Demographic Traits, Clinical Status, and Comorbidities of Patients With Thromboangiitis Obliterans in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The latest demographics, clinical and living conditions, and comorbidities of patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) in Japan are unknown.Methods and Results: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional survey using the annual database of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare medical support system for patients with TAO between April 2013 and March 2014. This study included 3,220 patients (87.6% male), with current age ≥60 years in 2,155 patients (66.9%), including 306 (9.5%) patients aged ≥80 years. Overall, 546 (17.0%) had undergone extremity amputation. The median interval from onset to amputation was 3 years. Compared with never smokers (n=400), 2,715 patients with a smoking history had a higher amputation rate (17.7% vs. 13.0%, P=0.02, odds ratio [OR]=1.437, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.058-1.953). A lower proportion of workers and students was seen among patients after amputation than among amputation-free patients (37.9% vs. 53.0%, P<0.0001, OR=0.542, 95% CI=0.449-0.654). Comorbidities, including arteriosclerosis-related diseases, were found even in patients in their 20-30 s. CONCLUSIONS: This large survey confirmed that TAO is not a life-threatening but an extremity-threatening disease that threatens patients' professional lives. Smoking history worsens patients' condition and extremity prognosis. Long-term total health support is required, including care of extremities and arteriosclerosis-related diseases, social life support, and smoking cessation.

Organ Damage and Quality of Life in Takayasu Arteritis　- Evidence From a National Registry Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Takayasu arteritis, affecting primarily young women, damages large arteries and organs. We examined the impact of disease duration and sex on organ damage and quality of life using Japan's Intractable Disease Registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: After refining data, 2,013 of 2,795 patients were included in the study. Longer disease duration was related to a lower prevalence of disease activity symptoms, a higher prevalence of organ damage, and a higher proportion of patients requiring nursing care. Compared with men, women tended to have an earlier onset age, exhibiting longer disease duration. A higher proportion of women had aortic regurgitation and required nursing care. The proportion of female patients in employment was lower than that of the general female population, whereas no difference was observed between male patients and the general male population. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age at surveillance, brain ischemia, visual impairment/loss, and ischemic heart disease were significant factors associated with high nursing care needs (Level ≥2, with daily activity limitations). CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and effective treatment, particularly to prevent brain ischemia, visual impairment, and ischemic heart disease, may improve the quality of life of patients with Takayasu arteritis, especially women.

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Takayasu Arteritis in Japan During the First 2 Years of Treatment　- A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to clarify recent clinical features and treatment outcomes in Japanese patients with newly diagnosed Takayasu arteritis (TAK) during the first 2 years of treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: A nationwide multicenter retrospective cohort study for TAK was implemented to collect data between 2007 and 2014. The primary outcome of the study was clinical remission at Week 24. Of the 184 participants registered, 129 patients with newly diagnosed TAK were analyzed: 84% were female and the mean age at onset was 35 years. Clinical symptoms at diagnosis were mostly associated with large-vessel lesions. Frequent sites of vascular involvement included the carotid artery, subclavian artery, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The mean initial dose of prednisolone administered was 0.68 mg/kg/day, and 59% and 17% of patients received immunosuppressive drugs and biologics, respectively, by Week 104. Clinical remission at Week 24 and sustained clinical remission with daily prednisolone at ≤10 mg at Week 52 were achieved in 107 (82.9%) and 51 (39.5%) patients, respectively. The presence of signs and symptoms linked to large-vessel lesions was associated with failure to achieve sustained clinical remission at Week 52. CONCLUSIONS: We elucidated the clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and factors associated with failure to achieve sustained clinical remission in patients with newly diagnosed TAK in Japan during the first 2 years of treatment.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease-Related Hospitalization and Mortality in Japan　- Analysis of Health Records From a Nationwide Claim-Based Database, the Japanese Registry of All Cardiac and Vascular Disease (JROAD).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rising in Japan with its aging population, but there is a lack of epidemiological data on sex differences in CVD, including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), acute heart failure (AHF), and acute aortic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective study analyzed data from 1,349,017 patients (January 2012-December 2020) using the Japanese Registry Of All Cardiac and Vascular Diseases database. ACS patients were youngest on average (70.5±12.9 years) and had the lowest female proportion (28.9%). AHF patients had the oldest mean age (79.7±12.0 years) and the highest proportion of females (48.0%). Acute aortic disease had the highest in-hospital mortality (26.1%), followed by AHF (11.5%) and ACS (8.9%). Sex-based mortality differences were notable in acute aortic disease, with higher male mortality in Stanford Type A acute aortic dissection (AAD) with surgery (males: 14.2% vs. females: 10.4%, P<0.001) and similar rates in Type B AAD (males: 6.2% vs. females: 7.9%, P=0.52). Aging was a universal risk factor for in-hospital mortality. Female sex was a risk factor for ACS and acute aortic disease but not for AHF or Types A and B AAD. CONCLUSIONS: Sex-based disparities in the CVD-related hospitalization and mortality within the Japanese national population have been highlighted for the first time, indicating the importance of sex-specific strategies in the management and understanding of these conditions.

