Genomic architecture of autism from comprehensive whole-genome sequence annotation.

Fully understanding autism spectrum disorder (ASD) genetics requires whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We present the latest release of the Autism Speaks MSSNG resource, which includes WGS data from 5,100 individuals with ASD and 6,212 non-ASD parents and siblings (total n = 11,312). Examining a wide variety of genetic variants in MSSNG and the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC; n = 9,205), we identified ASD-associated rare variants in 718/5,100 individuals with ASD from MSSNG (14.1%) and 350/2,419 from SSC (14.5%). Considering genomic architecture, 52% were nuclear sequence-level variants, 46% were nuclear structural variants (including copy-number variants, inversions, large insertions, uniparental isodisomies, and tandem repeat expansions), and 2% were mitochondrial variants. Our study provides a guidebook for exploring genotype-phenotype correlations in families who carry ASD-associated rare variants and serves as an entry point to the expanded studies required to dissect the etiology in the ∼85% of the ASD population that remain idiopathic.

In Situ Modulation of Oxygen Vacancies on 2D Metal Hydroxide Organic Frameworks for High-Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

The discovery of non-precious catalysts for replacing the precious metal of ruthenium in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) represents a key step in reducing the cost of green hydrogen production. The 2D d-MHOFs, a new 2D materials with controllable oxygen vacancies formed by controlling the degree of coordination bridging between metal hydroxyl oxide and BDC ligands are synthesized at room temperature, exhibit excellent OER properties with low overpotentials of 207  mV at 10 mA cm-2. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the introduction of oxygen vacancy sites leads to a lattice distortion and charge redistribution in the catalysts, enhancing the OER activity of 2D d-MHOFs comprehensively. Synchrotron radiation and in situ Raman/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicate that part of oxygen defect sites on the surface of 2D d-MHOFs are prone to transition to highly active metal hydroxyl oxides during the OER process. This work provides a mild strategy for scalable preparation of 2D d-MHOFs nanosheets with controllable oxygen defects, reveals the relationship between oxygen vacancies and OER performance, and offers a profound insight into the basic process of structural transformation in the OER process.

Study on the Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene Using CeO2@S-AZMB Prepared from Spent Zn-Mn Batteries.

The recycling and utilization of waste alkaline zinc manganese batteries (S-AZMB) has always been a focus of attention in the fields of environment and energy. However, current research mostly focuses on the recycling of purified materials, while neglecting the direct reuse of waste batteries. Here, we propose a new concept of preparing thermal catalysts by combining unpurified S-AZMB with CeO2 by means of ball milling. A series of characterizations and experiments have confirmed that the combination with S-AZMB not only enhances the thermal catalytic activity of CeO2 but also significantly enhances the concentration of surface oxygen vacancies. In the toluene removal experiment, the temperature (T90) at 90% toluene conversions of CeO2@S-AZMB was 180 °C, lower than the 220 °C for CeO2. More noteworthy is that this S-AZMB-based thermal catalyst can maintain a good structure and thermal catalytic stability in cyclic catalysis.

Investigation of Combustion and NO/SO2 Emission Characteristics during the Co-Combustion Process of Torrefied Biomass and Lignite.

This paper investigates the combustion characteristics and pollutant emission patterns of the mixed combustion of lignite (L) and torrefied pine wood (TPW) under different blending ratios. Isothermal combustion experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reaction system at 800 °C, and pollutant emission concentrations were measured using a flue gas analyzer. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET (nitrogen adsorption) experiments, it was found that torrefied pine wood (TPW) has a larger specific surface area and a more developed pore structure, which can facilitate more complete combustion of the sample. The results of the non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis show that with the TPW blending ratio increase, the entire combustion process advances, and the ignition temperature, maximum peak temperature, and burnout temperature all show a decreasing trend. The kinetic equations of the combustion reaction process of mixed gas were calculated by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) kinetic equations. The results show that the blending of TPW reduces the activation energy of the combustion reaction of the mixed fuel. When the TPW blending ratio is 80%, the activation energy values of the mixed fuel are the lowest at 111.32 kJ/mol and 104.87 kJ/mol. The abundant alkali metal ions and porous structure in TPW reduce the conversion rates of N and S elements in the fuel to NO and SO2, thus reducing the pollutant emissions from the mixed fuel.

Release Pattern of Light Aromatic Hydrocarbons during the Biomass Roasting Process.

