Large-Scale Comparative Analyses of Tick Genomes Elucidate Their Genetic Diversity and Vector Capacities.

Among arthropod vectors, ticks transmit the most diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of new challenges worldwide. Here we sequenced and assembled high-quality genomes of six ixodid tick species and further resequenced 678 tick specimens to understand three key aspects of ticks: genetic diversity, population structure, and pathogen distribution. We explored the genetic basis common to ticks, including heme and hemoglobin digestion, iron metabolism, and reactive oxygen species, and unveiled for the first time that genetic structure and pathogen composition in different tick species are mainly shaped by ecological and geographic factors. We further identified species-specific determinants associated with different host ranges, life cycles, and distributions. The findings of this study are an invaluable resource for research and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Heterojunction polarization enhancement and shielding for AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet avalanche detectors.

AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet avalanche detectors have huge potentials in the fields of corona discharge monitoring, biological imaging, etc. Here, we study the impact of the heterojunction polarization-related effects on the AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet avalanche detectors. Our work confirms that the polarization heterojunction is beneficial to reducing avalanche bias and lifting avalanche gain by improving the electric field in the depletion region, while the polarization-induced fixed charges will lead to a redistribution of the electrons, in turn shielding the charges and weakening the electric field enhancement effect. This shielding effect will need external bias to eliminate, and that is why the polarization heterojunction cannot work at relatively low bias but has an enhancement effect at high bias. Controlling the doping level between the hetero-interface can affect the shielding effect. An unintentionally doped polarization heterojunction can effectively reduce the shielding effect, thus reducing the avalanche bias. The conclusions also hold true for the negative polarization regime. We believe our findings can provide some useful insights for the design of the AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet detectors.

Highly reflective Ni/Pt/Al p-electrode for improving the efficiency of an AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode.

In this work, we propose a highly reflective Ni/Pt/Al p-electrode for AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a wavelength of 276 nm. AlGaN-based DUV LEDs with traditional Al-based reflectivity electrodes suffer from device degradation and wall-plug efficiency (WPE) droop due to the Al diffusion during electrode annealing. By inserting a Pt layer between the Ni contact layer and the Al reflective layer, the contact characteristics of the p-electrode can be optimized by blocking the diffusion of the O and Al atoms, maintaining a high reflectivity of over 80% near 280 nm. Compared to the AlGaN-based DUV LEDs with Ni/Au traditional p-electrodes and Ni/Al traditional reflective p-electrodes, the WPE of the LED with a highly reflective Ni/Pt/Al p-electrode is improved by 10.3% and 30.5%, respectively. Besides, compared to the other novel reflective p-electrodes using multiple annealing or evaporation processes reported for the AlGaN-based DUV LEDs, we provide a new, to the best of our knowledge, optimization method for single evaporation and annealing p-type reflective electrodes, featured with a simpler and more convenient process flow.

Hexavalent Chromium Induces Neurotoxicity by Triggering Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ROS-Mediated Signals.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), one of the most detrimental pollutants, has been ubiquitously present in the environment and causes serious toxicity to humans, such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and cardiotoxicity. However, Cr (VI)-induced neurotoxicity in primary neuron level has not been well explored yet. Herein, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was employed to examine the neurotoxicity of Cr (VI) in rat primary hippocampal neurons. MTT test was used to examine the neural viability. Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by the JC-1 probe and Mito-Tracker probe. DCFH-DA and Mito-SOX Red were utilized to evaluate the oxidative status. Bcl-2 family and MAPKs expression were investigated using Western blotting. The results demonstrated that Cr (VI) treatment dose- and time-dependently inhibited neural viability. Mechanism investigation found that Cr (VI) treatment causes mitochondrial dysfunction by affecting Bcl-2 family expression. Moreover, Cr (VI) treatment also induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA damage, and MAPKs activation in neurons. However, inhibition of ROS by glutathione (GSH) effectually balanced Bcl-2 family expression, attenuated DNA damage and the MAPKs activation, and eventually improved neural viability neurons. Collectively, these above results above suggest that Cr (VI) causes significant neurotoxicity by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS-mediated oxidative damage and MAKPs activation.