Real-world clinical decisions of physicians in the management of Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis in Japan: A cross-sectional web questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVES: The aim is to access the real-world clinical management of physicians who treat Takayasu arteritis (TAK) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) after the publication of the Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) 2017 Guidelines for the Management of Vasculitis Syndrome. METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional study utilized self-administered electronic questionnaires, which were answered in February 2022 by physicians treating TAK or GCA and registered with Macromill Inc. RESULTS: The 329 survey respondents were enrolled. The 2017 JCS Guidelines were the most commonly referenced information source for resolving clinical questions, accessed by 70% of respondents. Ophthalmoscopy was performed in only 50% of patients with TAK and in 70% for GCA. The median percentages of patients who underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography for TAK and GCA patients were 23% and 20% at diagnosis, respectively, and 10% each at follow-up within 12 months. Tocilizumab was the most frequently used medication in combination with glucocorticoids for both TAK and GCA, especially in remission induction therapy for relapsed patients. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of physicians treating TAK and GCA referred to the 2017 JCS guidelines. This report clarified the current clinical practice for large vessel vasculitis in Japan, providing information for the next revision of the guidelines.

Establishing clinical remission criteria for giant cell arteritis: Results of a Delphi exercise carried out by an expert panel of the Japan Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare for Intractable Vasculitis.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a proposal for giant cell arteritis remission criteria in order to implement a treat-to-target algorithm. METHODS: A task force consisting of 10 rheumatologists, 3 cardiologists, 1 nephrologist, and 1 cardiac surgeon was established in the Large-vessel Vasculitis Group of the Japanese Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for Intractable Vasculitis to conduct a Delphi survey of remission criteria for giant cell arteritis. The survey was circulated among the members over four reiterations with four face-to-face meetings. Items with a mean score of ≥4 were extracted as items for defining remission criteria. RESULTS: An initial literature review yielded a total of 117 candidate items for disease activity domains and treatment/comorbidity domains of remission criteria, of which 35 were extracted as disease activity domains (systematic symptoms, signs and symptoms of cranial and large-vessel area, inflammatory markers, and imaging findings). For the treatment/comorbidity domain, ≤5 mg/day of prednisolone 1 year after starting glucocorticoids was extracted. The definition of achievement of remission was the disappearance of active disease in the disease activity domain, normalization of inflammatory markers, and ≤5 mg/day of prednisolone. CONCLUSION: We developed proposals for remission criteria to guide the implementation of a treat-to-target algorithm for giant cell arteritis.