Roasting is an important step in the pretreatment of biomass upgrading. Roasting can improve the fuel quality of biomass, reduce the O/C and H/C ratios in the biomass, and provide the biomass with a fuel quality comparable to that of lignite. Therefore, studying the structure and component evolution laws during biomass roasting treatment is important for the rational and efficient utilization of biomass. When the roasting temperature is 200-300 °C, the cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass undergo a depolymerization reaction, releasing many monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with high reactivity. The proportion of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biomass roasting products can be effectively regulated by controlling the reaction temperature, residence time, catalyst, baking atmosphere, and other factors in the biomass roasting process. This paper focuses on the dissociation law of organic components in the pretreatment process of biomass roasting.

Migration and transformation of Pb, Cu, and Zn during co-combustion of high-chlorine-alkaline coal and Si/Al dominated coal.

Shaerhu (SEH) coal is abundant in Xinjiang, China. The utilization of SEH suffers from severe ash deposition, slagging, and fouling problems due to its high-chlorine-alkaline characteristics. The co-combustion of high-alkaline coal and other type coals containing high Si/Al oxides has been proven to be a simple and effective method that will alleviate ash-related problems, but the risk of heavy metals (HMs) contamination in this process is nonnegligible. Hence, the volatilization rates and chemical speciation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in co-combusting SEH and a high Si/Al oxides coal, i.e., Yuanbaoshan (YBS) coal were investigated in this study. The results showed that the addition of SEH increased the volatilization rates of Pb, Cu, and Zn during the co-combustion at 800°C from 23.70%, 23.97%, and 34.98% to 82.31%, 30.01%, and 44.03%, respectively, and promoted the extractable state of Cu and Zn. In addition, the interaction between SEH and YBS inhibited the formation of the Pb residue state. SEM-EDS mapping results showed that compared to Zn and Cu, the signal intensity of Pb was extremely weak in regions where some of the Si and Al signal distributions overlap. The DFT results indicated that the O atoms of the metakaolin (Al2O3⋅2SiO2) (001) surface were better bound to the Zn and Cu than Pb atoms after adsorption of the chlorinated HMs. These results contribute to a better understanding of the effects of high-alkaline coal blending combustion on Pb, Cu, and Zn migration and transformation.

nhKcr: a new bioinformatics tool for predicting crotonylation sites on human nonhistone proteins based on deep learning.

Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly discovered type of protein post-translational modification and has been reported to be involved in various pathophysiological processes. High-resolution mass spectrometry is the primary approach for identification of Kcr sites. However, experimental approaches for identifying Kcr sites are often time-consuming and expensive when compared with computational approaches. To date, several predictors for Kcr site prediction have been developed, most of which are capable of predicting crotonylation sites on either histones alone or mixed histone and nonhistone proteins together. These methods exhibit high diversity in their algorithms, encoding schemes, feature selection techniques and performance assessment strategies. However, none of them were designed for predicting Kcr sites on nonhistone proteins. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an effective predictor for identifying Kcr sites from the large amount of nonhistone sequence data. For this purpose, we first provide a comprehensive review on six methods for predicting crotonylation sites. Second, we develop a novel deep learning-based computational framework termed as CNNrgb for Kcr site prediction on nonhistone proteins by integrating different types of features. We benchmark its performance against multiple commonly used machine learning classifiers (including random forest, logitboost, naïve Bayes and logistic regression) by performing both 10-fold cross-validation and independent test. The results show that the proposed CNNrgb framework achieves the best performance with high computational efficiency on large datasets. Moreover, to facilitate users' efforts to investigate Kcr sites on human nonhistone proteins, we implement an online server called nhKcr and compare it with other existing tools to illustrate the utility and robustness of our method. The nhKcr web server and all the datasets utilized in this study are freely accessible at http://nhKcr.erc.monash.edu/.

Stable Loading of TiO2 Catalysts on the Surface of Metal Substrate for Enhanced Photocatalytic Toluene Oxidation.

