Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 28
Filtrar
Mais filtros

Base de dados
Tipo de documento
Intervalo de ano de publicação
1.
Environ Res ; 231(Pt 3): 116211, 2023 08 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37257739

RESUMO

Among infectious diseases, pneumonia is the greatest cause of mortality in children less than 5 years old. Approximately 27% of Beijing's 3-8 year-old children have had pneumonia at least once. The sole reservoir of pneumonia pathogens is the human nasopharynx. We investigated associations and interactions among two kinds of environmental risk factors: i) airborne pathogens, namely closed bedroom window and shared bedroom and ii) pollutants, namely traffic pollution and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We evaluated breastfeeding's (BF) protective value against childhood pneumonia. The database consists of responses to a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study. Crude and adjusted Odds Ratios were assessed independently for each risk factor. Combinations of the studied risk factors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Risk factors were evaluated for interactions on the additive scale using the metrics Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction (RERI), Attributable Proportion (AP) and Synergy Index (S). All independent risk factors were significant for children's pneumonia. We also found evidence of possible synergistic interaction between pairs of risk factors that was stronger when one of the risk factors was a closed bedroom window. Remarkably, window opening was associated with reduced risk of pneumonia for children living near heavy traffic pollution. Longer duration BF was more protective than shorter, and exclusive BF was more protective than partial BF against childhood pneumonia. In conclusion, low ventilation (closed bedroom windows), shared bedroom, ETS, and traffic exposure were associated with increased risk of pneumonia. Exclusive BF for more than six months had the greatest protective value against pneumonia.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Pneumonia , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Humanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Pequim/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Pneumonia/induzido quimicamente , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Demografia , Exposição Ambiental/análise
2.
Indoor Air ; 32(5): e13038, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35622720

RESUMO

Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors is thought to be associated with several adverse health effects. However, we still lack concentration-response (C-R) relationships between VOC levels in civil buildings and various health outcomes. For this paper, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to summarize related associations and C-R relationships. Four databases were searched to collect all relevant studies published between January 1980 and December 2017. A total of 39 studies were identified in the systematic review, and 32 of these were included in the meta-analysis. We found that the pooled relative risk (RR) for leukemia was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01-1.05) per 1 µg/m3 increase of benzene and 1.25 (95%CI: 1.14-1.37) per 0.1 µg/m3 increase of butadiene. The pooled RRs for asthma were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14), 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00-1.04), and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02-1.06) per 1 µg/m3 increase of benzene, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene, respectively. The pooled RR for low birth weight was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.05-1.19) per 1 µg/m3 increase of benzene. Our findings provide robust evidence for associations between benzene and leukemia, asthma, and low birth weight, as well as for health effects of some other VOCs.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados , Asma , Leucemia , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Benzeno/análise , Humanos , Leucemia/epidemiologia , Leucemia/etiologia , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise
3.
Indoor Air ; 32(9): e13091, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36168233

RESUMO

The last two decades have witnessed rapid urbanization and economic growth accompanied by severe indoor air pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China. However, indoor VOC pollution across China has not been well characterized and documented. This study is a systematic review of field measurements of eight target VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylenes, acetaldehyde, p-dichlorobenzene, butadiene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene) in residences, offices, and schools in China from 2000 to 2021. The results show that indoor pollution of benzene, toluene, and xylenes has been more serious in China than in other countries. Spatiotemporal distribution shows lower indoor VOC levels in east and south-east regions and a declining trend from 2000 to 2021. Moving into a dwelling more than 1 year after decoration and improving ventilation could significantly reduce exposure to indoor VOCs. Reducing benzene exposure is urgently needed because it is associated with greater health risks (4.5 × 10-4 for lifetime cancer risk and 8.3 for hazard quotient) than any other VOCs. The present study enriches the database of indoor VOC levels and provides scientific evidence for improving national indoor air quality standards as well as estimating the attributable disease burden caused by VOCs in China.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados , Tetracloroetileno , Tricloroetileno , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Acetaldeído , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Benzeno/análise , Butadienos , China , Monitoramento Ambiental , Medição de Risco , Instituições Acadêmicas , Tolueno , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Xilenos/análise
4.
Indoor Air ; 30(1): 31-39, 2020 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31541483