White matter hyperintensity burden and collateral circulation in acute ischemic stroke with large artery occlusion.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden and pial collaterals in acute strokes caused by intracranial large artery occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy in the anterior circulation, focusing on stroke subtypes. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy between December 2019 and June 2022 were retrospectively screened. The Fazekas scale assessed WMH burden. Pial collaterals were categorized as either poor (0-2) or good (3-4) based on the Higashida score. A multivariable analysis was used to determine the relationship between WMH burden and pial collaterals. Subgroup analyses delved into associations stratified by stroke subtypes, namely cardioembolism (CE), tandem lesions (TLs), and intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS). RESULTS: Of the 573 patients included, 274 (47.8%) demonstrated poor pial collaterals. Multivariable regression indicated a strong association between extensive WMH burden (Fazekas score of 3-6) and poor collaterals [adjusted OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.70-5.46, P < 0.001]. Additional independent predictors of poor collaterals encompassed ICAS-related occlusion (aOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.76, P = 0.014), female sex (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41-0.96, P = 0.031), and baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography scores (aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.74-0.88, P < 0.001). Notably, an interaction between extensive WMH burden and stroke subtypes was observed in predicting poor collaterals (P = 0.001), being pronounced for CE (adjusted OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.21-4.37) and TLs (adjusted OR 5.09, 95% CI 2.32-11.16), but was absent in ICAS (adjusted OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.65-2.36). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy for anterior circulation large artery occlusion, extensive WMH burden correlates with poor pial collaterals in embolic occlusion cases (CE and TLs), but not in ICAS-related occlusion.

Emergence of Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A (H1N1) virus in a child in Shandong Province, China.

BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus infections can occur in multiple species. Eurasian avian-like swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses (EAS-H1N1) are predominant in swine and occasionally infect humans. A Eurasian avian-like swine influenza A (H1N1) virus was isolated from a boy who was suffering from fever; this strain was designated A/Shandong-binzhou/01/2021 (H1N1). The aims of this study were to investigate the characteristics of this virus and to draw attention to the need for surveillance of influenza virus infection in swine and humans. METHODS: Throat-swab specimens were collected and subjected to real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR). Positive clinical specimens were inoculated onto Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to isolate the virus, which was confirmed by a haemagglutination assay. Then, whole-genome sequencing was carried out using an Illumina MiSeq platform, and phylogenetic analysis was performed with MEGA X software. RESULTS: RT‒PCR revealed that the throat-swab specimens were positive for EAS-H1N1, and the virus was subsequently successfully isolated from MDCK cells; this strain was named A/Shandong-binzhou/01/2021 (H1N1). Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that A/Shandong-binzhou/01/2021 (H1N1) is a novel triple-reassortant EAS-H1N1 lineage that contains gene segments from EAS-H1N1 (HA and NA), triple-reassortant swine influenza H1N2 virus (NS) and A(H1N1) pdm09 viruses (PB2, PB1, PA, NP and MP). CONCLUSIONS: The isolation and analysis of the A/Shandong-binzhou/01/2021 (H1N1) virus provide further evidence that EAS-H1N1 poses a threat to human health, and greater attention should be given to the surveillance of influenza virus infections in swine and humans.

Methylseleninic acid inhibits human glioma growth in vitro and in vivo by triggering ROS-dependent oxidative damage and apoptosis.

Selenium-containing agents showed novel anticancer activity by triggering pro-oxidative mechanism. Studies confirmed that methylseleninic acid (MeSe) displayed broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity against kinds of human cancers. However, the anticancer effects and mechanism of MeSe against human glioma growth have not been explored yet. Herein, the present study showed that MeSeA dose-dependently inhibited U251 and U87 human glioma cells growth in vitro. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that MeSe induced significant U251 cells apoptosis with a dose-dependent manner, followed by the activation of caspase-7, caspase-9 and caspase-3. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that MeSe time-dependently caused reactive oxide species (ROS) accumulation and subsequently resulted in oxidative damage, as convinced by the increased phosphorylation level of Ser428-ATR, Ser1981-ATM, Ser15-p53 and Ser139-histone. ROS inhibition by glutathione (GSH) effectively attenuated MeSe-induced ROS generation, oxidative damage, caspase-3 activation and cytotoxicity, indicating that ROS was an upstream factor involved in MeSe-mediated anticancer mechanism in glioma. Importantly, MeSe administration in nude mice significantly inhibited glioma growth in vivo by inducing apoptosis through triggering oxidative damage. Taken together, our findings validated the possibility that MeSe as a selenium-containing can act as potential tumor chemotherapy agent for therapy of human glioma.

Modification effects of long-term air pollution levels on the relationship between short-term exposure to meteorological factors and hand, foot, and mouth disease: A distributed lag non-linear model-based study in Shandong Province, China.

