Genome-based reclassification of Salipiger manganoxidans (Rajasabapathy et al. 2016) Wirth et al. 2018 as a later heterotypic synonym of Salipiger marinus (Lai et al. 2011) Wirth et al. 2018.

Salipiger manganoxidans VSW210T was compared with Salipiger marinus CK-I3-6T to examine the taxonomic relationship between the two type strains. In phylogenetic trees drawn using whole genome sequences and 16S rRNA gene sequences, S. manganoxidans VSW210T and S. marinus CK-I3-6T clade together and showed a 99.6 % 16S rRNA sequence similarity. The average amino acid identity (AAI), average nucleotide identity (ANIb and ANIm) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between S. manganoxidans VSW210T and S. marinus CK-I3-6T were below 97.5, 97.4, 98.4 and 85.1±2.5 %, respectively, all of which were greater than the species delineation threshold AAI value (95.5 %), ANI value (95-96 %) and dDDH value (70 %). Most phenotypic features between both species were almost identical, although there were some differences. The present results show that Salipiger manganoxidans is a later heterotypic synonym of Salipiger marinus.

Tepidibacillus marianensis sp. nov., a novel heterotrophic iron-reducing bacterium isolated from Mariana Trench sediment.

A novel chemoheterotrophic iron-reducing micro-organism, designated as strain LSZ-M11000T, was isolated from sediment of the Marianas Trench. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain LSZ-M11000T belonged to genus Tepidibacillus, with 97 % identity to that of Tepidibacillus fermentans STGHT, a mesophilic bacterium isolated from the Severo-Stavropolskoye underground gas storage facility in Russia. The polar lipid profile of strain LSZ-M11000T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, as well as other unidentified phospholipids and lipids. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 (28.4 %), C18 : 0 (15.8 %), iso-C15 : 0 (12.9 %), and anteiso-C15 : 0 (12.0 %). Strain LSZ-M11000T had no menaquinone. Genome sequencing revealed that the genome size of strain LSZ-M11000T was 2.97 Mb and the DNA G+C content was 37.9 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values between strain LSZ-M11000T and its close phylogenetic relatives, Tepidibacillus fermentans STGHT and Tepidibacillus decaturensis Z9T, were 76.4 and 72.6 %, respectively. The corresponding DNA-DNA hybridization estimates were 20.9 and 23.4 %, respectively. Cells of strain LSZ-M11000T were rod-shaped (1.0-1.5×0.3-0.5 µm). Using pyruvate as an electron donor, it was capable of reducing KMnO4, MnO2, As(V), NaNO3, NaNO2, Na2SO4, Na2S2O3, and K2Cr2O7. Based on phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic evidence, strain LSZ-M11000T is proposed to be a novel strain of the genus Tepidibacillus, for which the name Tepdibacillus marianensis is proposed. The type strain is LSZ-M11000T (=CCAM 1008T=JCM 39431T).

Genome-based reclassification of Deinococcus saudiensis Hussain et al. 2016 as a later heterotypic synonym of Deinococcus soli Cha et al. 2014.

Deinococcus saudiensis YIM F302T was compared with Deinococcus soli N5T to examine the taxonomic relationship between the two type strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of D. saudiensis YIM F302T showed high similarity (99.9 %) to that of D. soli N5T. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a tight cluster within the genus Deinococcus. A draft genomic comparison between the two strains revealed average nucleotide identity values of 96.8-97.9 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of 80.7±1.9 %, strongly indicating that the two strains represented a single species. Based on the combined phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic characterization presented here, we propose D. saudiensis as a later heterotypic synonym of D. soli N5T.

Baricitinib Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice by Inhibiting TGF-ß1 Signaling Pathway.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease with unknown etiology, high mortality and limited treatment options. It is characterized by myofibroblast proliferation and extensive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which will lead to fibrous proliferation and the destruction of lung structure. Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) is widely recognized as a central pathway of pulmonary fibrosis, and the suppression of TGF-ß1 or the TGF-ß1-regulated signaling pathway may thus offer potential antifibrotic therapies. JAK-STAT is a downstream signaling pathway regulated by TGF-ß1. JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib is a marketed drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but its role in pulmonary fibrosis has not been reported. This study explored the potential effect and mechanism of baricitinib on pulmonary fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo studies have shown that baricitinib can effectively attenuate bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and in vitro studies showed that baricitinib attenuates TGF-ß1-induced fibroblast activation and epithelial cell injury by inhibiting TGF-ß1/non-Smad and TGF-ß1/JAK/STAT signaling pathways, respectively. In conclusion, baricitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, impedes myofibroblast activation and epithelial injury via targeting the TGF-ß1 signaling pathway and reduces BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

Pseudomonas marianensis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from deep-sea sediments of the Mariana Trench.

