Leveraging Community Context, Data, and Resources to Inform Suicide Prevention Strategies.

Colorado has consistently had one of the highest rates of suicide in the United States, and El Paso County has the highest number of suicide and firearm-related suicide deaths within the state. Community-based solutions like those of the Suicide Prevention Collaborative of El Paso County may be more effective in preventing suicide as they are specific to local issues, sensitive to local culture, and informed by local data, community members, and stakeholders.

Who discovers the firearm suicide decedent: an epidemiologic characterization of survivor-victims.

BACKGROUND: Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States, with over half of cases involving firearms. Despite research indicating negative effects of exposure to suicide, there is little research on who typically finds the body of the suicide decedent. Understanding who finds the body of the suicide decedent may be important to understand trauma and mental health effects. FINDINGS: Of the 332 people who died by suicide in El Paso County, Colorado, 182 (55%) used firearms. Those who died by firearm suicide were more likely to be male (83.5% vs. 67.3%) have military affiliation (39.0% vs. 19.3%) and were less likely to have a known mental health diagnosis (47.3% vs. 64.7%) compared to those who died from other means. Most suicide decedents were found by a family member or friend (60.2%). The remaining decedents were found by a stranger/acquaintance (21.0%) or a first responder (22.4%) One-fifth of suicides involved forced witnessing (19%) and the majority were already deceased when the body was discovered (73.2%). CONCLUSIONS: While most suicide decedents are discovered by a family member or a friend, it is unknown what the bereavement and trauma-related outcomes are among people who discover a suicide decedent who has died by violent means, especially by firearms. Further studies exploring who discovers suicide decedents and targeted postvention strategies for supporting impacted family, friends, first responders, and strangers are needed.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: literature review and proposed diagnosis and treatment algorithm.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by cyclic vomiting and compulsive bathing behaviors in chronic cannabis users. Patients are typically diagnosed with CHS only after multiple and extensive medical evaluations, consequently without a clear etiology of their symptoms or treatment plan leading to symptomatic improvement. Increased healthcare provider awareness of CHS as a cause of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain coupled with an attentiveness to focused history taking-especially noting symptomatic improvement with prolonged exposure to hot showers or baths-can lead to effective treatment through cannabis cessation. We propose a diagnosis and treatment algorithm for physicians to follow when evaluating patients presenting with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain who are suspected to suffer from CHS.

An experiential community orientation to improve knowledge and assess resident attitudes toward poor patients.

BACKGROUND: Future physicians may not be prepared for the challenges of caring for the growing population of poor patients in this country. Given the potential for a socioeconomic "gulf" between physicians and patients and the lack of curricula that address the specific needs of poor patients, resident knowledge about caring for this underserved population is low. INTERVENTION: We created a 2-day Resident Academy orientation, before the start of residency training, to improve community knowledge and address resident attitudes toward poor patients through team-based experiential activities. We collected demographic and satisfaction data through anonymous presurvey and postsurvey t tests, and descriptive analysis of the quantitative data were conducted. Qualitative comments from open-ended questions were reviewed, coded, and divided into themes. We also offer information on the cost and replicability of the Academy. RESULTS: Residents rated most components of the Academy as "very good" or "excellent." Satisfaction scores were higher among residents in primary care training programs than among residents in nonprimary care programs for most Academy elements. Qualitative data demonstrated an overall positive effect on resident knowledge and attitudes about community resource availability for underserved patients, and the challenges of poor patients to access high-quality health care. CONCLUSIONS: The Resident Academy orientation improved knowledge and attitudes of new residents before the start of residency, and residents were satisfied with the experience. The commitment of institutional leaders is essential for success.

Methanol toxicity secondary to inhalant abuse in adult men.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this report is to evaluate the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of adults with methanol toxicity from inhalation of carburetor cleaning fluid fumes. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of adults with positive serum volatile screen for methanol and history of carburetor cleaning fluid fume inhalation. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were admitted 68 times. Eleven Native American patients accounted for 90% of admissions. Sixty-five cases presented with nausea/vomiting; 27 with intoxication or altered mental status; 21 with specific visual complaints. About 93% had a pH <7.35, 96% had serum bicarbonate <20 mEq/L, 81% had osmolal gap >or=10 mOsm/L, and 69% had anion gap >16. Ten had an initial serum methanol level <20 mg/dL, 29 cases 20-49 mg/dL, 19 cases >or=50 mg/dL. Six patients had a measurable serum ethanol level. Of the 29 patients with a methanol level of 20-49 mg/dL, 20 received intravenous antidote (ethanol or fomepizole); three received an antidote and hemodialysis. All who presented with a serum methanol level >or=50 mg/dL received intravenous ethanol or fomepizole. All visual symptoms resolved before discharge and all patients survived without sequelae. Discussion. This is the largest reported number of cases of methanol toxicity from the inhalation of carburetor cleaning fluid fumes and demonstrates a problem with recurrent abuse among some older Native American men. CONCLUSION: Intentional inhalation of methanol fumes may produce toxicity. Clinicians need to question patients, especially older Native American men, regarding the possible inhalation of carburetor cleaning fluid fumes in those who present with an unexplained metabolic anion gap acidosis.