The occurrence of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is closely related to meteorological factors. However, location-specific characteristics, such as persistent air pollution, may increase the complexity of the impact of meteorological factors on HFMD, and studies across different areas and populations are largely lacking. In this study, a two-stage multisite time-series analysis was conducted using data from 16 cities in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2019. In the first stage, we obtained the cumulative exposure-response curves of meteorological factors and the number of HFMD cases for each city. In the second stage, we merged the estimations from the first stage and included city-specific air pollution variables to identify significant effect modifiers and how they modified the short-term relationship between HFMD and meteorological factors. High concentrations of air pollutants may reduce the risk effects of high average temperature on HFMD and lead to a distinct peak in the cumulative exposure-response curve, while lower concentrations may increase the risk effects of high relative humidity. Furthermore, the effects of average wind speed on HFMD were different at different levels of air pollution. The differences in modification effects between subgroups were mainly manifested in the diversity and quantity of significant modifiers. The modification effects of long-term air pollution levels on the relationship between sunshine hours and HFMD may vary significantly depending on geographical location. The people in age＜3 and male groups were more susceptible to long-term air pollution. These findings contribute to a deepening understanding of the relationship between meteorological factors and HFMD and provide evidence for relevant public health decision-making.

Association Between Hypoperfusion Intensity Ratio and Postthrombectomy Malignant Brain Edema for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Malignant brain edema (MBE) is a life-threatening complication that can occur after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke. The hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR) reflects the tissue-level perfusion status within the ischemic territory. This study investigated the association between HIR and MBE occurrence after MT in patients with anterior circulation large artery occlusion. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who received MT at a comprehensive stroke center from February 2020 to June 2022. Using computed tomography perfusion, the HIR was derived from the ratio of tissue volume with a time to maximum (Tmax) > 10 s to that with a Tmax > 6 s. We dichotomized patients based on the occurrence of MBE following MT. The primary outcome, assessed using a multivariable logistic regression model, was the MBE occurrence post MT. The secondary outcome focused on favorable outcomes, defined as achieving a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2 at 90 days. RESULTS: Of the 603 included patients, 90 (14.9%) developed MBE after MT. The median HIR exhibited a significantly higher value in the MBE group compared with the non-MBE group (0.5 vs. 0.3; P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that a higher HIR (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.85-28.25; P < 0.001), baseline large infarction (Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score < 6; aOR 1.77; 95% CI 1.04-3.01; P = 0.035), internal carotid artery occlusion (aOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.07-3.01; P = 0.028), and unsuccessful recanalization (aOR 8.45; 95% CI 4.75-15.03; P < 0.001) were independently associated with MBE post MT. Among those with successful recanalization, a higher HIR (P = 0.017) and baseline large infarction (P = 0.032) remained as predictors of MBE occurrence. Furthermore, a higher HIR (P = 0.001) and the occurrence of MBE (P < 0.001) both correlated with reduced odds of achieving favorable outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a higher HIR on pretreatment perfusion imaging serves as a robust predictor for MBE occurrence after MT, irrespective of successful recanalization.

Compact high-resolution spectrometer based on super-prism and local-super-collimation effects of photonic crystal.

We propose a design of the compact high-resolution photonic crystal (PhC) spectrometer with a wide working bandwidth based on both super-prism and local-super-collimation (LSC) effects. The optimizing methods, finding the ideal incident angle and oblique angle of PhC for a wider working bandwidth and ideal incident beam width and PhC size for a certain resolution requirement, are developed. Besides the theoretical work, for the first time, the experiment of such a PhC spectrometer is conducted in the microwave frequency range, and the beam-splitting effects for different frequencies in a wide working bandwidth agree very well with the theoretical predictions. According to the scalability, with the condition to control the deviations in the fabrication processes the design could be extended to optical frequency ranges, e.g., infrared, visible-light, and ultraviolet ranges. The spectrometer in optical frequencies can be implemented on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) chips as a thin-slab structure so that the operating bandwidth can be expanded further through the multi-layer design. Theoretically, the size of the ultra-high-resolution PhC spectrometer in optical frequency ranges based on our design could be two orders smaller than the traditional design.

HABP4 overexpression promotes apoptosis in goat turbinate bone cells.

