Acute Coronary Syndrome After Inactivated SARS-COV-2 Vaccine.

CoronaVac is an inactivated coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine that was granted an emergency authorization by the World Health Organization in June 2021. We present the two cases of patients presenting with chest pain, abnormal electrocardiography, and elevated troponin consistent with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction within 24 hours after receiving the CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine.

Acute coronary syndrome with non-obstructive coronary arteries (ACS-NOCA) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to determine the prevalence and prognosis of acute coronary syndrome with non-obstructive coronary artery (ACS-NOCA) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 200 consecutive patients with HCM over a 139-month period from 2002 to 2013. The study found that 28 patients (14% of overall patients, 51% of patients with ACS) had ACS-NOCA, and 18 patients (9% of overall patients, 86% of patients with acute MI) had MINOCA as initial clinical presentations. The highest prevalence of non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NOCA) in patients with HCM was found in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (100%), followed by non-STEMI (82%), and unstable angina (29%). Patients with ACS-NOCA had more frequent ventricular tachycardia and lower resting left ventricular (LV) outflow tract gradients than those with no ACS-NOCA (p < 0.05 for all). The ACS-NOCA group had a lower probability of HCM-related death compared with the no ACS-NOCA group and the significant coronary artery disease (CAD) group (p-log-rank = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS: MINOCA or ACS-NOCA is not an uncommon initial presentation (prevalence rate 9-14%) in patients with HCM. NOCA was highly prevalent (51-86%) in patients with HCM presenting with ACS and had a favorable prognosis. Our findings highlight as a reminder that in an era of rapid reperfusion therapy, ACS in patients with HCM is not only a result of obstructive epicardial CAD, but also stems from the complex cellular mechanisms of myocardial necrosis.

Mortality rate of percutaneous coronary interventions in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients under the public health insurance schemes of Thailand.

Background: In Thailand, access to specific pharmaceuticals and medical devices for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients is restricted within certain healthcare systems, leading to inequalities in the quality of medical care among different healthcare systems. This study aims to compare mortality rates within one year of STEMI patients among the public health insurance schemes of Thailand. Methodology: This study is a single-center retrospective analysis of patients with STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). It involves patients utilizing various state health insurance schemes in Thailand from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020. Data collection occurred through the hospital's computerized management system and the registration administration office of the Department of Provincial Administration. Results: The study involved 1,077 patients, categorized into three groups based on their state health insurance: Universal Health Coverage (UC) (546 patients, 50.7%), Social Security System (SS) (199 patients, 18.5%), and Civil Service Reimbursement (CS) (332 patients, 30.8%). The one-year mortality rates in these groups were 10.57%, 4.21%, and 6.47%, respectively (p = 0.010). In the unadjusted model, the SS group showed a lower risk of one-year mortality [Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.80, p = 0.011], and the CS group also demonstrated a lower risk (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.35-0.99, p = 0.047) compared to the UC group. In the adjusted model, only the CS group significantly reduced the risk of one-year mortality. Other factors that affected one-year mortality were age ≥65 years, prior coronary artery diseases, Killip class 3-4, pre-discharge prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, occlusion in the left anterior descending artery, multivessel disease, in-hospital atrial fibrillation/flutter and in-hospital pericardial effusion. Conclusion: Healthcare schemes play a significant role in influencing one-year mortality rates among STEMI patients treated with pPCI. This information would be crucial for developing strategies and programs to aid healthcare policymakers at both regional and international levels in reducing morbidity and mortality.

Efficacy and safety of different dual antiplatelet strategies in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is key for preventing ischaemic events post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Various DAPT modifications like the shortened duration or P2Y12 inhibitor (P2Y12i) de-escalation are implemented to reduce bleeding risk. However, these strategies lack direct comparative studies. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of such DAPT strategies, including de-escalated and short DAPT, in patients undergoing PCI. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The primary efficacy endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), and the primary safety endpoint was major bleeding. Secondary endpoints included individual components of MACEs and net adverse clinical events (NACEs). Results: A total of 17 RCTs comprising 53,156 patients (median age, 62.0 years, 24.8% female) were included. NMA suggested that de-escalation DAPT was associated with a significantly lower risk of MACEs (risk ratio [RR] = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-0.98), bleeding (RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.49-0.82), and NACEs (RR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.60-0.79) compared with standard DAPT. Short DAPT followed by P2Y12i monotherapy exhibited a significantly decreased risk of major bleeding (RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.46-0.86) compared with standard DAPT. Conclusions: De-escalation DAPT was the most effective strategy for preventing the risk of MACEs without increasing bleeding events, while short DAPT followed by P2Y12i monotherapy was the most effective strategy for reducing the risk of bleeding among patients undergoing PCI.