RESUMO

It is difficult to evaluate long-term ventilation and indoor-outdoor temperature variation on-site in the birth residence so as to investigate their associations with learning capacity from childhood through adolescence. Here, we conducted a questionnaire-based retrospective cohort study in ten schools from two northeast China cities with warm summers and severe cold winters when residences had very low air exchange rates. Scores for Chinese, Mathematics, and English in the final exams of the summer semester in June 2018 were collected to evaluate learning capacity. We surveyed 6238 students aged 14.7 (SD: 2.1) years old. Using the 2nd quarter (April-May-June) birth as reference, 4th quarter (October-November-December) birth consistently was significantly associated with lower scores in Chinese in bivariate (ß, 95%CI: -3.2, -4.3 to -2.0) and multivariate (-1.8, -2.4 to -0.8) linear regression analyses. Stratified sub-analyses showed significant associations for male (-2.4, -3.7 to -1.1), urban (-2.4, -3.4 to -1.4), and primary students (-2.9, -4.5 to -1.4). Since household ventilation and indoor-outdoor temperature variation had great differences between the 2nd and 4th quarter of year, our results suggest that these two factors in the birth residence could be associated with learning capacity in childhood, especially for male and primary students in northeast China.


Assuntos
Desempenho Acadêmico/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Temperatura , Ventilação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China , Cronologia como Assunto , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Parto , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Instituições Acadêmicas
5.
Indoor Air ; 30(5): 827-840, 2020 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32297363

RESUMO

During 2010-2012, we surveyed 40,010 3- to 6-year-old children in seven Chinese cities (Beijing, Taiyuan, Urumqi, Shanghai, Nanjing, Changsha, and Chongqing). Their parents reported information on household renovation, including the timing of renovation and the choice of materials for walls and floors in the child's room, and the incidence of their child's rhinitis. Multivariate and two-level (city-child) logistic regression analyses yielding adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals were performed. Sensitivity analyses stratifying data for location and economic level were also performed. About 48.0% of the children had ever had allergic rhinitis, 41.2% had current allergic rhinitis, and 9.0% had had doctor-diagnosed rhinitis. Exposure to household renovation during early lifetime (birth to 1-year-old) had an AOR of 1.43 (1.04-1.9) for allergic rhinitis. The incidence of allergic rhinitis was significantly different in children exposed to different floor and wall covering materials. Floor or wall covering material composed of organic materials significantly increased the risk of childhood allergic rhinitis compared with tile flooring or lime wall covering. Oil paint had an AOR of 1.66 (1.28-2.14) for diagnosed rhinitis compared with lime wall covering. Adding new furniture the year before pregnancy was associated with an AOR of 1.18 (1.10-1.27) and 1.18 (1.11-1.25) for lifetime and current rhinitis. Solid wood or tiles/ceramic as floor materials, and using wallpaper, oil paint, or emulsion panels as wall materials were risk factors for doctor-diagnosed rhinitis. Sensitivity analyses showed that children living in southern or higher economic level China cities were more likely to have allergic rhinitis with household renovation.


Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/estatística & dados numéricos , Habitação/estatística & dados numéricos , Rinite Alérgica/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Características da Família , Feminino , Pisos e Cobertura de Pisos , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Inquéritos e Questionários
6.
Indoor Air ; 29(2): 202-214, 2019 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30597644

RESUMO

From October 2010 to April 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional study of associations between household environments and childhood health among preschool children in eight Chinese cities. Here, we analyze associations of early household renovation with preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight (LBW), term low birthweight (Term-LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA). Parents responded to questions about household renovation and their children's gestational age and birthweight. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, household renovation in the year before pregnancy was significantly associated with LBW (sample size: N = 25 813; adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.23, 1.01-1.50) and Term-LBW (N = 24 823; 1.29, 1.01-1.67). Household renovation during pregnancy was significantly associated with PTB (N = 25 202; 1.28, 1.01-1.69). These significant associations were also found in the two-level (city-child) logistic regression analyses and in the sensitivity analyses among 21 009 children with complete data in all studied variates. Stronger associations were found in certain subgroups. Our findings indicate that household renovation within one year before pregnancy might be a risk factor for LBW and Term-LBW, while household renovation during pregnancy could be a risk factor for PTB.


