There are at least five different genes in mammals, ING1-ING5, and there is limited evidence that multiple transcript variants exist for ING1 that encode proteins with different functions. No variants have yet been reported for other ING genes. Here, we report the isolation of seven Xenopus laevis (x)ING1 and three xING2 transcript variants and give the first evidence for their independent regulation by thyroid hormone (TH). Comparison with mammalian genes reveals conservation in gene structure. xING1 and xING2 transcript variants are differentially expressed in adult tissues with the greatest number of variants expressed at high levels in brain, testis, and eye. During metamorphosis of the tadpole into a frog, the hindlimb, tail, and brain undergo growth, apoptosis, or remodeling, respectively. We show that xING1 and xING2 transcript variants are significantly reduced in the hindlimb while many variants increase in the tail. These transcript variants remain largely unchanged in the brain during this developmental period. By exposing premetamorphic tadpoles to TH, a precocious metamorphosis is induced. We identify specific variants whose steady state levels are significantly affected by TH at 24 and 48h of exposure. Although several of the variants show expression patterns reminiscent of that observed in natural metamorphosis, the results indicate that additional factors may be involved to influence the steady state transcript levels during development.

Phylogenetic analysis of the ING family of PHD finger proteins.

Since the discovery of ING1 class II tumor suppressors in 1996, five different ING genes (ING1 to ING5) encoding proteins with highly conserved plant homeodomain (PHD) motifs and several splicing isoforms of the ING1 and ING2 gene have been identified. The ING family functions in DNA repair and apoptosis in response to UV damage through binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA); chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression through regulating and/or targeting histone acetyltransferase/deacetylase (HAT/HDAC) activities; binding targets of rare phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PtdInsPs) that function in DNA damage-initiated stress signaling; and regulating brain tumor angiogenesis through transcriptional repression of NF-KB-responsive genes. To elucidate the evolutionary history of ING proteins and summarize what is known about regions highly conserved in the ING family members, we have examined the sequences and phylogenetic relationships of ING proteins across taxonomically diverse organisms. We have identified novel ING family members in rats, frogs, fish, mosquitoes, fruit flies, worms, fungi, and plants. We have also clarified the naming and classification of ING proteins based on our phylogenetic analysis to allow better understanding of the ING protein family. Using sequence similarities, we have identified novel regions and motifs of unknown function that are conserved across family members. An evolutionary history for the ING family of PHD finger proteins is presented that indicates that five ING genes are present in vertebrates. Three of these may be paralogs of ING genes found in arthropods, whereas nematodes, fungi, and green plants contain ING genes that have general features of the vertebrate ING family.