Design, synthesis, and evaluation of anticonvulsant activities of benzoxazole derivatives containing the 1,2,4-triazolone moiety.

A novel series of benzoxazole derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazolone (5a-m) was designed. These compounds were synthesized in order to screen their anticonvulsant activities by the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (sc-PTZ) seizure model in mice. The rotarod test was used to evaluate their neurotoxicities. Most of the compounds showed anti-MES activities at 100 and 300 mg/kg. Compound 5f, which showed potential anticonvulsant activity in the MES model with ED50 values of 22.0 mg/kg, was considered as the most promising one in this study. It exhibited greater safety than that of carbamazepine and valproate regarding neurotoxicity. The efficacy of compound 5f in inhibiting the tonic seizures and death induced by the convulsants 3-mercaptopropionic acid and BIC was also verified. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, compound 5f and the positive drug phenytoin significantly increased the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level in the mouse brain. Further, pretreatment with an inhibitor of the GABA synthesizing enzyme dramatically raised the ED50 value of 5f in the MES model. These results confirmed that the compound 5f plays its anticonvulsive action via regulating the GABA function in the brain. Also, a docking study of the compound 5f in the benzodiazepine (BZD) binding site of the GABAA receptor confirmed possible binding of the compound 5f with BZD receptors.

Impact of Social Media on Current Medical Conferences.

BACKGROUND: Medical conferences are forums for research, continuing medical education, and networking. Social media is increasingly used for communication and networking due to its low cost and ability to overcome large distances. This study investigates the impact that social media brings to the current conference system. METHODS: There are three parts of this study: (1) comparing two similar brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) courses without (2009) and with (2017) social media support, and the participants' feedback; (2) sharing our experiences in the management of the 2018 International Course on SuperMicrosurgery (ICSM) conference; and (3) evaluating the studies from the social media platform International Microsurgery Club (IMC), for the consensus pertaining to social media and conference system. RESULTS: With the help of social media, international attendance increased during the 2017 BPI conference compared with the 2009 BPI course (25 nationalities in 2009 vs. 35 in 2017). At least 23% obtained their meeting information through social media. Live surgery was the overall main attraction (79%). The 2018 ICSM meeting revealed that video posts increased attendance; videos that were the most effective in attracting (viewership) were either short or pertained to surgical procedures. Facebook, Messenger, and WeChat smartphone applications were effective for immediate communication and troubleshooting among the participants. From the IMC polls, 78% believe that the social media and the conference complemented each other. 97% attended the conference to update their skills and knowledge. CONCLUSION: Social media is a quick and economic tool in promoting medical conferences and instant messenger systems offer immediate communication amongst associates. Despite the popularity of social media, the conference still has its irreplaceable role. The combination of the conference and the social media enhances the training and education of microsurgeons.

Redefining the Vascular Classifications of the Lateral Supramalleolar Flap.

BACKGROUND: The blood supply of the lateral supramalleolar flap (LSMF) generally comes from the perforating branch of the peroneal artery. However, the cutaneous branch may also receive blood from the anterior tibial artery. The main objective of the present study was to clarify the vascular anatomy of the LSMF. METHODS: Anatomical dissections were performed on 28 perfused fresh cadaver legs. The cutaneous branches of LSMF were identified, and the anatomic relationship between the cutaneous branches and the peroneal and anterior tibial arteries was analyzed. RESULTS: The vascular supply for LSMF was divided into 2 main types. A collateral inferolateral branch from the anterior tibial artery anastomosed with the perforating branch of the peroneal artery around the inferior tibiofibular angle, and the main cutaneous branch of the flap arose from this arterial anastomosis in 20 of 28 limbs (71.4%). The collateral inferolateral branch was absent or very small in the other 8 of 28 dissections (28.6%), and the cutaneous branches solely arose from the perforating branch of the peroneal artery. The anastomosis of the descending branch of the peroneal artery and anterior lateral malleolar artery was always (100%) found around the tibiotalar joint. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the perforating branch of the peroneal artery, the LSMF may also receive blood from the anterior tibial artery through the collateral inferolateral branch. New modified proximally based flaps could be designed, and caution is warranted for these variations when a distally based flap is performed.

Pedicle complex tissue flap transfer for reconstruction of duplicated thumbs with unequal size.