Establishing clinical remission criteria and the framework of a treat-to-target algorithm for Takayasu arteritis: Results of a Delphi exercise carried out by an expert panel of the Japan Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for intractable vasculitis.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a proposal for remission criteria and a framework for a treat-to-target (T2T) algorithm for Takayasu arteritis (TAK). METHODS: A study group of the large-vessel vasculitis group of the Japanese Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for Intractable Vasculitis consists of 10 rheumatologists, 5 cardiologists, 1 nephrologist, 1 vascular surgeon, 1 cardiac surgeon, and 2 paediatric rheumatologists. A Delphi survey of remission criteria items was circulated among the study group over four reiterations. To develop the T2T algorithm, the study group conducted four face-to-face meetings and two rounds of Delphi together with three patients. RESULTS: Initial literature review resulted in a list of 117 candidate items for remission criteria, of which 56 items with a mean score of ≥4 (0-5) were extracted including disease activity domains and treatment/comorbidity domains. The study group provided six overarching principles for the T2T algorithm, two recommendations on treatment goals, five on evaluation of disease activity and imaging findings including positron emission tomography-computed tomography, and two on treatment intensification. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a T2T algorithm and proposals for standardised remission criteria by means of a Delphi exercise. These will guide future evaluation of different TAK treatment regimens.

Current Trends in Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Thromboangiitis Obliterans in Japan　- A Nationwide Survey Using the Medical Support System Database.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology and clinical features of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) in Japan have not been updated extensively.Methods and Results:This retrospective study used the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (JMHLW) medical support system database and associated health insurance data. The number of medical financial support recipients registered as TAO patients and estimated prevalence of TAO decreased from fiscal year (FY) 2000 (10,089 and 7.95 [95% confidence interval, CI: 7.79-8.10] per 100,000 population) to FY 2010 (7,147 and 5.58 [95% Cl: 5.45-5.71] per 100,000) and leveled off until 2014. The prevalence of TAO among patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases declined from 7.15% (95% Cl: 7.00-7.31) in FY 2008 to 6.12% (95% Cl: 5.98-6.26) in FY 2014. Clinicodemographic features were obtained from 89 new recipients in FY 2013 and 2014: 12 (13%) women, 36 (40%) aged ≥50 years, 26 (29%) had probable onset age ≥50 years, 7 (8%) were non-smokers, and 12 (13%) had arteriosclerosis-related comorbidities. The symptoms were similar regardless of registration age, smoking history, or sex. Although 40 (45%) had digit ulcers, only 12 (13%) fulfilled Shionoya's criteria. They rarely had infrapopliteal lesions combined with upper extremity involvement or phlebitis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of TAO has decreased in Japan. In the current diagnosis of TAO, various clinical characteristics including late onset, arteriosclerotic factors, non-smoking, or mild symptoms should be considered.

Utility of skin perfusion pressure values with the Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection classification system.

OBJECTIVE: The addition of skin perfusion pressure (SPP) might enhance the predictive value of the Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the SPP for each WIfI classification stage among patients with foot wounds by cross-referencing the results of prospectively monitored limb outcomes and to derive the SPP criteria that could be combined with other measurements to grade ischemia for the WIfI classification. METHODS: From July 2015 to June 2017, patients with foot wounds that met the WIfI classification criteria were prospectively enrolled. We assessed the limbs using the WIfI ischemia grade without measuring the transcutaneous oxygen pressure but measured the SPP. After monitoring for 1 year, the predictability of the WIfI stages was analyzed according to whether the limbs had not healed (unchanged or worsened wounds, minor or major amputation, all-cause death) or had healed (improved or healed wounds) by comparing stages 1 and 2 with stages 3 and 4. We also statistically analyzed the SPP values that could be the boundary values between each ischemia grade and reevaluated the predictability of the WIfI stages with the boundary SPP values. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 91 limbs for 76 patients (mean age, 70.5 ± 12.0 years). The mean SPP values stratified by ischemia grade 0 to 3 were 52.1, 41.1, 27.1, and 18.8 mm Hg, respectively (an SPP of <30 mm Hg indicates severe ischemia). After monitoring for 1 year, 19 of 48 limbs in stage 1 and 2 and 35 of 43 in stage 3 and 4 were in the nonhealed group and 29 limbs in stage 1 and 2 and 8 limbs in stage 3 and 4 were in the healed group. The SPP boundary values between each ischemia (I) grade were calculated as 45 mm Hg for I-0/I-1, 35 for I-1/I-2, and 25 for I-2/I-3. When jointly using the boundary SPP values, the ischemia grade changed for 23 limbs, altering the distribution of the WIfI stages and limb outcomes: 11 of 38 limbs in stage 1 and 2 and 43 of 53 in stage 3 and 4 were transferred to the nonhealed group. The sensitivity, efficiency, and negative predictive value of WIfI staging improved when staging with SPP: from 65% to 80%, 70% to 77%, and 60% to 71%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The SPP boundary values that could be used with ischemia grade in the WIfI classification were identified as 45, 35, and 25 mm Hg. The addition of SPP could improve the accuracy of the evaluation.