An unusual cause of high-output heart failure from the iliac arteriovenous fistula after lumbar discectomy: A case report.

A minority of patients with heart failure present in a high-output state. We described an uncommon case of high-output heart failure caused by an iliac arteriovenous fistula (IAVF), a rare but serious complication after lumbar discectomy surgery (LDS). A 44-year-old man with no notable medical condition except a history of herniated nucleus pulposus necessitating the L4-L5 LDS 5 years ago presented with clinical signs of progressive high-output heart failure. Physical examination revealed wide pulse pressure with bruit and systolic thrill at the right inguinal region. Computed tomographic angiography confirmed the IAVF from the right common iliac artery to the left common iliac vein. There was a significant shunting to the venous system, causing severe dilatation of the inferior vena cava. Notably, the preoperative lumbar magnetic resonance imaging performed 5 years ago demonstrated that the herniated disc was located at the L4-L5 level, which corresponded to the location of IAVF. The patient successfully underwent endovascular closure by covered stent leading to the gradual resolution of symptoms and hemodynamic parameters. Although vascular complications from the LDS are very uncommon, most patients develop severe symptoms from worsening high-output heart failure. This case highlights the essence of careful history taking, physical examinations, and appropriate investigations in guiding the diagnosis and contemplating the treatment strategy.

Correction: Mahasing et al. Myocarditis and Pericarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination in Thailand. Vaccines 2023, 11, 749.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this published paper [...].

Myocarditis and Pericarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Myocarditis and pericarditis cases following Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination were reported worldwide. In Thailand, COVID-19 vaccines were approved for emergency use. Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance has been strengthened to ensure the safety of the vaccines. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of myocarditis and pericarditis, and identify the factors associated with myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand. METHOD: We carried out a descriptive study of reports of myocarditis and pericarditis to Thailand's National AEFI Program (AEFI-DDC) between 1 March and 31 December 2021. An unpaired case-control study was conducted to determine the factors associated with myocarditis and pericarditis after the CoronaVac, ChAdOx1-nCoV, BBIBP-CorV, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273 vaccines. The cases consisted of COVID-19 vaccine recipients who met the definition of confirmed, probable, or suspected cases of myocarditis or pericarditis within 30 days of vaccination. The controls were people who underwent COVID-19 vaccination between 1 March and 31 December 2021, with no adverse reactions documented after vaccination. RESULTS: Among the 31,125 events recorded in the AEFI-DDC after 104.63 million vaccinations, 204 cases of myocarditis and pericarditis were identified. The majority of them were male (69%). The median age was 15 years (interquartile range (IQR): 13-17). The incidence was highest following the BNT162b2 vaccination (0.97 cases per 100,000 doses administered). Ten deaths were reported in this study; no deaths were reported among children who received the mRNA vaccine. Compared with the age-specific incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis in Thailand before the introduction of the COVID-19 vaccination, the incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis after the BNT162b2 vaccine was greater in the 12-17 and 18-20 age groups in both males and females. It was higher after the second dose in 12- to 17-year-olds (2.68 cases per 100,000 doses administered) and highest after the second dose in male 12- to 17-year-olds (4.43 cases per 100,000 doses administered). Young age and a mRNA-based vaccination were associated with myocarditis and pericarditis following administration of the COVID-19 vaccine after multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Myocarditis and pericarditis following vaccination against COVID-19 were uncommon and mild, and were most likely to affect male adolescents. The COVID-19 vaccine offers the recipients enormous benefits. The balance between the risks and advantages of the vaccine and consistent monitoring of AEFI are essential for management of the disease and identification of AEFI.

Clinical and polysomnographic data of positional sleep apnea and its predictors.

INTRODUCTION: In Asian population, facial structure may contribute to the primary pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We hypothesized that sleep position may have more effect on OSA in Asians compared to the Western population. If this hypothesis is accurate, positional therapy will have a major impact on treatment of OSA among Asians. PATIENTS/METHODS: We reviewed 263 polysomnographic studies from our laboratory from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2010. Criteria for positional and non-positional OSA were (1) supine respiratory disturbance index (RDI)/non-supine RDI ≥2 and total RDI ≥5 and (2) supine RDI/non-supine RDI <2 and total RDI ≥5, respectively. We aimed to determine the difference in baseline characteristics, polysomnographic findings, and predictors for positional OSA. RESULTS: We found 144 patients diagnosed with OSA (RDI ≥5), and 96 patients met the criteria for positional OSA (67%), in which in almost half of these patients (47%), RDI was normalized (RDI < 5) in non-supine position. Snoring frequency were significantly lower among positional OSA and OSA was less severe indicated by lower RDI and arousal index, higher mean and nadir oxygen saturation, and higher %NREM3. We also found that low snoring frequency (less than 20% of total sleep time) was a significant predictor for positional OSA (odd ratio of 3.27; p = 0.011), contrarily to low mean oxygen saturation (<95%) which was found to be a negative predictor (odd ratio of 0.31; p = 0.009). Among OSA patients, low RDI (<15) was a significant predictor for normalization of RDI in non-supine position (odd ratio of 8.77; p = < 0.001), contrarily to low mean oxygen saturation (<95%) which was also found to be a negative predictor (odd ratio of 0.13; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Positional OSA is very prevalent and noted in almost 70% of our patients. Low snoring frequency was noted to be a positive predictor for positional OSA, contrarily to low mean oxygen saturation which was found to be a negative predictor. These findings are encouraging that positional therapy can be very beneficial as the treatment modality for OSA among Asians.

Severity of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with and without cardiovascular-related diseases.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have often investigated the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the possibility of reverse causation has not been clearly defined. OBJECTIVE: To examine if the presence of any of the cardiovascular-related diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease, correlates with more severe OSA. METHODS: This was a retrospective study where all patients age ≥ 18 years referred to our sleep laboratory for suspected OSA were included. The data from the full-night baseline and split-night polysomnographic reports were reviewed. Data were then evaluated by logistic regression analysis to compare between 2 groups, the severity of OSA (respiratory disturbance index [RDI] < 15 vs RDI ≥ 15, and RDI < 5 vs RDI ≥ 5), other polysomnographic variables and daytime sleepiness score (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] score < 10 and ≥ 10). RESULTS: 190 patients were analyzed. The patients with any of the cardiovascular-related diseases were noted to have more severe sleep apnea (RDI ≥ 15), with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.24. Sleep efficiency ≥ 90% and mean oxygen saturation ≥ 95% were observed less commonly in the patients with any of the cardiovascular-related diseases (adjusted odds ratios of 0.45 and 0.36, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in ESS score. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with any of the cardiovascular-related diseases are at a higher risk of having moderate to severe OSA without significant increase in daytime sleepiness. Therefore, we suggest that patients with any of the cardiovascular-related diseases should be screened for OSA, even if they are asymptomatic.

Clinical Characteristics and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with STEMI during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Thailand.

Background: Nowadays, current evidence on the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients is discrepant. The aim of this study was to compare and identify any changes in STEMI patients between the pre-COVID-19 period and during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate consecutive STEMI patients admitted from 1 September 2018 to 30 September 2021. We designated 14 March 2020 as the commencement of the COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand. Results: A total of 513 consecutive STEMI patients were included in this study: 330 (64%) admitted during the pre-COVID-19 outbreak period and 183 (36%) admitted during the COVID-19 outbreak. There was a significant 45% decline in the number of STEMI cases admitted during the COVID-19 outbreak period. During the outbreak, STEMI patients had significantly increased intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) insertion (23% vs. 15%, p-value = 0.004), higher high-sensitivity troponin T level (11,150 vs. 5213, p-value < 0.001), and lower pre- and post-PCI TIMI flow. The time-to-diagnosis (59 vs. 7 min, p-value < 0.001), pain-to-first medical contact (FMC) time (250 vs. 214 min, p-value = 0.020), FMC-to-wire-crossing time (39 vs. 23 min, p-value < 0.001), and pain-to-wire-crossing time (292 vs. 242 min, p-value = 0.005) were increased in STEMI patients during the outbreak compared with pre-outbreak. There was no statistical difference in in-hospital mortality between both periods (p-value = 0.639). Conclusions: During the COVID-19 outbreak, there was a significant decline in the total number of admitted STEMI cases. Unfortunately, the time-to-diagnosis, pain-to-FMC time, FMC-to-wire-crossing time, and pain-to-wire-crossing time were significantly delayed during the COVID-19 outbreak. However, in-hospital mortality showed no significant differences between these two time periods. Highlights: 45% decline in the number of STEMI cases admitted and a significant delay in the treatment timeline during the COVID-19 outbreak. In-hospital mortality showed no significant difference between these two periods. Our study will motivate healthcare professionals to optimize treatments, screenings, and infectious control protocols to reduce the time from the onset of chest pain to wire crossing in STEMI patients during the outbreak.

Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations for Pre-participation Screening in Young Competitive Athletes.

Sports-related sudden cardiac death is a rare but devastating consequence of sports participation. Certain pathologies underlying sports-related sudden cardiac death could have been picked up pre-participation and the affected athletes advised on appropriate preventive measures and/or suitability for training or competition. However, mass screening efforts - especially in healthy young populations - are fraught with challenges, most notably the need to balance scarce medical resources and sustainability of such screening programmes, in healthcare systems that are already stretched. Given the rising trend of young sports participants across the Asia-Pacific region, the working group of the Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology (APSC) developed a sports classification system that incorporates dynamic and static components of various sports, with deliberate integration of sports events unique to the Asia-Pacific region. The APSC expert panel reviewed and appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Consensus recommendations were developed, which were then put to an online vote. Consensus was reached when 80% of votes for a recommendation were agree or neutral. The resulting statements described here provide guidance on the need for cardiovascular pre-participation screening for young competitive athletes based on the intensity of sports they engage in.

Comparison of polysomnographic and clinical presentations and predictors for cardiovascular-related diseases between non-obese and obese obstructive sleep apnea among Asians.

INTRODUCTION: Unlike Caucasians, many Asians with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are non-obese but are affected by the disease due to predisposing craniofacial structure. Therefore, non-obese and obese OSA may represent different disease entities. The associated risk factors for developing cardiovascular-related diseases, consequently, may be considered separately for the two types of OSA. METHOD: We reviewed polysomnographic studies performed in adults (aged ≥ 18 years) diagnosed with OSA (respiratory disturbance index [RDI] ≥ 5). We divided the patients into obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25) and non-obese (BMI < 25) groups. We aimed to determine the differences between these two groups in terms of clinical presentations, polysomno-graphic findings, and association with cardiovascular-related diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease. RESULTS: Among 194 patients with OSA (RDI ≥ 5), 63.4% were non-obese and 36.6% were obese. Compared with obese OSA patients, non-obese OSA patients were noted to have smaller neck size, less prevalence of hypertension, and less history of frequent nocturia (> 3-4/week), with equal prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness. Overall, non-obese OSA patients were noted to have milder disease indicated by lower total, supine, and non-supine, NREM RDI and higher mean and nadir oxygen saturations. In the non-obese group, only total obstructive apnea index (OAI) was noted to be a predictor for developing any of the cardiovascular-related diseases after controlling for age, sex, and RDI (odds ratio = 9.7). However, in the obese OSA group, frequent snoring (> 50% of total sleep time), low sleep efficiency (≤ 90%), and low mean oxygen saturation (< 95%) were noted to be significant predictors of cardiovascular-related diseases (odds ratios = 12.3, 4.2, and 5.2, respectively). CONCLUSION: Among Asians, most OSA patients were not obese. Compared to obese OSA patients, non-obese OSA patients were noted to have less prevalence of hypertension and less history of nocturia. They were also noted to have overall milder OSA. Only OAI was noted to be a significant predictor for cardiovascular-related disease in the non-obese OSA group.