A novel marine Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain PS1T, was isolated from the deep-sea sediments of the Mariana Trench and characterized phylogenetically and phenotypically. Bacterial optimal growth occurred at 35 °C (ranging 10-45 °C), pH 6 (ranging pH 5-10) and with 11% (w/v) NaCl (ranging 0-17%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity results revealed that strain PS1T was most closely related to Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588T, Pseudomonas nitrititolerans GL14T, Pseudomonas zhaodongensis NEAU-ST5-21T, Pseudomonas xanthomarina DSM 18231T and Pseudomonas kunmingensis HL22-2T with 98.3-98.7%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values and the average nucleotide identity between strain PS1T and the reference strains were 20.4-40.1% and 78.7-79.4%, respectively. The major respiratory quinone is ubiquinone Q-9. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidyglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, aminoglycolipid, two unidentified glycolipids and one unidentified lipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain PS1T were summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), C16:0 and cyclo-C19:0 ω8c. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 63.0%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain PS1T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas marianensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain PS1T (= DSM 112238T = MCCC 1K05112T).

Marinomonas lutimaris sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the East China Sea.

A Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, designated as E165T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the East China Sea. Strain E165T grew optimally at pH 6, at 32 °C and with 1-2 % (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity results revealed that strain E165T was most closely related to Marinomonas rhizomae IVIA-Po-145T, Marinomonas polaris CK13T, Marinomonas foliarum IVIA-Po-155T, Marinomonas hwangdonensis HDW-15T, Marinomonas pontica 46-16T, Marinomonas mangrovi B20-1T and Marinomonas shanghaiensis DSL-35T with values of 97.0-98.5 %. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain E165T and the reference strains were 21.9-34.3 % and 77.6-87.3 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of the isolate was 42.9 mol%. Strain E165T contained Q-8 as the sole ubiquinone and C16 : 0, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain E165T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, aminolipid and aminophospholipid. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and DNA-DNA relatedness, a novel species, Marinomonas lutimaris sp. nov., is proposed with E165T (=MCCC 1K06241T=KCTC 82809T) as the type strain.

Muricauda abyssi sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from deep seawater of the Mariana Trench.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain W52T, was isolated from deep seawater of the Mariana Trench and characterized phylogenetically and phenotypically. The strain could grow at 10-47 °C (optimum 32 °C), at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum 6.0) and with 0-9% NaCl (optimum 3 %, w/v). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that W52T was related to members of the genus Muricauda and shared the highest identity with Muricauda oceani 501str8T (99.0 %), followed by Muricauda aquimarina JCM 11811T, Muricauda ruestringensis DSM 13258T, Muricauda oceanensis 40DY170T, Muricauda beolgyonensis KCTC 23501T and Muricauda zhangzhouensis 12C25T with 97.0-98.8 % sequence similarity. 16S rRNA gene sequence identities between W52T and other members of the genus Muricauda were below 97.0 %. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), one unidentified aminolipid and three unidentified lipids. The strain had iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1G as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 41.7 %. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain W52T represents a novel species of the genus Muricauda, for which the name Muricauda abyssi sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain W52T (=MCCC 1K05111T= KCTC 82315T).

Isorhamnetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway.

Aim: Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is an acute hypoxic respiratory insufficiency caused by various traumatic factors, manifested as progressive hypoxemia and respiratory distress, and lung imaging shows a heterogeneous osmotic outbreak. Isorhamnetin (ISO) is a flavonoid compound isolated and purified from medicinal plants, such as Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Ginkgo, and has multiple pharmacological functions, such as anti-tumor, anti-myocardial hypoxia, and cardiovascular protection. Our previous study has shown that ISO could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in mice, but its mechanism is not clear.Methods: In this study, we used LPS-induced mouse and cell models to research the mechanism of ISO alleviating acute lung injury.Results: The results showed that ISO could attenuate the injury of type II alveolar epithelial cells by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Further studies showed that ISO could inhibit the activation of mTOR signal in vivo and in vitro and promote autophagy in alveolar epithelial cells to reduce lung injury caused by LPS. In addition, ISO could inhibit LPS-induced epithelial cell apoptosis.Conclusion: Overall, ISO could suppress injury and apoptosis of epithelial cells and activate autophagy to protect epithelial cells via inhibiting mTOR signal and attenuating LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice.

Cellulomonas aurantiaca Kim et al. 2020 is a later heterotypic synonym of Cellulomonas algicola Yamamura et al. 2019.

Cellulomonas algicola KZ-21T was compared with Cellulomonas aurantiaca THG-SMD2.3T to examine the taxonomic relationship between the two type strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of Cellulomonas algicola KZ-21T shared complete similarity (100.0 %) with that of Cellulomonas aurantiaca THG-SMD2.3T. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a tight cluster within the genus Cellulomonas. Genome comparison between the two strains revealed an average nucleotide identity of 99.2 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of 93.7±1.8 %, strongly indicating that the two strains belong to a single species. In addition, neither strain displayed any striking differences in metabolic, physiological or chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, we propose Cellulomonas aurantiaca as a later heterotypic synonym of Cellulomonas algicola.

Hanstruepera crassostreae He et al. 2018 is a later heterotypic synonym of Pseudobizionia ponticola Park et al. 2018.

Hanstruepera crassostreae L53T was compared with Pseudobizionia ponticola MM-14T to examine the taxonomic relationship between the two type strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of H. crassostreae L53T had complete similarity (100.0%) to that of P. ponticola MM-14T. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a tight cluster within the genus Pseudobizionia. Draft genomic comparison between the two strains revealed an average nucleotide identity of 96.9 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of 75.3±2.8 %, strongly indicating that the two strains represented a single species. In addition, neither strain displayed any striking difference in metabolic, physiological or chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, we propose that Hanstruepera crassostreae is a later heterotypic synonym of Pseudobizionia ponticola.

Nonomuraea nitratireducens Qu et al. 2020 is a later heterotypic synonym of Nonomuraea phyllanthi Klykleung et al. 2020.

Nonomuraea nitratireducens WYY166T was compared with Nonomuraea phyllanthi PA1-10T to examine the taxonomic relationship between the two type strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of N. nitratireducens WYY166T had high similarity (99.9 %) to that of N. phyllanthi PA1-10T. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a tight cluster within the genus Nonomuraea. Draft genomic comparison between the two strains revealed an average nucleotide identity of 99.3 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of 94.4±1.8 %, strongly indicating that the two strains represented a single species. In addition, neither strain displayed any striking difference in metabolic, physiological or chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, we propose Nonomuraea nitratireducens as a later heterotypic synonym of Nonomuraea phyllanthi.

Bergenin attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via inhibiting TGF-ß1 signaling pathway.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease characterized by epithelial cell damage, fibroblast activation, and collagen deposition. IPF has high mortality and limited therapies, which urgently needs to develop safe and effective therapeutic drugs. Bergenin, a compound derived from a variety of medicinal plants, has demonstrated multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, also acts as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat chronic bronchitis, but its effect on the pulmonary fibrosis is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that bergenin could attenuate bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. In vitro studies indicated that bergenin inhibited the transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)-induced fibroblast activation and the extracellular matrix accumulation by inhibiting the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway. Further studies showed that bergenin could induce the autophagy formation of myofibroblasts by suppressing the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and that bergenin could promote the myofibroblast apoptosis. In vivo experiments revealed that bergenin substantially inhibited the myofibroblast activation and the collagen deposition and promoted the autophagy formation. Overall, our results showed that bergenin attenuated the BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by suppressing the myofibroblast activation and promoting the autophagy and the apoptosis of myofibroblasts.

Regorafenib-Attenuated, Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting the TGF-ß1 Signaling Pathway.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal and age-related pulmonary disease. Nintedanib is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and one of the only two listed drugs against IPF. Regorafenib is a novel, orally active, multi-kinase inhibitor that has similar targets to nintedanib and is applied to treat colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors in patients. In this study, we first identified that regorafenib could alleviate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. The in vivo experiments indicated that regorafenib suppresses collagen accumulation and myofibroblast activation. Further in vitro mechanism studies showed that regorafenib inhibits the activation and migration of myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix production, mainly through suppressing the transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1/Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. In vitro studies have also indicated that regorafenib could augment autophagy in myofibroblasts by suppressing TGF-ß1/mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling, and could promote apoptosis in myofibroblasts. In conclusion, regorafenib attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-ß1 signaling pathway.

Metabacillus sediminilitoris sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a tidal sediment.

A Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming, motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain DSL-17T, was isolated from a tidal sediment of the East China Sea and characterized phylogenetically and phenotypically. The strain could grow at 16-47 °C (optimum 37 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum 6.0) and with 1-7% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DSL-17T was related to members of the genus Metabacillus and shared the highest similarity with Metabacillus litoralis SW-211T (98.6 %), followed by Metabacillus halosaccharovorans E33T (97.9 %), Metabacillus crassostreae JSM 100118T (97.7 %), Metabacillus niabensis 4T19T (97.7 %) and Metabacillus malikii NCCP-662T (97.5 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain DSL-17T and other members of the genus Metabacillus were below 96.6 %. The sole respiratory quinone was MK-7. Strain DSL-17T had a cell-wall peptidoglycan based on meso-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), three unidentified glycolipids and six unidentified lipids. The strain had iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.7 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain DSL-17T represents a novel species of the genus Metabacillus, for which the name Metabacillus sediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed The type strain is DSL-17T (=MCCC 1K03777T=DSM 109843T).

Halomonas piezotolerans sp. nov., a multiple-stress-tolerant bacterium isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample of the New Britain Trench.

A piezotolerant, H2O2-tolerant, heavy-metal-tolerant, slightly halophilic bacterium (strain NBT06E8T) was isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample collected from the New Britain Trench at depth of 8900 m. The strain was aerobic, motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. Growth of the strain was observed at 4-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5-11 (optimum, pH 8-9) and in 0.5-21 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3-7 %). The optimum pressure for growth was 0.1-30 MPa with tolerance up to 60 MPa. Under optimum growth conditions, the strain could tolerate 15 mM H2O2. Resuls of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NBT06E8T is closely related to Halomonas aquamarina DSM 30161T (99.5%), Halomonas meridiana DSM 5425T (99.43%) and Halomonas axialensis Althf1T (99.35%). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain NBT06E8T and the three related type strains, H. aquamarina, H. meridiana and H. axialensis, were 30.5±2.4 %, 30.7±2.5% and 31.5±2.5 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity values between strain NBT06E8T and the three related type strains were 86.26, 86.26 and 83.63 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0. The predominant respiratory quinone detected was ubiquinone-9 (Q-9). Based on its phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, we conclude that strain NBT06E8T represents a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas piezotolerans sp. nov. is proposed (type strain NBT06E8T= MCCC 1K04228T=KCTC 72680T).

Muricauda hadalis sp. nov., a novel piezophile isolated from hadopelagic water of the Mariana Trench and reclassification of Muricauda antarctica as a later heterotypic synonym of Muricauda teanensis.

A novel marine Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain MT-229T, was isolated from the deep seawater in the Mariana Trench and characterized phylogenetically and phenotypically. Bacterial optimal growth occurred at 30 °C (ranging 10-40 °C), pH 6 (ranging 3-11) and with 11 % (w/v) NaCl (ranging 0-17 %). Strain MT-229T was a piezophile, growing optimally at 20 MPa (range 0.1-70 MPa). The nearest phylogenetic neighbours were Muricauda antarctica CGMCC 1.2174T and Muricauda taeanensis JCM 17757T with 16S rRNA gene similarity of 98.7 %. The sole respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two unidentified aminolipids (AL) and ten unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids of strain MT-229T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 45.6 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain MT-229T represents a novel species of the genus Muricauda, for which the name Muricauda hadalis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain MT-229T (=DSM 109894T=MCCC 1K04201T). In addition, the whole-genome-based comparisons revealed that the type strains of Muricauda antarctica and Muricauda teanensis belong to a single species. It is, therefore, proposed that M. antarctica be recognized as a heterotypic synonym of M. teanensis.

Georhizobium profundi gen. nov., sp. nov., a piezotolerant bacterium isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample of the New Britain Trench.

A novel alphaproteobacterium, strain WS11T, was isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample collected from the New Britain Trench. The full-length 16S rRNA gene of strain WS11T had the highest sequence similarity of 97.6 % to Rhizobium subbaraonis JC85T, followed by Mycoplana ramosa DSM 7292T (96.9 %) and Rhizobium azooxidifex Po 20/26T (96.8 %). Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated 16S rRNA, atpD and recA gene sequences showed that strain WS11T was deeply separated from the species within the family Rhizobiaceae. Phylogenomic analysis based on the whole-genome protein sequences showed that strain WS11T formed an independent monophyletic branch in the family Rhizobiaceae, paralleled with the species in the families Brucellaceae and Phyllobacteriaceae within the order Rhizobiales. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, and aerobic short rods (1.5-2.4×0.9-1.0 µm). Growth was observed at salinities ranging from 0 to 5% (optimum, 1 %), from pH 6.5 to 9 (optimum, pH 7) and at temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (optimum, 28 °C). Strain WS11T was piezotolerant, growing optimally at 0.1 MPa (range 0.1-70 MPa). The main fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c/C18  : 1 ω 6c). The sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The genome size was about 4.36 Mbp and the G+C content was 62.3 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain WS11T represents a novel species of a novel genus in the family Rhizobiaceae, for which the name Georhizobium profundi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed (type strain WS11T=MCCC 1K03498T=KCTC 62439T).

Confluentibacter sediminis sp. nov., isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater lake and emended description of the genus Confluentibacter.

A novel marine Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain DSL-48T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment sampled from the East China Sea and characterized phylogenetically and phenotypically. Bacterial optimal growth occurred at 35 °C (range, 4-37 °C), pH 6 (pH 5-10) and with 4 % (w/v) NaCl (0-7 %). The nearest phylogenetic neighbour was Confluentibacter citreus KCTC 52638T with 16S rRNA gene similarity of 97.1 %. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids of strain DSL-48T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 33.3 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain DSL-48T represents a novel species of the genus Confluentibacter, for which the name Confluentibacter sediminis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DSL-48T (=KCTC 62648T=MCCC 1K03537T).

Alteromonas indica Lin et al. 2018 is a later heterotypic synonym of Salinimonas sediminis Cao et al. 2018.

Alteromonas indica IO390401T was compared with Salinimonas sediminis N102T to examine the taxonomic relationship between the two type strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of A. indica IO390401T shared high similarity (99.9 %) with that of S. sediminis N102T. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a tight cluster within the genus Salinimonas. Whole genomic comparison between the two strains revealed an average nucleotide identity of 99.2 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of 92.6 %, strongly indicating that the two strains represented a single species. In addition, neither strain displayed any striking difference in metabolic, physiological or chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, we propose Alteromonas indica as a later heterotypic synonym of Salinimonas sediminis.

Marinomonas shanghaiensis sp. nov., isolated from the junction between an ocean and a freshwater lake.

A Gram-stain-negative, motile with single polar flagellum, rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain DSL-35T, was isolated from the location where the ocean and Dishui lake meet at Shanghai on the East China Sea and characterized phylogenetically and phenotypically. Optimal growth occurred at 35 °C (range, 4-40 °C), pH 8 pH 5-11) and with 3-4 % (w/v) NaCl (0-12 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain DSL-35T was related to members of the genus Marinomonas and shared the highest sequence identities with Marinomonasarctica 328T (98.0 %), Marinomonashwangdonensis HDW-15T (97.5 %) and Marinomonasrhizomae IVIA-Po-145T (97.2 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence identities between strain DSL-35T and other members of the genus Marinomonas were below 96.8 %. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain DSL-35T and the three type strains, Marinomonas. arctica 328T, M. rhizomae HDW-15T and M. rhizomae IVIA-Po-145T, were 30.9±2.4 %, 21.7±2.2% and 22±2.3 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity values between strain DSL-35T and the three type strains were 87.6 %, 84.6 and 84.2 %, respectively. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain DSL-35T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 40.0 %), C16 : 0 (22.5 %), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c; 11.2 %), summed feature 2 (C14 : 0 3-OH and/or iso I C16 : 1; 7.2 %), C14 : 0 (6.8 %) and C12 : 0 (5.2 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 44.5 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain DSL-35T represents a novel species of the genus Marinomonas, for which the name Marinomonas shanghaiensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DSL-35T (=KCTC 62646T=MCCC 1K03535T).