Hyaluronic acid-binding protein (HABP4) plays important roles in regulating cell cycle and apoptosis. However, its functions in regulating cell apoptosis remain unclear. To reveal the effects of HABP4 on cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, the HABP4 sequence was cloned, and we investigated the gain and loss functions of HABP4 in goat turbinate bone cells. Our results showed that a 1,496-bp HABP4 sequence was cloned successfully. The interference effect of siRNA1 on HABP4 was the strongest, reducing its mRNA expression level by 83%, decreasing the cells in the G0/G1 and S phases of the cell cycle and inhibiting cell growth and apoptosis. The overexpression of HABP4 produced contrasting results. Furthermore, an HABP4 knockdown caused the up-regulated expression of genes associated with apoptosis, including Bcl-2 and BCL2L11, but the down-regulation of Caspase3, Caspase7, Bax, PARP1, SOCS2 and P53 mRNA levels. Additionally, HABP4 overexpression significantly up-regulated the expression levels of Bax, Caspase3, Caspase7, BCL2L11, P53, SOCS2 and PARP1. However, the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated. These data provide an important foundation for further in-depth studies of HABP4 functions.

Coxsackievirus B4: an underestimated pathogen associated with a hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak.

In order to discover the causes of a coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreak and to study the evolutionary characteristics of the virus, we sequenced isolates obtained during an outbreak for comparative analysis with previously sequenced strains. Phylogenetic and evolutionary dynamics analysis was performed to examine the genetic characteristics of CV-B4 in China and worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CV-B4 originated from a common ancestor in Shandong. CV-B4 strains isolated worldwide could be classified into genotypes A-E based on the sequence of the VP1 region. All CV-B4 strains in China belonged to genotype E. The global population diversity of CV-B4 fluctuated substantially over time, and CV-B4 isolated in China accounted for a significant increase in the diversity of CV-B4. The average nucleotide substitution rate in VP1 of Chinese CV-B4 (5.20 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year) was slightly higher than that of global CV-B4 (4.82 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year). This study is the first to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of CV-B4 and its association with an HFMD outbreak. These findings explain both the 2011 outbreak and the global increase in CV-B4 diversity. In addition to improving our understanding of a major outbreak, these findings provide a basis for the development of surveillance strategies.

Selenium-containing protein from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis antagonizes oxygen glucose deprivation-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting ROS-mediated oxidative damage through regulating MPTP opening.

CONTEXT: Selenium-containing protein from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis (Se-SP) (syn. Arthrospira platensis [Microcoleaceae]) showed novel antioxidant activity. However, the protective effect of Se-SP against oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neural apoptosis has not been reported yet. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether Se-SP can inhibit OGD-induced neural apoptosis and explore the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary hippocampal neurons were separated from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. 95% N2 + 5% CO2 were employed to establish OGD model. Neurons were treated with 5 and 10 µg/mL Se-SP under OGD condition for 6 h. Neurons without treatment were the control group. Neural viability and apoptosis were detected by MTT, immunofluorescence and western blotting methods. RESULTS: Se-SP significantly improved neuronal viability (from 57.2% to 94.5%) and inhibited apoptosis in OGD-treated primary neurons (from 45.6% to 6.3%), followed by improved neuronal morphology and caspases activation. Se-SP co-treatment also effectively suppressed OGD-induced DNA damage by inhibiting ROS accumulation in neurons (from 225.6% to 106.3%). Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction was also markedly improved by Se-SP co-treatment via balancing Bcl-2 family expression. Moreover, inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) by CsA (an MPTP inhibitor) dramatically attenuated OGD-induced ROS generation (from 100% to 56.2%), oxidative damage, mitochondrial membrane potential (MPP) loss (from 7.5% to 44.3%), and eventually reversed the neuronal toxicity and apoptosis (from 57.4% to 79.6%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Se-SP showed enhanced potential to inhibit OGD-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis by inhibiting ROS-mediated oxidative damage through regulating MPTP opening, indicating that selenium-containing protein showed broad application in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy against human ischaemic brain injury.

High Risk of Influenza Virus Infection Among Swine Workers: Examining a Dynamic Cohort in China.