Assuntos
Materiais de Construção/efeitos adversos , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Nascimento Prematuro/etiologia , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Habitação , Humanos , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
7.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health ; 92(4): 587-598, 2019 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30627853

RESUMO

PURPOSE: In the past 60 years, the prevalences of asthma and allergy among children have increased around the world. Neither genetic nor outdoor environmental factors can explain this increase. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of 7366 children in Tianjin, China, on associations of home environment and lifestyles with asthma and allergy. RESULTS: The prevalences of diagnosed asthma, rhinitis and eczema among 0- to 8-year-old children in the Tianjin area were 4%, 9% and 39%. Home environment and lifestyle, together with infections, were strong risk factors. For asthma and allergy, the population attributable fraction (PAF) due to modern floors and wall coverings (i.e., laminated wooden floors and painted walls compared to tile floors and lime-coated walls) was 22%. Window condensation in winter and air conditioner use in summer, both of which are proxies for less ventilation, accounted for 7-17% of rhinitis and eczema. Cesarean delivery accounted for 10% of eczema symptoms. We developed a modern life index from appropriate home characteristics and lifestyle and food consumption habits and found it to have a clear dose-response relationship with asthma and allergy in Tianjin children. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that a "modern" home environment together with a modern lifestyle is associated with increased prevalences of asthma and allergies among children. Appropriate indoor environmental interventions and education of children's caregivers are important in the management of childhood asthma and allergy.


Assuntos
Asma/epidemiologia , Habitação , Hipersensibilidade/epidemiologia , Estilo de Vida , Asma/etiologia , Cesárea/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Eczema/epidemiologia , Eczema/etiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/etiologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Decoração de Interiores e Mobiliário , Masculino , Rinite Alérgica/epidemiologia , Rinite Alérgica/etiologia , Ventilação
8.
J Asthma ; 54(5): 488-497, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27603296

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: We investigated associations of breastfeeding (BF) durations and patterns and of timing of other dietary introductions with prevalence of asthma, wheeze, hay fever, rhinitis, pneumonia, and eczema among preschool children. METHODS: During April 2011-April 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 72 kindergartens from five districts of Shanghai, China and obtained 13,335 questionnaires of children 4-6-years-old. We used multiple logistic regression models to evaluate the target associations. RESULTS: Compared to children who were never BF, children who were exclusively breastfed 3-6 months had the lowest risk of asthma (adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 0.81, 0.72-0.91) and wheeze (0.93, 0.87-0.99); and exclusive BF >6 months was significantly associated with a reduced risk of hay fever (0.93, 0.89-0.97), rhinitis (0.97, 0.94-0.99), pneumonia (0.97, 0.94-0.99), and eczema (0.96, 0.93-0.99). No significant associations were found between time when fruits or vegetables were introduced and the studied diseases. Associations were independent of the child's sex and parent's ownership of the current residence. Longer duration BF was only significantly protective when there was no family history of atopy. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that heredity, but not sex and socioeconomic status, may negatively impact the effect of BF on childhood airway and allergic diseases. Our findings support China's national recommendation that mothers provide exclusive BF for the first four months, and continue partial BF for more than 6 months.


Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Asma/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Eczema/epidemiologia , Feminino , Frutas , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Sons Respiratórios , Rinite/epidemiologia , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/epidemiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Verduras
9.
J Asthma ; 54(7): 687-698, 2017 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27880051

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: We investigated patterns of multimorbidities among asthma, allergies, and respiratory illnesses in preschool children. We investigated multimorbidities of lifetime asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema, food allergy, pneumonia, and ear infections; and multimorbidities of current (in the last year before the survey) wheeze, dry cough, rhinitis, eczema, and common cold during childhood. We further analyzed whether prevalences of these multimorbidities were due to chance. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 72 kindergartens of Shanghai, China. Parents of preschool children were surveyed with a modified ISAAC questionnaire. Observed prevalences (OPs), expected prevalences (EPs), absolute excess comorbidities (AECs), and relative excess comorbidities (RECs) of various combinations of illnesses were calculated to indicate whether the combined illnesses were related. RESULTS: We analyzed questionnaires for children aged 4-6 years, whose 13,335 questionnaires were the majority of the total 15,266 returned questionnaires (response rate: 85.3%). The studied illnesses were common. For children who had more than three lifetime or current illnesses, OPs tended to be higher than EPs. Most OPs and EPs were higher in boys than in girls, and were higher in children with a family history of atopy (FHA) than in children without FHA. AECs and RECs between boys and girls as well as between children with and without FHA were substantially different. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that multimorbidities among childhood asthma, allergies, and respiratory illnesses are likely not random, but rather share etiology. Specific patterns of childhood asthma multimorbidities perhaps differ between boys and girls and between children with and without FHA.


Assuntos
Asma/epidemiologia , Hipersensibilidade/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Resfriado Comum/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Eczema/epidemiologia , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Sons Respiratórios/fisiopatologia , Rinite Alérgica/epidemiologia
10.
Heliyon ; 9(11): e21718, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38027650

RESUMO

Previous studies have shown significant associations between home environmental factors and childhood eczema. However, few studies have compared how associations differ in different regions. This study investigated associations between home environmental factors and childhood eczema ever, and related symptoms including itchy rash (IR) and being awakened by itchy rash at night (awake by IR) in 4 cities located in different regions of China, based on cross-sectional investigations during 2010-2012. We used two-step analysis to explore the associations between influencing factors and eczema/related symptoms: first, group Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was conducted to identify important factors among a list of candidates; then, the associations in total study population and in each city were estimated using logistic regression. We found these home environmental factors to be risk factors for eczema or related symptoms: large residence size, shared room, air cleaner at home, abnormal smell, perceived dry air, visible mold or damp stains, cooking with coal or wood, painted wall, incense, mice, new furniture during pregnancy, abnormal smell at birth, window condensation at birth and environmental tobacco smoke at birth. Environmental protective factors were rural house location and window ventilation. Associations of factors with eczema/related symptoms differed across cities. For example, air conditioning was protective for eczema in Beijing and awakening by IR in Shanghai with ORs of 0.70 (95%CI: 0.52, 0.95) and 0.33 (95%CI: 0.14, 0.81) respectively, but not significant in other cities. Our results have implications for improving home environments to reduce the risk of childhood eczema/related symptoms in different regions of China.