[Initial Clinical Experience of the Herbal Medicine Inchinkoto for Refractory Hyperbilirubinemia Following Open-heart Surgery].

We retrospectively assessed our initial clinical experience of the herbal medicine Inchinkoto for refractory hyperbilirubinemia following open-heart surgery. Six patients developed hyperbilirubinemia in an acute phase after surgery and their maximum total bilirubin levels were 6.4~26.4 mg/dl( mean:13.1± 8.2 mg/dl). They were initially treated with ursodeoxycholic acid and/or Stronger Neo-Minophagen C containing monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, glycine, aminoacetic acid, and L-cysteine hydrochloride hydrate. These treatments, however, were ineffective, and Inchinkoto was introduced at 5~34 day (mean:13.3±11.3 days) after surgery. Hyperbilirubinemia improved in all patients after the introduction of Inchinkoto:1 day after in 1 case, 2 days after in 2 cases, 3 days after in 2 cases, and 4 days after in 1 case. These results indicate the potential of Inchinkoto to attenuate refractory hyperbilirubinemia following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Current Clinical Features of New Patients With Takayasu Arteritis Observed From Cross-Country Research in Japan: Age and Sex Specificity.

BACKGROUND: The clinical features of newly diagnosed Japanese patients with Takayasu arteritis and its age or sex specificities are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed information from nationwide registration forms submitted by patients with Takayasu arteritis between April 2001 and March 2011 as part of a research program by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Among the 7779 patients who submitted their forms, 1372 newly registered patients with Takayasu arteritis were enrolled; 83.8% were female. The median age at onset was 35 years, which was significantly higher in male patients (median, 43.5 years) than in female patients (median, 34 years; P<0.001). Local symptoms and findings were most commonly observed in the cervicobrachial area, with more complaints in the head or neck than in the upper limbs. Approximately 85% of the patients had vascular involvements in the aortic arch or its major branches; many young female patients had localized lesions. Although male patients had extensive aortic lesions or aneurysms with more complications, localized abdominal lesions were relatively more frequent in male patients with age at onset >40 years than in other age-sex groups. Disease statuses were severe in patients who registered at ≥1 year after onset. CONCLUSIONS: The proportions of male patients and patients with elderly onset increased in newly diagnosed patients with Takayasu arteritis. Their clinical and angiographic features differed according to onset age and sex.

Family history of aortic aneurysm is an independent risk factor for more rapid growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate risk factors associated with more rapid growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) <50 mm (small AAAs) in Japan. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the clinical data of 374 patients with small AAAs (maximum diameter, ≤50 mm) who were referred to The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, or Saitama Medical Center, between 1995 and 2008. RESULTS: A total of 374 patients (321 men and 53 women) were followed up for a median of 66 months. The median diameter on initial examination was 40 mm, and the median growth rate of the AAAs was 2.1 mm/y. The growth rate of AAAs with an initial diameter ≥45 mm was significantly greater than those with an initial diameter <45 mm (3.3 mm/y vs 2.0 mm/y, respectively; P = .007). The growth rate of AAAs was significantly greater in patients with hypertension than in those without (2.3 mm/y vs 1.7 mm/y, respectively; P = .006) and in patients with a family history of aortic aneurysm than in those without (4.2 mm/y vs 2.0 mm/y, respectively; P = .009). Logistic regression analysis revealed that a large initial diameter and family history of aortic aneurysm were independent predictors of accelerated growth rate of small AAAs in Japan. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, a large initial diameter and family history of aortic aneurysm were independent risk factors for more rapid growth of small AAAs. Although few studies have reported similar findings thus far, family history of aortic aneurysm should be carefully considered during follow-up of patients with small AAAs.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry revealed traces of dental problem associated with dental structure.