BACKGROUND: China is thought to be a hotspot for zoonotic influenza virus emergence, yet there have been few prospective studies examining the occupational risks of such infections. METHODS: We present the first 2 years of data collected from a 5-year, prospective, cohort study of swine-exposed and -unexposed participants at 6 swine farms in China. We conducted serological and virological surveillance to examine evidence for swine influenza A virus infection in humans. RESULTS: Of the 658 participants (521 swine-exposed and 137 swine-unexposed), 207 (31.5%) seroconverted against at least 1 swine influenza virus subtype (swine H1N1 or H3N2). Swine-exposed participants' microneutralization titers, especially those enrolled at confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), were higher against the swine H1N1 virus than were other participants at 12 and 24 months. Despite elevated titers, among the 187 study subjects for whom we had complete follow-up, participants working at swine CAFOs had significantly greater odds of seroconverting against both the swine H1N1 (odds ratio [OR] 19.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.55-358.65) and swine H3N2 (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.16-8.01) viruses, compared to unexposed and non-CAFO swine workers with less intense swine exposure. CONCLUSIONS: While some of the observed increased risk against swine viruses may have been explained by exposure to human influenza strains, study data suggest that even with elevated preexisting antibodies, swine-exposed workers were at high risk of infection with enzootic swine influenza A viruses.

IL-6/YAP1/ß-catenin signaling is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration.

Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a transcriptional coactivator and negative regulator of the Hippo pathway. It regulates diverse cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, contact inhibition, and tissue size. However, the role of YAP1 in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that YAP1 was activated by Interleukin 6 (IL-6) through tyrosine phosphorylation in nucleus pulposus cells (NP cells). Overexpression of YAP1 decreased Sox-9, Col-II, aggrecan expression, whereas increased matrix metalloproteinases 13 level. In contrast, knockdown of YAP1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) showed opposite effects and rescued IL-6 induced NP cells degeneration. In addition, western blot showed that IL-6 treatment increased YAP1 and ß-catenin protein level; co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence analysis showed that IL-6 enhanced YAP1 and ß-catenin interaction and nuclear accumulation. Knockdown of ß-catenin by siRNA blocked IL-6 treatment or YAP1 overexpression induced degeneration. Moreover, we found that verteporfin, a specific inhibitor of YAP1, effectively alleviated IDD development in rat disks. Taken together, our findings indicated that YAP1 plays an important role in IDD, and ß-catenin is essential for IL-6/YAP1 signaling.

Two Coxsackievirus B3 outbreaks associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in China and the evolutionary history worldwide.

BACKGROUND: Coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3) is usually associated with aseptic meningitis and myocarditis; however, the association between CV-B3 and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has not been clearly demonstrated, and the phylogenetic dynamics and transmission history of CV-B3 have not been well summarized. METHOD: Two HFMD outbreaks caused by CV-B3 were described in Hebei Province in 2012 and in Shandong Province in 2016 in China. To analyze the epidemiological features of two CV-B3 outbreaks, a retrospective analysis was conducted. All clinical specimens from CV-B3 outbreaks were collected and disposed according to the standard procedures supported by the WHO Global Poliovirus Specialized Laboratory. EV genotyping and phylogenetic analysis were performed to illustrate the genetic characteristics of CV-B3 in China and worldwide. RESULTS: Two transmissible lineages (lineage 2 and 3) were observed in Northern China, which acted as an important "reservoir" for the transmission of CV-B3. Sporadic exporting and importing of cases were observed in almost all regions. In addition, the global sequences of CV-B3 showed a tendency of geographic-specific clustering, indicating that geographic-driven adaptation plays a major role in the diversification and evolution of CV-B3. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our study indicated that CV-B3 is a causative agent of HFMD outbreak and revealed the phylogenetic dynamics of CV-B3 worldwide, as well as provided an insight on CV-B3 outbreaks for effective intervention and countermeasures.

Evidence for Cross-species Influenza A Virus Transmission Within Swine Farms, China: A One Health, Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Our understanding of influenza A virus transmission between humans and pigs is limited. Methods: Beginning in 2015, we used a One Health approach and serial sampling to prospectively study 299 swine workers and 100 controls, their 9000 pigs, and 6 pig farm environments in China for influenza A viruses (IAVs) using molecular, culture, and immunological techniques. Study participants were closely monitored for influenza-like illness (ILI) events. Results: Upon enrollment, swine workers had higher serum neutralizing antibody titers against swine H1N1 and higher nasal wash total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and specific IgA titers against swine H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Over a period of 12 months, IAVs were detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in 46 of 396 (11.6%) environmental swabs, 235 of 3300 (7.1%) pig oral secretion, 23 of 396 (5.8%) water, 20 of 396 (5.1%) aerosol, and 19 of 396 (4.8%) fecal-slurry specimens. Five of 32 (15.6%) participants with ILI events had nasopharyngeal swab specimens that were positive for IAV, and 17 (53.1%) demonstrated 4-fold rises in neutralization titers against a swine virus. Reassorted Eurasian avian-lineage H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09-like, and swine-lineage H3N2 viruses were identified in pig farms. The A(H1N1)pdm09-like H1N1 viruses identified in swine were nearly genetically identical to the human H1N1 viruses isolated from the participants with ILI. Conclusions: There was considerable evidence of A(H1N1)pdm09-like, swine-lineage H1N1, and swine-lineage H3N2 viruses circulating, likely reassorting, and likely crossing species within the pig farms. These data suggest that stronger surveillance for novel influenza virus emergence within swine farms is imperative.