11.
Lancet Planet Health ; 7(11): e900-e911, 2023 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37940210

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: High-level exposure to indoor air pollutants (IAPs) and their corresponding adverse health effects have become a public concern in China in the past 10 years. However, neither national nor provincial level burden of disease attributable to multiple IAPs has been reported for China. This is the first study to estimate and rank the annual burden of disease and the financial costs attributable to targeted residential IAPs at the national and provincial level in China from 2000 to 2017. METHODS: We first did a systematic review and meta-analysis of 117 articles from 37 231 articles identified in major databases, and obtained exposure-response relationships for the candidate IAPs. The exposure levels to these IAPs were then collected by another systematic review of 1864 articles selected from 52 351 articles. After the systematic review, ten IAPs with significant and robust exposure-response relationships and sufficient exposure data were finally targeted: PM2·5, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, radon, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene. The annual exposure levels in residences were then evaluated in all 31 provinces in mainland China continuously from 2000 to 2017, using the spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to analyse indoor originating IAPs, and the infiltration factor method to analyse outdoor originating IAPs. The disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to the targeted IAPs were estimated at both national and provincial levels in China, using the population attributable fraction method. Financial costs were estimated by an adapted human capital approach. FINDINGS: From 2000 to 2017, annual DALYs attributable to the ten IAPs in mainland China decreased from 4620 (95% CI 4070-5040) to 3700 (3210-4090) per 100 000. Nevertheless, in 2017, IAPs still ranked third among all risk factors, and their DALYs and financial costs accounted for 14·1% (95% CI 12·3-15·6) of total DALYs and 3·45% (3·01-3·82) of the gross domestic product. Specifically, the rank of ten targeted IAPs in order of their contribution to DALYs in 2017 was PM2·5, carbon monoxide, radon, benzene, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, formaldehyde, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene. The DALYs attributable to IAPs were 9·50% higher than those attributable to outdoor air pollution in 2017. For the leading IAP, PM2·5, the DALYs attributable to indoor origins are 18·3% higher than those of outdoor origins. INTERPRETATION: DALYs attributed to IAPs in China have decreased by 20·0% over the past two decades. Even so, they are still much higher than those in the USA and European countries. This study can provide a basis for determining which IAPs to target in various indoor air quality standards and for estimating the health and economic benefits of various indoor air quality control approaches, which will help to reduce the adverse health effects of IAPs in China. FUNDING: The National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Ozônio , Radônio , Humanos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Monóxido de Carbono/análise , Dióxido de Enxofre/análise , Benzeno/efeitos adversos , Benzeno/análise , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/efeitos adversos , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/análise , Formaldeído/análise , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Material Particulado/análise , Radônio/análise , Ozônio/análise , Tolueno/análise
12.
Environ Int ; 158: 106909, 2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34619531

RESUMO

This study investigates the contribution of formaldehyde from residential building materials to ambient air in mainland China. Based on 265 indoor field tests in 9 provinces, we estimate that indoor residential sources are responsible for 6.66% of the total anthropogenic formaldehyde in China's ambient air (range for 31 provinces: 1.88-18.79%). Residential building materials rank 6th among 81 anthropogenic sources (range: 2nd-10th for 31 provinces). Emission intensities show large spatial variability between and within regions due to different residential densities, emission characteristics of building materials, and indoor thermal conditions. Our findings indicate that formaldehyde from the indoor environment is a significant source of ambient formaldehyde, especially in urban areas. This study will help to more accurately evaluate exposure to ambient formaldehyde and its related pollutants, and will assist in formulating policies to protect air quality and public health.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados , Poluição do Ar , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , China , Formaldeído/análise
13.
J Am Coll Nutr ; 30(6): 529-35, 2011 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22331688

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine if food and fluid intake is related to completion of a 161-km ultramarathon. METHODS: Sixteen consenting runners in the Western States Endurance Run participated in the study. Race diets were analyzed using Nutritionist Pro software. Both total intake and intake by race segment (3 total) were evaluated. RESULTS: Six of 16 subjects completed the race (finishers) in 27.0 ± 2.3 hours (mean ± SD). Non-finishers completed 96.5 ± 20.5 km in 17.0 ± 3.9 h. Overall consumption rates of kilocalories, carbohydrate, fat, and sodium were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in finishers (4.6 ± 1.7 kcal/kg/h, 0.98 ± 0.43 g carbohydrate/kg/h, 0.06 ± 0.03 g fat/kg/h, 10.2 ± 6.0 mg sodium/kg/h) versus non-finishers (2.5 ± 1.3 kcal/kg/h, 0.56 ± 0.32 g carbohydrate/kg/h, 0.02 ± 0.02 g fat/kg/h, 5.2 ± 3.0 mg sodium/kg/h). Kilocalorie, fat, fluid, and sodium consumption rates during segment 1 (first 48 km) were significantly greater in finishers than in non-finishers. CONCLUSIONS: Completion of this 161-km race was related to greater fuel, fluid, and sodium consumption rates. However, intake ranges for the finishers were large, so factors other than race diet may have contributed to the successful completion of the race.