Periodontal disease is a serious dental problem because it does not heal naturally and leads to tooth loss. In periodontal disease, inflammation at periodontal tissue is thought as predominant, and its effect against tooth itself remains unclear. In this study, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) to teeth for the first time. By comparing anatomical structure of tooth affected with periodontal disease with normal ones, we analyzed traces of the disease on tooth. We found signals characteristic of enamel, dentin, and dental pulp, respectively, in mass spectra obtained from normal teeth. Ion images reconstructed using these signals showed anatomical structures of the tooth clearly. Next, we performed IMS upon teeth of periodontal disease. Overall characteristic of the mass spectrum appeared similar to normal ones. However, ion images reconstructed using signals from the tooth of periodontal disease revealed loss of periodontal ligament visualized together with dental pulp in normal teeth. Moreover, ion image clearly depicted an accumulation of signal at m/z 496.3 at root surface. Such an accumulation that cannot be examined only from mass spectrum was revealed by utilization of IMS. Recent studies about inflammation revealed that the signal at m/z 496.3 reflects lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC). Infiltration of the signal is statistically significant, and its intensity profile exhibited the influence has reached deeply into the tooth. This suggests that influence of periodontal disease is not only inflammation of periodontal tissue but also infiltration of LPC to root surface, and therefore, anti-inflammatory treatment is required besides conventional treatments.

Imaging mass spectrometry distinguished the cancer and stromal regions of oral squamous cell carcinoma by visualizing phosphatidylcholine (16:0/16:1) and phosphatidylcholine (18:1/20:4).

Most oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The anatomical features of OSCC have been histochemically evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin. However, the border between the cancer and stromal regions is unclear and large portions of the cancer and stromal regions are resected in surgery. To reduce the resected area and maintain oral function, a new method of diagnosis is needed. In this study, we tried to clearly distinguish the border on the basis of biomolecule distributions visualized by imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). In the IMS dataset, eleven signals were significantly different in intensity (p < 0.01) between the cancer and stromal regions. Two signals at m/z 770.5 and m/z 846.6 were distributed in each region, and a clear border was revealed. Tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis identified these signals as phosphatidylcholine (PC) (16:0/16:1) at m/z 770.5 in the cancer region and PC (18:1/20:4) at m/z 846.6 in the stromal region. Moreover, the distribution of PC species containing arachidonic acid in the stromal region suggests that lymphocytes accumulated in response to the inflammation caused by cancer invasion. In conclusion, the cancer and stromal regions of OSCCs were clearly distinguished by use of these PC species and IMS analysis, and this molecular identification can provide important information to elucidate the mechanism of cancer invasion.

Endovascular Stent Graft Placement and Coil Embolization for Splenic Artery Aneurysm with an Anatomical Variant.

A 62-year-old woman with abdominal pain was diagnosed with a splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) and an anatomical variant in the splenic artery (SA) arising from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) as its first branch. To treat the SAA, the draining artery and a small branch of the SAA were embolized, and then small-diameter stent grafts were deployed from SMA orifice, covering the aberrant origin of the SA and preserving the second branch of SMA. Intraoperative angiography confirmed successful exclusion of the SAA without endoleak or arterial dissection. The stent graft was patent and the aneurysm had shrunk 3.5 years after the operation.

Endoscopic Treatment of Colo-Colonic Intussusception in a Patient with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome.

A 19-year-old man with a history of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and two previous partial small bowel resections because of intussusception presented with lower abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed concentric multilayer and cord-like structures in the transverse colon. Colo-colonic intussusception was suspected and he was hospitalized. After two therapeutic enemas were unsuccessful, a colonoscopy was performed. The intussusception was reduced and a 40-mm transverse colon polyp with a thick stalk was resected. After the procedure, his abdominal pain was relieved and he was discharged on the sixth hospital day. This case and several previous reports suggest that PJS polyps with tumor diameter exceeding 30 mm and location in the transverse or sigmoid colon can cause intussusception. Endoscopic treatment should be considered for these lesions.

Eotaxin-3/CC chemokine ligand 26 is a functional ligand for CX3CR1.

Eotaxin-3/CCL26 is a functional ligand for CCR3 and abundantly produced by IL-4-/IL-13-stimulated vascular endothelial cells. CCL26 also functions as a natural antagonist for CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5. In this study, we report that CCL26 is yet a functional ligand for CX3CR1, the receptor for fractalkine/CX3CL1, which is expressed by CD16(+) NK cells, cytotoxic effector CD8(+) T cells, and CD14(low)CD16(high) monocytes. Albeit at relatively high concentrations, CCL26 induced calcium flux and chemotaxis in mouse L1.2 cells expressing human CX3CR1 but not mouse CX3CR1 and competed with CX3CL1 for binding to CX3CR1. In chemotaxis assays using human PBMCs, CCL26 attracted not only eosinophils but also CD16(+) NK cells, CD45RA(+)CD27(-)CD8(+) T cells, and CD14(low)CD16(high) monocytes. Intraperitoneal injection of CCL26 into mice rapidly recruited mouse eosinophils and intravenously transferred human CD16(+) NK cells into the peritoneal cavity. IL-4-stimulated HUVECs produced CCL26 and efficiently induced adhesion of cells expressing CX3CR1. Real-time PCR showed that skin lesions of psoriasis consistently contained CX3CL1 mRNA but not CCL26 mRNA, whereas those of atopic dermatitis contained CCL26 mRNA in all samples but CX3CL1 mRNA in only about half of the samples. Nevertheless, the skin lesions from both diseases consistently contained CX3CR1 mRNA at high levels. Thus, CCL26 may be partly responsible for the recruitment of cells expressing CX3CR1 in atopic dermatitis particularly when the expression of CX3CL1 is low. Collectively, CCL26 is another agonist for CX3CR1 and may play a dual role in allergic diseases by attracting eosinophils via CCR3 and killer lymphocytes and resident monocytes via CX3CR1.

Pediatric surgery triage: problems and improvements.

BACKGROUND: The Canadian Paediatric Triage and Acuity Scale (P-CTAS) is used and modified at hospitals as a triage tool for pediatric patients before they are seen in emergency rooms. Pediatric surgery patients account for very few of the many patients in emergency departments, but they should be triaged as emergency or urgent because they might be candidates for surgery. Problems with and improvements for triaging pediatric surgery patients using the P-CTAS were studied. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated all patients <16 years old who visited the emergency department of Kyorin University Hospital during an approximately 4 year period between 1 May 2005, and 11 February 2009. Pediatric surgery patients were divided into two groups to evaluate the efficiency of P-CTAS triage. Patients who needed emergency treatment were in group A, and the others were in group B. RESULTS: Most group A patients were level I, II, or III (97%, 111/114). In contrast, 60% (71/119) of group B patients were level IV or greater. Some problems with and suggestions for the P-CTAS were identified. Many patients with trauma were under 1 year of age, and many with a foreign body were under 2 years of age. Age categories should be added for patients with trauma or foreign body aspiration. Patients with abdominal pain, and without anal bleeding or vomiting who are >2 years old are triaged as level IV and they accounted for 12% of patients with possible intussusception in this study. A category of 'possible intussusception' should be made for level II. Most patients with acute scrotum, whether operated on or not, were level III. 'Red or purple color of scrotal skin' and/or 'within 6 h from onset' could be added to level II for patients with acute scrotum. CONCLUSIONS: P-CTAS worked well for pediatric surgery patients, and it needs to be modified and improved for such patients based on these results.