Clusters of Human Infection and Human-to-Human Transmission of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, 2013-2017.

To detect changes in human-to-human transmission of influenza A(H7N9) virus, we analyzed characteristics of 40 clusters of case-patients during 5 epidemics in China in 2013-2017. Similarities in number and size of clusters and proportion of clusters with probable human-to-human transmission across all epidemics suggest no change in human-to-human transmission risk.

Estimation of the incidence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in high endemic areas in China: an inpatient-based retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a severe viral disease caused by SFTSV. It is important to estimate the rate of missed SFTS diagnosis and to further understand the actual incidence in high endemic areas in China. METHODS: This study was conducted in two high SFTS endemic provinces in 2015. Patients hospitalized in 2014 or within 1 year before investigation were selected after considering their clinical manifestations, specifically, fever, platelet, and white blood cell. During retrospective investigation, sera were collected to detect SFTSV antibodies to assess SFTSV infection. To further understand SFTSV infection, acute phase sera were detected; SFTSV infection rate among a healthy population was also investigated to determine the basic infection level. RESULTS: In total, 246 hospitalized cases were included, including 83 cases (33.7%) with fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, 38 cases (15.4%) with fever and thrombocytopenia but without leukopenia, and 125 cases (50.8%) without fever but with thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. In total, 13 patients (5.3%) were SFTSV IgM antibody-positive, 48 (19.5%) were IgG-positive. Of the 13 IgM-positive cases, 11 (84.6%) were IgG-positive (9 with titres ≥1:400). Seropositive rates of antibodies were high (8.4% for IgM and 30.1% for IgG) in patients with fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Furthermore, among IgG-positive cases in this group, 76% (19/25) of patients' IgG antibody titres were ≥1:400. Additionally, 28 of 246 cases were initially diagnosed with suspected SFTS and were then excluded, and 218 patients were never diagnosed with SFTS; the seropositive rates of IgM and IgG in these two groups were 25% and 67.9% and 2.8% and 13.3%, respectively. These rates were 64.3% and 21.4% in 14 sera collected during acute phase of the 28 cases mentioned above. Seropositive rate of SFTSV IgG was only 1.3% in the patient-matched healthy group, and no IgM antibody was detected. A preliminary estimate of 8.3% of SFTS cases were missed in SFTS high endemic provinces. CONCLUSIONS: The actual SFTS incidence was underestimated. Effective measures such as adding a new SFTS case category - "SFTS clinical diagnosis cases" or using serological detection methods during acute phase should be considered to avoid missed diagnoses.

Serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA as a novel marker for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Distinctive exosomal contents could be useful for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, little is known about whether serum exosomal heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (hnRNPH1) mRNA is a satisfactory biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Two hundred and ninety-one participants divided into four age- and gender-matched groups, including a HCC group (n=88), a liver cirrhosis (LC) group (n=67), a chronic hepatitis B (CHB) group (n=68) and a healthy control group (n=68), were enrolled. Serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA and GAPDH mRNA were measured using TaqMan real-time PCR, and the relative expression levels were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the effectiveness of hnRNPH1 mRNA alone and in combination with α-fetoprotein (AFP) in the diagnosis of HCC. The correlation between hnRNPH1 mRNA levels and clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival (OS) in HCC was determined. RESULTS: The serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA levels in HCC patients were remarkably higher than in the other groups (p<0.05). The hnRNPH1 mRNA discriminated HCC from CHB with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.865, with sensitivity of 85.2% and specificity of 76.5% at cut-off value of 0.670. The AUC for hnRNPH1 mRNA in combination with AFP was further improved. The exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA levels in HCC patients were associated with the Child-Pugh classification, portal vein tumor emboli, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and OS (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA could be an effective marker for HCC in high HBV prevalence areas.