Assuntos
Dieta , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Atletas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Corrida/fisiologia
14.
Sci Total Environ ; 777: 145983, 2021 Jul 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33677292

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Student dormitory rooms in China are characterized by small space and high occupancy. This study aims to investigate infection rates for common colds and influenza among college students in a Chinese university and their association with the dormitory environment. METHODS: This study involved two phases. In Phase I, 2978 students living in 998 dorm rooms in 12 buildings responded to a questionnaire survey on infections in four seasons. In Phase II, based on the data obtained from the questionnaire survey, we selected 242 dorm rooms to measure air temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration in both summer and winter. Ventilation rates at night were calculated based on measured CO2 concentrations. RESULTS: We found that students had infections more often in winter, and in rooms with higher occupancy and dampness problems. The median value of the ventilation rate in dorm rooms in summer was 10.7 L/s per person, while it was 4.10 L/s per person in winter. There were significant associations between ventilation rate per person at night and common cold and influenza both in summer and winter (p < 0.05). A combination of dampness and low ventilation rate significantly increased the risk of common colds (adjusted odds ratios, AOR: 1.26-1.91) and influenza (AOR: 1.49-2.20). CONCLUSION: College students living in a crowded dormitory room with low ventilation and dampness problems had more common colds and influenza infections.


Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados , Infecções Respiratórias , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , China/epidemiologia , Habitação , Humanos , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Estudantes , Ventilação
15.
Sustain Cities Soc ; 67: 102719, 2021 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33520610

RESUMO

The ongoing COVID-19 epidemic has spread worldwide since December 2019. Effective use of engineering controls can prevent its spread and thereby reduce its impact. As airborne transmission is an important mode of infectious respiratory disease transmission, mathematical models of airborne infection are needed to develop effective engineering control. We developed a new approach to obtain the spatial distribution for the probability of infection (PI) by combining the spatial flow impact factor (SFIF) method with the Wells-Riley model. Our method can be combined with the anti-problem approach, in order to determine the optimized arrangement of people and/or air purifiers in a confined space beyond the ability of previous methods. This method was validated by a CFD-integrated method, and an illustrative example is presented. We think our method can be helpful in controlling infection risk and making the best use of the space and equipment in built environments, which is important for preventing the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious respiratory diseases, and promoting the development of sustainable cities and society.

16.
J Infect ; 83(2): 207-216, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34062182

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory disease that has become a global pandemic. Close contact plays an important role in infection spread, while fomite may also be a possible transmission route. Research during the COVID-19 pandemic has identified long-range airborne transmission as one of the important transmission routes although lack solid evidence. METHODS: We examined video data related to a restaurant associated COVID-19 outbreak in Guangzhou. We observed more than 40,000 surface touches and 13,000 episodes of close contacts in the restaurant during the entire lunch duration. These data allowed us to analyse infection risk via both the fomite and close contact routes. RESULTS: There is no significant correlation between the infection risk via both fomite and close contact routes among those who were not family members of the index case. We can thus rule out virus transmission via fomite contact and interpersonal close contact routes in the Guangzhou restaurant outbreak. The absence of a fomite route agrees with the COVID-19 literature. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide indirect evidence for the long-range airborne route dominating SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the restaurant. We note that the restaurant was poorly ventilated, allowing for increasing airborne SARS-CoV-2 concentration.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Restaurantes , SARS-CoV-2 , Tato
17.
Environ Pollut ; 256: 113426, 2020 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31672368

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases has increased rapidly in urban China since 2000. There has been limited study of associations between home environmental and lifestyle factors with asthma and symptoms of allergic disease in China. METHODS: In a cross-sectional analysis of 2214 children in Beijing, we applied a two-step hybrid Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm to identify environmental and lifestyle-related factors associated with asthma, rhinitis and wheeze from a wide range of candidates. We used group LASSO to select variables, using cross-validation as the criterion. Effect estimates were then calculated using adaptive LASSO. Model performance was assessed using Area Under the Curve (AUC) values. RESULTS: We found a number of environmental and lifestyle-related factors significantly associated with asthma, rhinitis or wheeze, which changed the probability of asthma, rhinitis or wheeze from -5.76% (95%CI: -7.74%, -3.79%) to 27.4% (95%CI: 16.6%, 38.3%). The three factors associated with the largest change in probability of asthma were short birth length, carpeted floor and paternal allergy; for rhinitis they were maternal smoking during pregnancy, paternal allergy and living close to industrial area; and for wheeze they were carpeted floor, short birth length and maternal allergy. Other home environmental risk factors identified were living close to a highway, industrial area or river, sharing bedroom, cooking with gas, furry pets, cockroaches, incense, printer/photocopier, TV, damp, and window condensation in winter. Lifestyle-related risk factors were child caretakers other than parents, and age<3 for the day-care. Other risk factors included use of antibiotics, and mother's occupation. Major protective factors for wheeze were living in a rural/suburban region, air conditioner use, and mother's occupation in healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that changes in lifestyle and indoor environments associated with the urbanization and industrialization of China are associated with asthma, rhinitis, and wheeze in children.