To promote the practical application of TiO2 in photocatalytic toluene oxidation, the honeycomb aluminum plates were selected as the metal substrate for the loading of TiO2 powder. Surface-etching treatment was performed and titanium tetrachloride was selected as the binder to strengthen the loading stability. The loading stability and photocatalytic activity of the monolithic catalyst were further investigated, and the optimal surface treatment scheme (acid etching with 15.0 wt.% HNO3 solution for 15 min impregnation) was proposed. Therein, the optimal monolithic catalyst could achieve the loading efficiency of 42.4% and toluene degradation efficiencies of 76.2%. The mechanism for the stable loading of TiO2 was revealed by experiment and DFT calculation. The high surface roughness of metal substrate and the strong chemisorption between TiO2 and TiCl4 accounted for the high loading efficiency and photocatalytic activity. This work provides the pioneering exploration for the practical application of TiO2 catalysts loaded on the surface of metal substrate for VOCs removal, which is of significance for the large-scaled application of photocatalytic technology.

Experimental and DFT Research on the Effects of O2/CO2 and O2/H2O Pretreatments on the Combustion Characteristics of Char.

The use of a coal-based energy structure generates a large amount of CO2 and NOx. The numerous emissions from these agents result in acid rain, photochemical smog, and haze. This environmental problem is considered one of the greatest challenges facing humankind in this century. Preheating combustion technology is considered an essential method for lowering the emissions of CO2 and NO. In this research, the char prepared from O2/CO2 and O2/H2O atmospheres was employed to reveal the effects of the addition of an oxidizing agent on the combustion characteristics of char. The structural features and combustion characteristics of preheated chars were determined by Raman, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and non-isothermal, thermo-gravimetric (TGA) experiments. According to the experimental results, the addition of oxidizing agents promoted the generation of smaller aromatic ring structures and oxygen-containing functional groups. The improvement in the surface physicochemical properties enhanced the reactivity of char and lowered its combustion activation energy. Furthermore, the combustion mechanisms of the char prepared from the O2/CO2 and O2/H2O atmospheres were investigated using the density functional theory (DFT). The simulation results illustrated that the combustion essence of char could be attributed to the migration of active atoms, the fracture of the benzene ring structure, and the reorganization of new systems. The addition of oxidizing agents weakened the conjugated components of the aromatic ring systems, promoting the successive decomposition of CO and NO. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for regulating the reaction atmosphere in the preheating process and promoting the development of clean combustion for high-rank coals.

Effects of Torrefaction Pretreatment on the Structural Features and Combustion Characteristics of Biomass-Based Fuel.

Wheat straw, a typical agricultural solid waste, was employed to clarify the effects of torrefaction on the structural features and combustion reactivity of biomass. Two typical torrefaction temperatures (543 K and 573 K), four atmospheres (argon, 6 vol.% O2, dry flue gas and raw flue gas) were selected. The elemental distribution, compositional variation, surface physicochemical structure and combustion reactivity of each sample were identified using elemental analysis, XPS, N2 adsorption, TGA and FOW methods. Oxidative torrefaction tended to optimize the fuel quality of biomass effectively, and the enhancement of torrefaction severity improved the fuel quality of wheat straw. The O2, CO2 and H2O in flue gas could synergistically enhance the desorption of hydrophilic structures during oxidative torrefaction process, especially at high temperatures. Meanwhile, the variations in microstructure of wheat straw promoted the conversion of N-A into edge nitrogen structures (N-5 and N-6), especially N-5, which is a precursor of HCN. Additionally, mild surface oxidation tended to promote the generation of some new oxygen-containing functionalities with high reactivity on the surface of wheat straw particles after undergoing oxidative torrefaction pretreatment. Due to the removal of hemicellulose and cellulose from wheat straw particles and the generation of new functional groups on the particle surfaces, the ignition temperature of each torrefied sample expressed an increasing tendency, while the Ea clearly decreased. According to the results obtained from this research, it could be concluded that torrefaction conducted in a raw flue gas atmosphere at 573 K would improve the fuel quality and reactivity of wheat straw most significantly.

High Molecular Weight Poly(glutamic acid) to Improve BMP2-Induced Osteogenic Differentiation.

FDA-approved bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) has serious side effects due to the super high dose requirement. Heparin is one of the most well-studied sulfated polymers to stabilize BMP2 and improve its functionality. However, the clinical use of heparin is questionable because of its undesired anticoagulant activity. Recent studies suggest that poly(glutamic acid) (pGlu) has the potential to improve BMP2 bioactivity with less safety concerns; however, the knowledge on pGlu's contribution remains largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of pGlu in BMP2-induced osteogenesis and its potential application in bone tissue engineering. Our data, for the first time, indicated that both low (L-pGlu) and high molecular weight pGlu (H-pGlu) were able to significantly improve the BMP2-induced early osteoblastic differentiation marker (ALP) in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Importantly, the matrix mineralization was more rapidly enhanced by H-pGlu compared to L-pGlu. Additionally, our data indicated that only α-H-pGlu could significantly improve BMP2's activity, whereas γ-H-pGlu failed to do so. Moreover, both gene expression and mineralization data demonstrated that α-H-pGlu enabled a single dose of BMP2 to induce a high level of osteoblastic differentiation without multiple doses of BMP2. To study the potential application of pGlu in tissue engineering, we incorporated the H-pGlu+BMP2 nanocomplexes into the collagen hydrogel with significantly elevated osteoblastic differentiation. Furthermore, H-pGlu-coated 3D porous gelatin and chitosan scaffolds significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation through enabling sustained release of BMP2. Thus, our findings suggest that H-pGlu is a promising new alternative with great potential for bone tissue engineering applications.

Theoretical Study of NO Adsorption by Hydroxyl-Containing Char with the Participation of Na/K.

The study of the effects of Na and K on the heterogeneous adsorption of hydroxyl-containing char with NO is important for the clean utilization of high alkali coal. In this paper, the effects of Na/K atoms on the adsorption of NO on the char surface were investigated at the GGA-PBE level by choosing zigzag type, armchair type, and saturated hydroxyl-containing char structures based on DFT. It was found that the adsorption stability of NO on structures with active sites was greater for sites close to the hydroxyl group than that for sites far from the hydroxyl group. The stability of char doped by Na/K is related to the char structure and the position of functional groups. The most stable Na/K doped structures are Z-OH-2 (Eads= -350.50 kJ/mol) and A-OH-1-2 (Eads= -339.17 kJ/mol), respectively. The participation of Na/K can increase the adsorption energy of the three structures with NO, and especially the adsorption energy of saturated char with NO is increased by as much as 5 times. The reason for that is the promotion of the hybridization of the C and NO p orbitals. The comprehensive analysis of electrostatic potential, charge transfer, and front orbitals indicates that the effects of decorated sodium and potassium atoms on the char surface are very similar. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the study of the heterogeneous reduction process.

Pyrolysis characteristics of biodried products derived from municipal organic wastes: Synergistic effect of bulking agents and modification of biodegradation.

Derived from the biodrying of municipal organic wastes (MOWs), biodried products (BPs) are widely identified as renewable energy sources. In this study, for efficient energy recovery, the pyrolysis characteristics of BPs were investigated by comprehensive kinetic analysis, with special focus on the synergistic effect of bulking agents and the influence of biodegradation. Compared with theoretical raw materials (RMs), it was suggested that the synergistic effect of organics and lignocelluloses in RMs promoted decomposition in Stage 1 (400-570 K), especially for the pyrolysis of RM using sawdust, during which the positive effect achieved decomposition in advance with lower overlap ratio (0.9264) and ΔW (-9.50% at 619.0 K) values. Furthermore, compared with RMs, it was indicated that the kinetic indices (Ea and ln A values) of the BPs were upward in Stage 1 and decreased in Stage 2 due to biodegradation. The results of ΔH, ΔG and ΔS indicated that BP pyrolysis required more heat supply as the reaction progressed but formed a more organized activated complex. In addition, biodegradation observably decreased the generation of gas products and typical functional groups of volatiles during BP pyrolysis, such as CO2 and CO, which presented decreasing ratios of 32.18-42.47% and 30.25-46.47%, respectively. In general, the pyrolysis of BPs was intensified by bulking agents and modified by biodegradation.

An overview of the deactivation mechanism and modification methods of the SCR catalysts for denitration from marine engine exhaust.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is currently the most effective deNOx technology and has broad application prospects. Moreover, there is a large NOx content in marine engine exhaust. However, the marine engine SCR catalyst will be affected by heavy metals, SO2, H2O(g), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust, which will hinder the removal of NOx via SCR. Furthermore, due to the high loading operation of the marine engine and the regeneration of the diesel particulate filter (DPF), the exhaust temperature of the engine may exceed 600 °C, which leads to sintering of the SCR catalysts. Therefore, the development of new catalysts with good tolerances to the above emissions and process parameters is of great significance for further reducing NOx from marine engines. In this work, we first elaborate on the mechanism of the SCR catalyst poisoning caused by marine engine emissions, as well as the working mechanism of SCR catalysts affected by the engine exhaust temperature. Second, we also summarize the current technologies for improving the properties of SCR catalysts with the aim of enhancing the resistance and stability under complex working conditions. Finally, the challenges and perspectives associated with the performance optimization and technology popularization of marine SCR systems are discussed and proposed further. Consequently, this review may provide a valuable reference and inspiration for the development of catalysts and improvement in the denitration ability of SCR systems matched with marine engines.

A Comprehensive Workflow for Read Depth-Based Identification of Copy-Number Variation from Whole-Genome Sequence Data.

A remaining hurdle to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) becoming a first-tier genetic test has been accurate detection of copy-number variations (CNVs). Here, we used several datasets to empirically develop a detailed workflow for identifying germline CNVs >1 kb from short-read WGS data using read depth-based algorithms. Our workflow is comprehensive in that it addresses all stages of the CNV-detection process, including DNA library preparation, sequencing, quality control, reference mapping, and computational CNV identification. We used our workflow to detect rare, genic CNVs in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 120/120 such CNVs tested using orthogonal methods were successfully confirmed. We also identified 71 putative genic de novo CNVs in this cohort, which had a confirmation rate of 70%; the remainder were incorrectly identified as de novo due to false positives in the proband (7%) or parental false negatives (23%). In individuals with an ASD diagnosis in which both microarray and WGS experiments were performed, our workflow detected all clinically relevant CNVs identified by microarrays, as well as additional potentially pathogenic CNVs < 20 kb. Thus, CNVs of clinical relevance can be discovered from WGS with a detection rate exceeding microarrays, positioning WGS as a single assay for genetic variation detection.

Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in simulated wastewater for the biomass production, nutrients removal and CO2 fixation simultaneously.

Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) was promising microalgae to simultaneously achieve biomass production, carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation, nutrients removal and proteins production especially under different conditions of CO2 gas and wastewaters. Results presented that maximal specific growth rate of C. vulgaris was 0.21-0.35 d-1 and 0.33-0.43 d-1 at 0.038% and 10% CO2 respectively, and corresponding maximal CO2 fixation rate was attended with 4.51-14.26 and 56.26-85.72 mg CO2·L-1·d-1. C. vulgaris showed good wastewater removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus at 10% CO2 with 96.12%-99.61% removal rates. Nitrogen fixation amount achieved 41.86 mg L-1 when the initial NH4Cl concentration was set at 60 mg L-1 at 10% CO2. Improved total protein (25.01-365.49 mg) and amino acids (24.56-196.44 mg) contents of C. vulgaris biomass was observed with the increasing of added CO2 and ammonium concentrations. Moreover, the developed kinetic function of C. vulgaris growth depends on both phosphorus quota and nitrogen quota with correlation coefficient (R2) ranged from 0.68 to 0.97. Computed maximal consumed nutrients concentrations (ΔCmax) based on Logistic function are positively related to initial NH4+-N concentrations, which indicated that adding ammonium could stimulate the utilization of both phosphorus and nitrogen.

Improved diagnostic yield compared with targeted gene sequencing panels suggests a role for whole-genome sequencing as a first-tier genetic test.

PurposeGenetic testing is an integral diagnostic component of pediatric medicine. Standard of care is often a time-consuming stepwise approach involving chromosomal microarray analysis and targeted gene sequencing panels, which can be costly and inconclusive. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provides a comprehensive testing platform that has the potential to streamline genetic assessments, but there are limited comparative data to guide its clinical use.MethodsWe prospectively recruited 103 patients from pediatric non-genetic subspecialty clinics, each with a clinical phenotype suggestive of an underlying genetic disorder, and compared the diagnostic yield and coverage of WGS with those of conventional genetic testing.ResultsWGS identified diagnostic variants in 41% of individuals, representing a significant increase over conventional testing results (24%; P = 0.01). Genes clinically sequenced in the cohort (n = 1,226) were well covered by WGS, with a median exonic coverage of 40 × ±8 × (mean ±SD). All the molecular diagnoses made by conventional methods were captured by WGS. The 18 new diagnoses made with WGS included structural and non-exonic sequence variants not detectable with whole-exome sequencing, and confirmed recent disease associations with the genes PIGG, RNU4ATAC, TRIO, and UNC13A.ConclusionWGS as a primary clinical test provided a higher diagnostic yield than conventional genetic testing in a clinically heterogeneous cohort.

The Personal Genome Project Canada: findings from whole genome sequences of the inaugural 56 participants.

BACKGROUND: The Personal Genome Project Canada is a comprehensive public data resource that integrates whole genome sequencing data and health information. We describe genomic variation identified in the initial recruitment cohort of 56 volunteers. METHODS: Volunteers were screened for eligibility and provided informed consent for open data sharing. Using blood DNA, we performed whole genome sequencing and identified all possible classes of DNA variants. A genetic counsellor explained the implication of the results to each participant. RESULTS: Whole genome sequencing of the first 56 participants identified 207 662 805 sequence variants and 27 494 copy number variations. We analyzed a prioritized disease-associated data set (n = 1606 variants) according to standardized guidelines, and interpreted 19 variants in 14 participants (25%) as having obvious health implications. Six of these variants (e.g., in BRCA1 or mosaic loss of an X chromosome) were pathogenic or likely pathogenic. Seven were risk factors for cancer, cardiovascular or neurobehavioural conditions. Four other variants - associated with cancer, cardiac or neurodegenerative phenotypes - remained of uncertain significance because of discrepancies among databases. We also identified a large structural chromosome aberration and a likely pathogenic mitochondrial variant. There were 172 recessive disease alleles (e.g., 5 individuals carried mutations for cystic fibrosis). Pharmacogenomics analyses revealed another 3.9 potentially relevant genotypes per individual. INTERPRETATION: Our analyses identified a spectrum of genetic variants with potential health impact in 25% of participants. When also considering recessive alleles and variants with potential pharmacologic relevance, all 56 participants had medically relevant findings. Although access is mostly limited to research, whole genome sequencing can provide specific and novel information with the potential of major impact for health care.

Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders.

Rare copy-number variation (CNV) is an important source of risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We analyzed 2,446 ASD-affected families and confirmed an excess of genic deletions and duplications in affected versus control groups (1.41-fold, p = 1.0 × 10(-5)) and an increase in affected subjects carrying exonic pathogenic CNVs overlapping known loci associated with dominant or X-linked ASD and intellectual disability (odds ratio = 12.62, p = 2.7 × 10(-15), ∼3% of ASD subjects). Pathogenic CNVs, often showing variable expressivity, included rare de novo and inherited events at 36 loci, implicating ASD-associated genes (CHD2, HDAC4, and GDI1) previously linked to other neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as other genes such as SETD5, MIR137, and HDAC9. Consistent with hypothesized gender-specific modulators, females with ASD were more likely to have highly penetrant CNVs (p = 0.017) and were also overrepresented among subjects with fragile X syndrome protein targets (p = 0.02). Genes affected by de novo CNVs and/or loss-of-function single-nucleotide variants converged on networks related to neuronal signaling and development, synapse function, and chromatin regulation.

Disruption of the ASTN2/TRIM32 locus at 9q33.1 is a risk factor in males for autism spectrum disorders, ADHD and other neurodevelopmental phenotypes.

Rare copy number variants (CNVs) disrupting ASTN2 or both ASTN2 and TRIM32 have been reported at 9q33.1 by genome-wide studies in a few individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The vertebrate-specific astrotactins, ASTN2 and its paralog ASTN1, have key roles in glial-guided neuronal migration during brain development. To determine the prevalence of astrotactin mutations and delineate their associated phenotypic spectrum, we screened ASTN2/TRIM32 and ASTN1 (1q25.2) for exonic CNVs in clinical microarray data from 89 985 individuals across 10 sites, including 64 114 NDD subjects. In this clinical dataset, we identified 46 deletions and 12 duplications affecting ASTN2. Deletions of ASTN1 were much rarer. Deletions near the 3' terminus of ASTN2, which would disrupt all transcript isoforms (a subset of these deletions also included TRIM32), were significantly enriched in the NDD subjects (P = 0.002) compared with 44 085 population-based controls. Frequent phenotypes observed in individuals with such deletions include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), speech delay, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The 3'-terminal ASTN2 deletions were significantly enriched compared with controls in males with NDDs, but not in females. Upon quantifying ASTN2 human brain RNA, we observed shorter isoforms expressed from an alternative transcription start site of recent evolutionary origin near the 3' end. Spatiotemporal expression profiling in the human brain revealed consistently high ASTN1 expression while ASTN2 expression peaked in the early embryonic neocortex and postnatal cerebellar cortex. Our findings shed new light on the role of the astrotactins in psychopathology and their interplay in human neurodevelopment.