BACKGROUND: Thumb polydactyly is one of the most common congenital hand deformities, and the Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure or a modified one is often used. However, controversy remains over the rare instances in which both thumbs are not of similar length or far apart in distance. AIM: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of pedicle complex tissue flap transfer in the treatment of duplicated thumbs with unequal size. METHODS: From January 2014 to December 2020, 15 patients underwent duplicated thumb reconstruction by pedicle complex tissue flap transfer at our hand surgery center. The technique was used when it was necessary to combine different tissues from both severed and preserved thumbs that were not of similar length or far apart in distance. Subjective parents' evaluations and functional outcomes (ALURRA and TATA criteria) were obtained. The alignment deviation, instability, range of motion (percent of opposite thumb) of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, and the aesthetic aspects, including circumference, length, nail size, and nail deformity, were used to assess the clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The average age of patients at the time of surgery was 13 mo, and the mean final follow-up occurred at 42 mo. An appropriate volume with a stable joint and good appearance was obtained in 14 reconstructed thumbs. An unstable interphalangeal joint occurred in one thumb. The flexion-extension arc at the metacarpophalangeal joint was good, while that at the interphalangeal joint was poor. Most of the parents were satisfied with the cosmetic and functional results of the reconstructed thumbs. The mean ALURRA score was 21.8 (range: 20-24), and the Tada score was 6.9 (range: 5-8). Compared with the non-operated side, the length of the operated thumb was approximately 95%, the girth was 89%, and the nail width was 82.9%. The mean ranges of motion were 62.1% of that of the unaffected thumb in the interphalangeal joint and 78.3% in the metacarpophalangeal joint. CONCLUSION: Harvesting a pedicle flap from a severed thumb is a safe and reliable procedure. Defects of the preserved thumb, such as the skin, nail, and bone, can be effectively restored using the complex tissue flap.

A Global View of Digital Replantation and Revascularization.

Survival rates of digital replantation vary in different regions and countries, and Asian surgeons see more challenging cases and have developed some unique methods. Replantation of multiple digits in one or both hands can follow a structure-by-structure method or a digit-by-digit method. For replanting all 10 digits, 3 or 4 teams should be organized. Flow-through flaps, often venous flaps, can be taken from the distal forearm or lower extremity to repair defects of soft tissues and arteries. A pedicled digital artery flap from the adjacent digit can also repair tissue defects and supply blood to the replanted digit.

Microsurgical Tissue Transfer in Complex Upper Extremity Trauma.

Microsurgical tissue transfer may provide reconstructive option for extensive loss of tissues due to upper extremity trauma or tumor resection. This article reviews the authors' experience in using microsurgical tissue transfers for reconstruction of upper extremity trauma.

Vascularized flap transfer to fingers with volar digital veins as recipient vessels.

Traditionally free vascularized flap transfers to the fingers connect to the proper digital artery and dorsal veins. We report our experience using the volar digital veins as recipient veins for free vascularized flap transfers in 14 fingers of 12 patients. One or two veins (three flaps with two veins, 11 flaps with one vein) of the flap were anastomosed to volar digital veins in the recipient site. The arteries of these flaps were connected to the proper digital arteries. All the transferred flaps survived. No vessel crisis occurred. Our patients demonstrated that volar veins can be the recipient veins for free flap transfers in the fingers without increased risk of venous crisis and flap loss. Level of evidence: IV.

Tips for Making a Successful Online Microsurgery Educational Platform: The Experience of International Microsurgery Club.

The presence of online learning resources has grown tremendously in recent years. They provide powerful and yet easily accessible means of learning and sharing knowledge. Online learning resources now encompass all aspects of medicine, and microsurgery is no exception. International Microsurgery Club is a closed, invitation-only group based on the Facebook social media platform. It was initiated on May 6, 2016, with the primary objectives of providing a convenient forum for discussing challenging cases, sharing valuable resources, and providing opportunities for research collaboration. The membership of International Microsurgery Club has grown to over 8700 at 2 years' existence, and continues to expand. International Microsurgery Club has become one of the largest online platforms for global microsurgeons. Here, the authors share their experience on how to establish a successful online platform for medical education.

A Global View of Digital Replantation and Revascularization.

Survival rates of digital replantation vary in different regions and countries, and Asian surgeons see more challenging cases and have developed some unique methods. Replantation of multiple digits in one or both hands can follow a structure-by-structure method or a digit-by-digit method. For replanting all 10 digits, 3 or 4 teams should be organized. Flow-through flaps, often venous flaps, can be taken from the distal forearm or lower extremity to repair defects of soft tissues and arteries. A pedicled digital artery flap from the adjacent digit can also repair tissue defects and supply blood to the replanted digit.

Evaluation of sensory function and recovery after replantation of fingertips at Zone I in children.

Sensory function is the most significant criterion when evaluating the prognosis of replanted fingers. Current clinical research has focused on surgical techniques and indications for finger replantation; however, few studies have focused on recovery of finger sensory function after replantation. This study retrospectively assessed data of eight patients who had undergone nine Zone I replantations of the fingertips in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University of China from July 2014 to January 2016. Variations in the extent of damage, with the residual vessels or nerves in some fingers being too short or even missing, prevented tension-free suture repair in some patients. Thus, repair of four of the nine fingertips included arteriovenous anastomosis, the remaining five undergoing arterial anastomosis during replantation of the amputated fingers. Three patients underwent nerve repair, whereas the remaining six cases did not. Fingertip replantations were successful in all eight patients. Compared with the patients without vascular anastomosis, no obvious atrophy was visible in the fingertips of patients who did undergo vascular anastomosis during replantation and their sensory function did recover. Fingertip replantation provides good sensory function and cosmetic outcomes when good artery and vein anastomoses have been created, even when digital nerves have not been repaired.

Exploring New Frontiers of Microsurgery: From Anatomy to Clinical Methods.

This article presents the authors' understanding and experience concerning anatomic studies and clinical methods in microsurgical hand reconstruction. The 4 parts of this article include anatomic study of the hand for developing new flaps; application of miniflaps from the hand, including clinical experience with 8 unique flaps in the hand; anatomic and clinical considerations concerning several flaps from other parts of the human body; And our experience with vascularized free toe joint transfer.

Cosmetic reconstruction of the digits in the hand by composite tissue grafting.

This article presents the authors' methods of digital reconstruction using composite tissue transfer. The authors present their approach to achieve restoration of full cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed thumbs or fingers while preserving the function and cosmetic appearance of the donor foot. The reconstructive procedures for each degree of digit defect are discussed in detail, and pitfalls and technical tips are given. This article summarizes the authors' experience in reconstruction of 646 digits since 1998 and the challenges that they faced in the complex microsurgical reconstruction necessary to pursue the goal of restoring the cosmetic appearance of reconstructed digits and donor feet.

[Repair of skin defects at fingers by digital dorsal flaps based on vascular network].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of digital dorsal flap based on vascular network for skin defects at fingers. METHODS: From August 2005 to August 2010, 49 cases with 61 skin defects at fingers were treated with the digital dorsal flaps, including 19 at the index fingers, 19 at the middle fingers, 16 at the ring fingers and 3 at the little fingers. The defects were 42 at the distal end, 12 at the middle segment and 7 at the proximal segment. The flaps size ranged from 27 mm x 20 mm to 10 mm x 8 mm. RESULTS: 61 flaps in 49 cases survived completely. 52 fingers were followed up for 6-22 months. The aesthetic and functional results were both satisfactory. The flaps sensation was graded as S3, with a discrimination distance of 6-9 mm (median, 7.6 mm). No complication happened in donor sites. CONCLUSIONS: The digital dorsal flap based on vascular network has reliable blood supply with less morbidity to the main artery. It is safe and easily performed with good effect for skin defect at finger.

[Clinical application of reverse radial hypothenar flap for finger soft tissue defect].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of reverse radial hypothenar flap for finger soft tissue defect. METHODS: From Mar. 2006 to Mar. 2010, 13 cases (14 fingers) with finger soft tissue defects were treated with reverse radial hypothenar flaps pedicled with ulnar palmar digital artery of little finger. The defects were 1.9 cm x 1.5 cm -4.0 cm x 2.0 cm in size. The flap size ranged from 1.5 cm x 2.0 cm to 4.0 cm x 2.0 cm. RESULTS: All the flaps survived completely with primary healing both in donor and recipient area. 12 cases (13 fingers) were followed up for 1-3 years. The flaps color was similar to the unaffected fingers. Cicatricial contracture happened in one case due to contracture of palmar fascia. The two-point discrimination distance on flap was 3.2-5.3mm. The active and passive movement of finger joints was evaluated as excellent in 12 fingers, good in one finger. There was no complaint about the feeling at the donor site. Two months after operation, all patients could go back to work. CONCLUSIONS: The reverse radial hypothenar flap is very suitable for finger soft tissue defect with less morbidity to donor site.

[Replantation of amputated ear with microtechnique].

OBJECTIVE: To report replantation of amputated ear with microtechnique in 5 cases. METHODS: From 2002 to 2005, 5 totally amputated ears were replanted and 4 obediently, 1 retrogressively. In every case, 1-2 arteries and 1-3 veins were anastomosed. Seven vessels were detective and 1-6 cm vessels were transplanted from forearm or dorsal side of hand. Amputated ears obtained blood supply again in about 6-10 hours after injury and exploration was enforced for venous crisis in 2 cases, and bloodletting in 1 case. RESULTS: All 5 cases survived. Auricles possess perfect shape, no pigmentation, slight atrophy and perfect sensation. CONCLUSIONS: Amputated ear should be replanted as long as no obvious contusion occurred, and the keys to prevent vascular crisis are cutting off unhealthy vessels, grafting superficial veins for bridging, and the high quality of vascular anastomosis.