Assuntos
Asma/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Rinite/epidemiologia , Pequim , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Culinária , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Gravidez , Prevalência , Sons Respiratórios , Fatores de Risco , População Rural
19.
PLoS One ; 12(2): e0171438, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28166256

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To compare the proportion of Beijing children who have ever had pneumonia (%Pneumonia) to those in other locations, and to estimate by how much national vaccine coverage with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) and Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) could reduce Beijing %Pneumonia. METHODS: %Pneumonia was obtained for each age group from 1 to 8 years inclusive from 5,876 responses to a cross-sectional questionnaire. Literature searches were conducted for world-wide reports of %Pneumonia. Previous vaccine trials conducted worldwide were used to estimate the pneumococcal (S. pneumoniae) and Hib (H. influenzae) burdens and %Pneumonia as well as the potential for PCV and Hib vaccines to reduce Beijing children's %Pneumonia. FINDINGS: The majority of pneumonia cases occurred by the age of three. The cumulative %Pneumonia for 3-8 year-old Beijing children, 26.9%, was only slightly higher than the 25.4% for the discrete 3 year-old age group, similar to trends for Tianjin (China) and Texas (USA). Beijing's %Pneumonia is disproportionally high relative to its Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, and markedly higher than %Pneumonia in the US and other high GNI per capita countries. Chinese diagnostic guidelines recommend chest X-ray confirmation while most other countries discourage it in favor of clinical diagnosis. Literature review shows that chest X-ray confirmation returns far fewer pneumonia diagnoses than clinical diagnosis. Accordingly, Beijing's %Pneumonia is likely higher than indicated by raw numbers. Vaccine trials suggest that national PCV and Hib vaccination could reduce Beijing's %Pneumonia from 26.9% to 19.7% and 24.9% respectively. CONCLUSION: National PCV and Hib vaccination programs would substantially reduce Beijing children's pneumonia incidence.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Pneumonia/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Vacinas Conjugadas/imunologia , Fatores Etários , Pequim/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/imunologia , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , Pneumonia/etiologia , Vigilância da População , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia
20.
Sci Total Environ ; 590-591: 394-405, 2017 Jul 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28291616

RESUMO

The Huai River and Qingling Mountain divide (H-Q) divide China into north and south with respect to public policies for building construction and operation practises. China's building energy efficiency standard mandates that air exchange rates be 0.5h-1 north of the H-Q divide and 1h-1 south of the divide. China's heating policy allows space heating systems only north of the H-Q divide. Consequently, indoor temperature and humidity differ considerably between north and south. A theoretical model using indoor temperature, humidity, and air change rate was developed to predict indoor formaldehyde concentrations. Data for 39 cities were obtained from 42 studies. There was good agreement between the literature and modelling in a theoretical reference room. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) model was applied to estimate cancer risk from formaldehyde exposure indoors. The median indoor formaldehyde concentration for renovation ever from 2002 to 2015 in Chinese cities was 125µg/m3, which is higher than the WHO threshold, 100µg/m3. The median indoor formaldehyde concentrations in the north were higher than in the south (0.5 times higher for dwellings renovated within the past year and 0.2 times higher for renovation ever), driven by the much higher northern winter concentrations (40-1320%). The U.S.EPA model predicts that the lifetime formaldehyde related cancer risk for people living north of the H-Q divide is 1.2 times greater than for people living south. This can be partly explained by greater indoor exposure to formaldehyde for Chinese living north of the H-Q divide.

SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA