Bidirectional Voltage Regulation for Integrated Photovoltachromic Device Based on P3HT-Electrochromic Unit and Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells.

Integrated electrochromic devices powered by photovoltaic cells have evoked a lot of interest due to their promising commercial prospects. However, their application has been restricted by the voltage adaption between the self-powered voltage and the color-changing threshold voltage (Vt). Herein, a strategy of bidirectional voltage regulating is proposed to develop a novel stand-alone integrated photovoltachromic device (I-PVCD), which integrates perovskite/organic tandem solar cells (P/O-TSCs) to drive color-changing process of conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films. To lower the driving-voltage of electrochromic layer, C60 is introduced to decrease the onset oxidation potential of P3HT film, and thus leading to a reduced Vt of 0.70 V benefiting from the enhanced highest occupied molecular orbital level and decreased charge transfer resistance from 67.46 to 49.89 Ω. Simultaneously, PBDB-T is utilized as the hole transport layer in the interconnecting layer of CsPbI2Br/PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F P/O-TSC to improve its open-circuit voltage (Voc) to 1.85 V. Under their synergetic merits, a I-PVCD with a wider self-adaptive voltage range is achieved. This device can undergo fast and reversible chromic transition from beautiful magenta to transparent only under the solar radiation, and demonstrates a coloration efficiency of 351.90 cm2 C-1 and a switching time of 2 s besides its excellent operating reliability.

Using Virtual Reality in the Care of Older Adults With Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

There is a shortage of personnel to provide care for older adults with dementia, and traditional teaching methods could be improved. The teaching method used in the Care for Older Adults With Dementia course is mainly theoretical, lacking real-life care scenarios and practical procedural training. In the current study, we developed a virtual reality (VR) teaching system and designed a randomized controlled trial aimed at testing the availability of the VR-assisted teaching system, filling the gap in teaching through care scenarios, enabling students majoring in intelligent health and oldage care service management to have a more positive attitude toward learning, and improving students' knowledge and course satisfaction. This study showed that the developed VR system can meet the initial needs of daily teaching, help students have a more positive attitude toward learning, and improve their academic performance and course satisfaction. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 49(11), 25-32.].

The Gap Between Self-Rated Health Information Literacy and Internet Health Information-Seeking Ability for Patients With Chronic Diseases in Rural Communities: Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The internet has become one of the most important channels for residents to seek health information, particularly in remote rural areas in China. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to explore the gap between self-rated health information literacy and internet health information seeking ability for patients with chronic diseases in rural communities and to preliminarily evaluate their barriers when seeking health information via the internet. METHODS: Residents from rural communities near Bengbu City and with chronic diseases were included in this study. A self-rated questionnaire was used to evaluate their health information literacy, 3 behavioral competency tasks were designed to preliminarily evaluate their ability to seek health information on the internet and semistructured interviews were used to investigate their barriers to obtaining health information via the internet. A small audiorecorder was used to record the interview content, and screen-recording software was used to record the participants' behavior during the web-based operational tasks. RESULTS: A total of 70 respondents completed the self-rated health information literacy questionnaire and the behavioral competence test, and 56 respondents participated in the semistructured interviews. Self-rated health information literacy (score out of 70: mean 46.21, SD 4.90) of the 70 respondents were moderate. Although 91% (64/70) of the respondents could find health websites, and 93% (65/70) of the respondents could find information on treatment that they thought was the best, 35% (23/65) of respondents did not know how to save the results they had found. The operational tasks indicated that most articles selected by the respondents came from websites with encyclopedic knowledge or answers from people based on their own experiences rather than authoritative health information websites. After combining the results of the semistructured interviews with the DISCERN scale test results, we found that most interviewees had difficulty obtaining high-quality health information via the internet. CONCLUSIONS: Although the health information literacy level of patients with rural chronic disease was moderate, they lack the ability to access high-quality health information via the internet. The vast majority of respondents recognized the importance of accessing health information but were not very proactive in accessing such information.

Nurses' experience of work stress related to COVID-19 regular prevention and control in China: A qualitative study.

AIM: To explore the experiences of nurses' work stress related to COVID-19 regular epidemic prevention and control in China. BACKGROUND: The global COVID-19 epidemic is still severe, and China's ongoing regular epidemic prevention and control still cannot be relaxed, which places demands on nurses. METHODS: Thirty nurses and eight nurse managers were interviewed using semistructured in-depth interviews, and the data were analysed by the Colaizzi seven-step analysis method. RESULTS: Four themes were extracted as follows: environmental factors, organizational factors, personal factors and positive factors in coping with stress. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing managers should pay attention to construction of the first-line departments of regular epidemic prevention and control. The shortage of nurses' human resources and the increase of nurse-patient conflicts are problems that need to be solved urgently. In addition, this research also emphasizes the importance of promoting nurses' stress-related growth and thinking about the possibility of reform. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The construction of the hospital environment and increasing the resilience of nursing teams require attention. We should attach importance to the training of nurses' communication skills and provide sufficient organizational support and economic guarantees for nurses. Finally, perhaps we should also consider whether it is necessary to reform the relevant hospital systems and how to reform them.

Highly Efficient and Super Stable Full-Color Quantum Dots Light-Emitting Diodes with Solution-Processed All-Inorganic Charge Transport Layers.

High performance and super stable all-inorganic full-color quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are constructed by adopting solution-processed Mg-doped NiOx (Mg-NiOx ) nanoparticles as hole transport layer (HTL) and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) as electron transport layer (ETL). Mg-NiOx nanoparticles possess the advantages of low-temperature solution processability, intrinsic stability, and controllable electronic properties. UV-ozone (UVO) treatment is applied to the Mg-NiOx film to modulate its surface composition. By carefully controlling the UVO treating time, favorable energy levels can be achieved to minimize the energy barrier for hole injection. At the cathode side, Al-doping can reduce the conductivity of ZnO ETL and decrease the interface charge transfer, effectively, thus leading to more balanced charge injection and consequent high luminance and efficiency. The maximum luminance and EQE can reach as high as 38 444 cd m-2 and 5.09% for R-QLEDs, 177 825 cd m-2 and 10.1% for G-QLEDs, and 3103 cd m-2 and 2.19% for B-QLEDs. The luminance values are the highest ever reported for all-inorganic QLEDs. Furthermore, the all-inorganic devices show much better resistance to water and oxygen existing in air. The results show that the ion-doped NiOx and AZO nanoparticles would facilitate the design and development of highly efficient and super stable QLEDs.

Mental health literacy about depression among rural left-behind children in China: a comparative and cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Mental health literacy (MHL) is vital for raising mental health awareness, reducing stigma, and improving health-related decision making, which may have lifelong consequences for patients with mental disorders. AIMS: To examine MHL about depression among rural left-behind children (LBC) in China and explore differences between LBC and non-left-behind children (NLBC). METHODS: A total of 3456 rural school children (mean age = 13.02 years) in fourth to ninth grades who were living in Sichuan, Anhui, and Henan provinces were surveyed in April and July 2018 using stratified random cluster sampling. RESULTS: More NLBC correctly recognized depression compared with LBC (p < 0.05). The most common sources of mental health information were the TV and the Internet. LBC felt more uneasy if they asked for help (p < 0.01). Statistical differences in help-seeking barriers were observed between LBC and NLBC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Respondents showed low levels of depression-related MHL compared with peer groups in other countries, LBC showed lower MHL than NLBC in terms of the correct recognition rate of depression, attitude toward seeking help, etc. More school-based interventions should be implemented in rural schools, and parent involvement and digital-based educational strategies should be considered.

High Performance Quasi-2D Perovskite Sky-Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Using a Dual-Ligand Strategy.

For quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes, the introduction of insulating bulky cation reduces the charge transport property, leading to lowered brightness and increased turn-on voltage. Herein, a dual-ligand strategy is adopted to prepare perovskite films by using an appropriate ratio of i-butylammonium (iBA) and phenylethylammonium (PEA) as capping ligands. The introduction of iBA enhances the binding energy of the ligands on the surface of the quasi-2D perovskite, and effectively controls the proportion of 2D perovskite to allow more efficient energy transfer, resulting in the great enhancement of the electric and luminescent properties of the perovskite. The photoluminescence (PL) mapping of the perovskite films exhibits that enhanced photoluminescence performance with better uniformity and stronger intensity can be achieved with this dual-ligand strategy. By adjusting the proportion of the two ligands, sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with electroluminescence (EL) peak located 485 nm are achieved with a maximum luminance up to 1130 cd m-2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) up to 7.84%. In addition, the color stability and device stability are significantly enhanced by using a dual-ligand strategy. This simple and feasible method paves the way for improving the performance of quasi-2D PeLEDs.

Broadening the Photoresponse to Near-Infrared Region by Cooperating Fullerene and Nonfullerene Acceptors for High Performance Ternary Polymer Solar Cells.

Ternary polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on multiple materials with level matching and complementary absorptions are regarded as an efficient way to overcome the light-harvesting restriction to surpass high-performance binary PSCs. This study introduces the third component, nonfullerene acceptor IEICO, into binary PSC-based PBDTBDD:PC71 BM to fabricate ternary PSC with one donor and two acceptors. By carefully tuning the third component ratio and cathode engineering, the resulting ternary PSC shows a power conversion efficiency of 10.51%, greatly improved in comparison with binary PSCs-based PBDTBDD:PC71 BM (7.86%) and PBDTBDD:IEICO (5.19%). In addition to extended light absorption, the third component IEICO could accelerate charge-carrier transfer, decrease charge recombination, and increase electron collection, resulting from cascade energy levels, and ameliorate the device morphology to increase the contact area of the active layer and cathode buffer layer. This work demonstrates that ternary PSC incorporated with IEICO is a promising structure for producing high performance PSCs.

Low-temperature solution-processed vanadium oxide as hole transport layer for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

In recent years, great progress has been achieved in improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but the stability of PSCs is still an obstacle in their commercialization due to the limitation of efficient and stable hole transport materials. Herein, we demonstrate an alcohol-solution-based low-temperature-processed vanadium oxide (VOx) hole transport layer (HTL) for planar heterojunction PSCs. The good crystallinity and morphology of CH3NH3PbI3 grown on this amorphous VOx film is investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Due to the suitable and matching energy levels of VOx and CH3NH3PbI3, the holes generated in CH3NH3PbI3 can efficiently transfer to VOx HTL. Furthermore, VOx-HTL-based PSCs yield a PCE value of 14.5% with better stability in comparison with PEDOT:PSS-HTL-based PSCs. These results reveal that the low-temperature-processed VOx films can be employed as the HTL for efficient and stable PSCs.

Morphology Engineering for High-Performance and Multicolored Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Simple Device Structures.

The film morphology is extremely significant for solution processed perovskite devices. Through fine morphology engineering without using any additives or further posttreatments, a full-coverage and high quantum yield perovskite film has been achieved based on one-step spin-coating method. The morphologies and film characteristics of MAPbBr3 with different MABr:PbBr2 starting material ratios are in-depth investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and time resolved photoluminescence. High performance organometal halide perovskite light-emitting didoes (PeLEDs) based on simple device structure of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate ( PEDOT: PSS)/perovskite/TPBi/Ca/Al are demonstrated. The green PeLED based on MAPbBr3 shows a maximum luminance of 8794 cd m(-2) (at 7.3 V) and maximum current efficiency of 5.1 cd A(-1) (at 5.1 V). Furthermore, a class of hybrid PeLEDs by adjusting the halide ratios of methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX3 , where X is Cl, Br, or I) are also demonstrated at room temperature. These mix-halogenated PeLEDs show bright luminance (above 100 cd m(-) (2) ) with narrow and clean emission bands over the wide color gamut.

Older age at first birth is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Some studies found that age at first birth is associated with pancreatic cancer; others did not. The present meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between age at first birth and pancreatic cancer in women. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for relevant publications on age at first birth and pancreatic cancer up to April, 2014. The eligible studies (six cohorts and five case-controls) were independently selected by two authors. Pooled relative risk (RR) estimates and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using the inverse-variance method. RESULTS: The pooled RR of pancreatic cancer risk for the highest versus lowest categories of age at first birth was 1.21 (95% CI: 1.01-1.45, P=0.314, I2=13.7%). Consistent relationships were also observed within subgroup analyses stratified by study design, geographic region, and whether the studies included adjustment for cigarette smoking, diabetes, or all of the confounders. In this meta-analysis, no publication bias among studies was observed using Egger's test (P=0.383) or Begg's test (P=0.436). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that older age at first birth is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in women and the exact functional mechanism needs further investigation.

Evaluation of Chinese HIV Mobile Apps by Researchers and Patients With HIV: Quality Evaluation Study.

BACKGROUND: Against the backdrop of globalization, China remains one of the most heavily burdened countries in Asia with regard to AIDS. However, many high-risk groups and patients affected by AIDS may be less likely to actively seek care from medical institutions because of fear of experiencing shame or discrimination. Mobile apps provide a promising avenue for supporting the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of AIDS. However, a comprehensive systematic evaluation of these mobile apps' functionality and quality has not been conducted yet. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the available mobile apps for AIDS in China, assess and discuss the functional features and quality of these Chinese AIDS mobile apps, and offer decision support for patients and clinical practitioners in accessing high-quality AIDS mobile apps. Furthermore, based on the evaluation results, recommendations for improvement will be provided. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on the Qimai app data platform, the Aladdin WeChat applet data platform, and WeChat to identify mobile apps related to AIDS. A snowball sampling method was used to supplement the potentially overlooked apps. The selected mobile apps underwent a rigorous screening process based on unified criteria. Subsequently, assessments were independently undertaken by 3 separate researchers and 2 patients with HIV, using both the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) and the User Mobile App Rating Scale (uMARS). Quantitative interpretations of the data were facilitated by the MedCalc statistical software (version 20.217, MedCalc Software). RESULTS: A total of 2901 AIDS mobile apps were included in the study, with 2897 identified through information retrieval and an additional 4 added via snowball sampling. After a rigorous selection process, 21 apps were determined to be usable. Among them, the Hong Feng Wan app achieved the highest combined average score, calculated based on the MARS (3.96, SD 0.33) and uMARS (4.47, SD 0.26). Overall, there was no significant correlation between MARS and uMARS (rapp quality total score=0.41; P=.07; rsubjective quality=0.39; P=.08). A notable issue was the widespread lack of user privacy protection, with only 24% (5/21) of the apps offering this feature. CONCLUSIONS: The number of available Chinese AIDS mobile apps is limited, with WeChat applets dominating the market. Nonetheless, the performance of WeChat mini-apps is generally inferior to that of independent apps, and there may be significant discrepancies between assessments conducted by researchers and those provided by genuine end users, emphasizing the necessity of involving real users in the development and evaluation of HIV mobile apps. In addition, developers of these Chinese HIV mobile apps need to devote attention to improving privacy protection mechanisms, in addition to considering the evaluations of researchers and real users. This will help attract more users and increase user loyalty.

Mobile Apps for Vaccination Services: Content Analysis and Quality Assessment.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination services are increasingly in demand by the public, and mobile apps are an effective tool to meet that demand. However, the characteristics and quality of these apps are unknown. OBJECTIVE: Commonly used vaccination service apps on the market were surveyed with regard to quality, service content, and user experience to evaluate and guide users. METHODS: The Qimai Data mobile app data analytics platform was used to search for common vaccination service apps by keyword, and the WeChat and Alipay platforms were searched for apps. The apps included in the study were independently evaluated by two reviewers using the Mobile Application Rating Scale, and the service content and user experience of the apps were analyzed. The intragroup correlation coefficient between raters was used to measure interrater reliability. RESULTS: In the app stores of the four major Android platforms and the iOS app store, 1092 and 207 apps were found, respectively; 189 WeChat applets and 30 Alipay applets were also found. A total of 29 apps was ultimately included in this study according to the inclusion criteria, including 21 independent apps, 4 WeChat applets, and 4 Alipay applets. Significant differences were found between independent apps and applets in terms of the quality score (t449.57=-5.301; P<.001) and the subjective quality score (z=-4.753; P<.001). No significant differences were found between iOS and Android platforms in terms of the quality score (t1404=-2.55; P=.80) and the subjective quality score (z=-0.137; P=.89). There was good intragroup consistency among the raters. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, independent apps and nonindependent apps that rely on social and payment platforms for implementation were included in the vaccination services category. The overall quality of these apps was acceptable. Nonindependent running apps were found to have slightly lower scores and showed room for improvement, and scores for the participatory apps were found to be generally low overall.

Willingness to purchase institutionalised elderly services and influencing factors among Chinese older adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: In view of the serious ageing of China's population and the low desire of elderly people to purchase institutionalised elderly care services, we explored the willingness of Chinese elderly people to purchase institutionalised elderly care services and its influencing factors. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. Three multivariate logistic regression analysis models of the willingness of elderly people to purchase institutionalised elderly care services were established (model 1: 'reluctance - willingness'; model 2: 'reluctance - hesitation'; and model 3: 'hesitation - willingness') to explore the factors that influence elderly people's willingness to purchase institutionalised elderly care services. SETTING: This study was based on the 2022 Psychology and Behaviour Investigation of Chinese Residents database. PARTICIPANTS: Research data from 4123 older adults who met the requirements of this study were screened from the database. RESULTS: Of the 4123 respondents, roughly equal numbers had negative and positive attitudes towards purchasing institutionalised senior care services (1125, 27.3% vs 1079, 26.2%, respectively), and 1919 (46.5%) had hesitant attitudes. The analysis of model 1 showed that medical insurance participation, the number of children and siblings, chronic diseases and per capita monthly household income had an influential effect on the willingness of elderly people to purchase institutional care. In model 2, we found that factors such as per capita monthly household income and anxiety led to hesitancy among older adults to purchase institutionalised senior care services. In model 3, we further found that social support and health literacy led to a shift from hesitation to willingness to purchase institutionalised elderly care services. CONCLUSION: The number of children, number of siblings, per capita monthly income of the family, medical insurance participation, health status, health literacy and social support were found to be the main factors influencing the purchase of institutionalised care by elderly individuals.

CsPb2Br5 Plates/Quasi-2D Perovskite Heterojunction for Efficient Sky-Blue Light-Emitting Diodes.

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have gained significant attention owing to their remarkable tunability and color stability, and substantial progress has been made with green and red PeLEDs. However, the advancement of blue PeLEDs still lags far behind their red and green counterparts. In this study, we report efficient sky-blue PeLEDs utilizing an in situ fabricated CsPb2Br5 plates/quasi-2D perovskite heterojunction using chelating molecules to modulate the crystallization process of perovskites. The wide bandgap of CsPb2Br5 facilitated the formation of a type-I band alignment at the heterojunction, allowing efficient carrier transfer from CsPb2Br5 to CsPbBr3. This heterojunction leads to a noteworthy enhancement of device efficiency. The PeLEDs exhibit a maximum brightness of 2311 cd m-2, accompanied by a maximum external quantum efficiency of 12.86% at 487 nm. Our tailored design of CsPb2Br5/perovskite heterojunction thin films offers a promising avenue for advancing PeLED performance. This work contributes valuable insights into the burgeoning field of perovskite electroluminescence, paving the way for further optimization of PeLED technologies.

Efficient quantum dot light-emitting diodes with solution-processable molybdenum oxide as the anode buffer layer.

Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) are characterized by pure and saturated emission colors with narrow bandwidth. Optimization of the device interface is an effective way to achieve stable and high-performance QD-LEDs. Here we utilized solution-processed molybdenum oxide (MoOx) as the anode buffer layer on ITO to build efficient QD-LEDs. Using MoOx as the anode buffer layer provides the QD-LED with good Ohmic contact and a small charge transfer resistance. The device luminance is nearly independent of the thickness of the MoOx anode buffer layer. The QD-LEDs with a MoOx anode buffer layer exhibit a maximum luminance and luminous efficiency of 5230 cd m(-2) and 0.67 cd A(-1) for the yellow emission at 580 nm, and 7842 cd m(-2) and 1.49 cd A(-1) for the red emission at 610 nm, respectively.

Effect of WeChat-based continuous care intervention on the somatic function, depression, anxiety, social function and cognitive function for cancer patients: Meta-analysis of 18 RCTs.

AIM: This meta-analysis systematically reviewed and identified the effects of WeChat-based continuous care (WCC) interventions on various outcomes in cancer patients. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: In this study, outcome measures included somatic function, anxiety, depression, social function, and cognitive function. The standardized mean differences and 95% CIs of pooled effect sizes were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models. NFail-safe and Begg's tests were performed to evaluate publication bias, and sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the robustness of the meta-analysis results. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 18 RCTs of moderate quality. WCC interventions significantly improved somatic function, depression, anxiety, social function, and cognitive function in cancer patients. There was no significant publication bias, and the sensitivity analysis indicated robust results. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: WCC interventions improved depression, anxiety, social function, and cognitive function in cancer patients.

Trends and frontiers of research on telemedicine from 1971 to 2022: A scientometric and visualisation analysis.

BACKGROUND: With the continuous development of the Internet and information technology, telemedicine has gradually become a popular medical model, which has always attracted much attention. Especially in recent years, research has shown a rapid increase in the use of telemedicine due to the impact of COVID-19. We have conducted a scientific metrological analysis of telemedicine to identify its hot spots and frontiers and promote cooperation and development. METHODS: We retrieved 19,171 articles related to telemedicine published from 1971 to 2022 in the Web of Science (WOS) database. Then, we conducted co-author network analysis (author, institution, country), co-citation analysis (author, journal, literature) and burst analysis (thematic trends and frontier topics). RESULTS: The number of publications has been on the rise since 1993 and began to rise rapidly in 1997. Influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of articles doubled in 2020 compared to the prior year. The United States produced the greatest number of articles (43.4%). Although studies in Greece are fewer and more recent, the country is demonstrating tremendous development potential in this field and is an active contributor to telemedicine research. The main research topics identified include the application, system and services of telemedicine; the application of telemedicine in providing medical services to rural and remote areas where medical resources are scarce; the quality control of medical images in telemedicine; the application of telemedicine in chronic disease care; and the comparison of in-person medical care and telemedicine. Emerging topics include the application and impact of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The main telemedicine research fields over the past 52 years are identified, the meanings of analyses results are discussed, and emerging trends are highlighted.

The function and quality of individual epidemic prevention and control apps during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of Chinese apps.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic that has driven the widespread use of applications (apps) for outbreak management in China, but the characteristics and quality of these apps are currently unknown. OBJECTIVE: The first objective of this study was to investigate the functional characteristics of individual epidemic prevention and control apps in China, and the second objective was to evaluate the quality of these apps. METHODS: We searched the QimaiTM mobile application data analysis platform and the AladdinTM WeChat applet data analysis platform with keywords and quantified the search results based on the search index, relevance, and the Aladdin index to identify apps with high public popularity. The quality of the apps was rated by 2 independent raters using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between raters was used as a measure of interrater reliability. RESULTS: All 20 of the included apps had acceptable quality. Functionality had the highest score, followed by information quality, aesthetics, and engagement. There were no significant differences between the independent apps and WeChat applets in app quality (t = 1.907, p = 0.073) and subjective quality (t = 0.899, p = 0.381). These apps were related to COVID-19 individual prevention and control, and the functional features that contributed to the quality of the apps were grouped into six categories, i.e., health self-checking and reporting, news about COVID-19, scientific publicity and education, telemedicine services, personal travel inquiries, and digital contact tracing. CONCLUSIONS: Individual COVID-19 prevention and control apps in China were developed by adding epidemic prevention and control functions to existing social apps rather than independently developing apps. The overall quality of such apps was acceptable, but scores in the engagement section were generally low, especially for WeChat applets.

Study of the Structural Mechanical Properties of Drainage Canals Rehabilitated by Spraying Method.

A large number of drainage pipes and canals in China have been in disrepair for a long time and there have been problems such as leakage and corrosion. In response to these problems, this paper studies a non-excavation technology for repairing the arched canal structure-the in-situ spraying method. To study the influence of the original canal structure on the mechanical characteristics of the lining structure by in-situ spraying and the restraint effect on the lining structure, a field model test with a similar ratio of 1:2 was conducted in the field test pit. By conducting four stages of three-point concentrated load loading tests, the mechanical characteristics of the lining structure were investigated to reveal the influence of the canal structure on the force of the lining structure. The test results show that: the maximum crack width of the newly added lining structure is 0.27 mm and the normal service ultimate bearing capacity of the arched structure repaired by H-70 reaches 150 kN; comparing the loading test and the numerical simulation results, the difference between the two vault displacement results is 4.65% and the results are relatively consistent. The displacement of the bottom of the lining structure is small and the participation of the bottom plate is small, while the displacement of the upper arch structure of the lining is significantly larger than the lateral displacement, indicating that the canal structure can effectively limit the lateral displacement of the newly added lining and that the canal structure is greatly reduced. The bending moment of the lining structure is improved and the restraint effect on the arch foot is more obvious. This paper proposes the use of H-70 to repair arched canal structures by the in-situ spraying method and seeks to prove the feasibility of this method and fill the gap of research in this area. This paper provides the structural design basis and experimental knowledge for the construction of the repair method, which has important practical significance for the pipeline repair project in the future.