Imaging gate-tunable Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids in 1H-MoSe2 mirror twin boundaries.

One-dimensional electron systems exhibit fundamentally different properties than higher-dimensional systems. For example, electron-electron interactions in one-dimensional electron systems have been predicted to induce Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid behaviour. Naturally occurring grain boundaries in single-layer transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit one-dimensional conducting channels that have been proposed to host Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids, but charge density wave physics has also been suggested to explain their behaviour. Clear identification of the electronic ground state of this system has been hampered by an inability to electrostatically gate such boundaries and tune their charge carrier concentration. Here we present a scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy study of gate-tunable mirror twin boundaries in single-layer 1H-MoSe2 devices. Gating enables scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy for different mirror twin boundary electron densities, thus allowing precise characterization of electron-electron interaction effects. Visualization of the resulting mirror twin boundary electronic structure allows unambiguous identification of collective density wave excitations having two velocities, in quantitative agreement with the spin-charge separation predicted by finite-length Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid theory.

Single-Crystal Superstructures via Hierarchical Assemblies of Giant Rubik's Cubes as Tertiary Building Units.

Intricate superstructures possess unusual structural features and promising applications. The preparation of superstructures with single-crystalline nature are conducive to understanding the structure-property relationship, however, remains an intriguing challenge. Herein we put forward a new hierarchical assembly strategy towards rational and precise construction of intricate single-crystal superstructures. Firstly, two unprecedented superclusters in Rubik's cube's form with a size of ≈2×2×2 nm3 are constructed by aggregation of eight {Pr4 Sb12 } oxohalide clusters as secondary building units (SBUs). Then, the Rubik's cubes further act as isolable tertiary building units (TBUs) to assemble diversified single-crystal superstructures. Importantly, intermediate assembly states are captured, which helps illustrate the evolution of TBU-based superstructures and thus provides a profound understanding of the assembly process of superstructures at the atomic level.

Synthesizing Crystalline Chalcogenidoarsenates in Thiol-Amine Solvent Mixtures.

Thiol-amine solvent mixtures have been widely applied in the solution processing of binary chalcogenide thin films due to their excellent ability to dissolve various bulk binary chalcogenides. However, application of this solvent system in preparing new crystalline chalcogenidometalates has not been explored. In this work, by using a thiol-amine solvent mixture of n-butylamine (BA) and 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) as the reaction medium and protonated piperazine (pip) cation as the template, we synthesized a series of new chalcogenidoarsenates with structures ranging from discrete clusters to two-dimensional layers, namely, [pipH2][pipH][AsS4] (1), [pipH2][pipH][As(Se0.4S0.6)4] (2), [pipH2]2[pipH]2[In2AsIII2AsV2S13.3(S2)0.7] (3), [pipH2]2[pipH]2[In2AsIII2AsV2S10.2Se3.1(Se2)0.7] (4), [pipH2]0.5[AsS(S2)] (5), [pipH2]0.5[AsS2] (6), [pipH]2[AgAsS4] (7), [pipH2]1.5[GaAsIIIAsVS7] (8), and Cs2[pipH]2[InAs6S12]Cl (9). Particularly, compounds 3, 4, and 8 contain mixed-valent AsIII and AsV ions in their discrete clusters and one-dimensional chain. In addition, compound 5 could thermodynamically transform to compound 6 with increasing reaction temperature, which may be attributed to the thermodynamically unstable S-S species in the chains of 5. The BA-EDT solvent mixture was crucial to the synthesis of these compounds, since no title crystals can be prepared by replacing the BA-EDT solvent mixture with other conventional solvents or removing one component of the BA-EDT solvent mixture from the reaction system. Our research demonstrates that thiol-amine solvent systems could be promising reaction media for growing novel crystalline chalcogenidometalates.

Generic Theory for Majorana Zero Modes in 2D Superconductors.

It is well known that non-Abelian Majorana zero modes (MZM) are located at vortex cores in a p_{x}+𝒾p_{y} topological superconductor, which can be realized in a 2D spin-orbit coupled system with a single Fermi surface and by proximity coupling to an s-wave superconductor. Here we show that the existence of non-Abelian MZMs is unrelated to the bulk topology of a 2D superconductor, and propose that such exotic modes can result in a much broader range of superconductors, being topological or trivial. For a generic 2D system with multiple Fermi surfaces that is gapped out by superconducting pairings, we show that at least a single MZM survives if there are only an odd number of Fermi surfaces of which the corresponding superconducting orders have vortices; such a MZM is protected by an emergent Chern-Simons invariant, irrespective of the bulk topology of the superconductor. This result enriches new experimental schemes for realizing non-Abelian MZMs. In particular, we propose a minimal scheme to realize the MZMs in a 2D superconducting Dirac semimetal with trivial bulk topology, which can be well achieved based on recent cold-atom experiments.

SP600125 blocks the proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins in apoptosis induced by gas signaling molecule (NO) via decreasing the activation of caspase-3 in rabbit chondrocytes.

NO plays a key role in the pathological mechanisms of articular diseases. As cytoskeletal proteins are responsible for the polymerization, stabilization, and dynamics of the cytoskeleton network, we investigated whether cytoskeletal proteins are the intracellular pathological targets of NO. We aimed at clarifying whether the cytoskeleton perturbations involved in apoptosis are induced in rabbit articular chondrocytes by NO, which can be liberated by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment. The first passage rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultured as monolayer for the experiments, and the effects of NO were tested in the presence of JNK-specific inhibitor, SP600125. SNP treatment of cultured chondrocytes caused significant apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner (time and dose), as evaluated by TUNEL assay and Annexin V flow cytometry, while the apoptosis was reduced by the SP600125 addition 30 min before SNP treatment. Besides, SP600125 decreased significantly the protein expression of total caspase-3 and the intracellular gene expression of caspase-3, measured by Western blot analysis and PCR. SP600125 also increased the cytoskeletal protein expressions. These results suggested that JNK pathway plays a critical role in the NO-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, and SP600125 treatment blocks the dissolution of the cytoskeletal proteins via activation of caspase-3 pathways.